CE 831 Advance Soil Mechanics Dr. Muhammad Kashif - TVF PhD Geotechnical Engineering (USA) Email: [email protected] ; Ph.:0304-5393438
CE 831 Advance Soil Mechanics
Dr. Muhammad Kashif - TVFPhD Geotechnical Engineering (USA)Email: [email protected]; Ph.:0304-5393438
The most important grain property of fine-grained soil materials is the mineralogical composition
For soil particles are < 0.002 mm electrical forces are more significant
If influence of surface charges is predominant in a material it is said to be in colloidal state
The colloidal particles of soil consists of Clay minerals
Clay Mineralogy
All Clay minerals are crystalline hydrous alumino-silicates
Arranged in layers like pages of book The arrangement of layers determine the
type of clay mineral
Clay Mineralogy
Clay Mineralogy
(a) Tetrahedral layer, (b) Octahedral layer
Clay Mineralogy
Characteristics of Principal Clay Minerals Kaolinite: Most common clay mineral in
sedimentary and residual soils Unit Sheet Thickness = 0.7 nm (nm = 10-
9m) Composed of 1 aluminum octahedral layer
and 1 silicon tetrahedral layer joined by shared oxygen
Photomicrograph of kaolinite
Characteristics of Principal Clay Minerals Illite (fine-grained or weathered mica): Most
common clay mineral in stiff clays, shales and postglacial marine and lacustrine soft clay and silt deposits
Unit Sheet Thickness=10-30nm (nm=10-9m)
Photomicrograph of illite
Characteristics of Principal Clay Minerals Montmorillonite (smectites): Dominant clay
mineral in clays and shales and in refusal soils derived from volcanic ash
Unit Sheet Thickness=1nm (nm=10-9m)
Photomicrograph of Montmorillonite
Mineralogical Composition of Soft Clays
Index Prperties of Soft Clays
Index Properties of Soil
Undisturbed Fabric of Boston Blue Clay
Undisturbed Fabric of St. Hilaire Clay
Index Properties of Soil
Undisturbed Fabric of Berthierville Clay
Undisturbed Fabric of Vasby Clay
Index Properties of Soil
Undisturbed Fabric of LaGrande Clay
Undisturbed Fabric of Pancone Clay
Index Properties of Soil
Fibrous Middleton Peat Poriferous Cellular Peat
Soil Structure Soil Structure = Inter particle forces + Fabric Inter particle forces: How shear stresses (τ) and
normal stresses are transmitted between soil particles
Fabric: Distinguish between macro level vs micro level
σ׳v = σ – u The eff stress is transmitted by forces acting
between soil particles σ׳v = short range stresses due to contact area +
long range stresses due to surface (double layer) forces
Electrical Nature of Clay Particles
Two faces of all platy particles have a negative charge The edge of clay particle usually have positive charge Net charge of clay particle is always negative
Suspended clay particle in electrical fluid will move from cathode to anode - electrophoresis
Electrical Nature of Clay Particles
Since the soil must be electrically neutral:◦ The negative forces attract exchangeable cations
(Na++, Ca++, Mg++ etc◦ Positive edge attract exchangeable anions (or
cations if negatively charged)
Electrical Nature of Clay Particles
Surface Charge Density (σ∘)
σ∘ = No. of Charges / Unit Area = Cation Exchange Capacity / Specific Surface Area = CEC / SSA
Adsorbed Water Relative Humidity (RH%) = Pw/Ps x100 Pw = vapor pr. of water Ps = saturation vapor pr. at same temperature
Adsorbed Water Soil Suction (s) = (ϱw*Rg*T/M)*ln(100/RH)
◦ ϱw = density of water (998 kg/m3)◦ Rg = gas constant (8.314 J/mol K)◦ T = absolute temperature (273+ tem °C)◦ M = molecular mass of water (18 gm/mol)
S (bar) =1350*ln(100/RH) at 20 °C
Diffuse Double Layer (DL)
Double Layer Repulsion
Double Layer Repulsion
Double Layer Repulsion
Effect of Application of Stress