Debu di Lingkungan Debu di Lingkungan Industri Industri Bahaya Debu Bahaya Debu … … • Dapat memasuki tubuh lewat inhalasi, ingesti, dan kulit • Luasnya permukaan yang dapat menyerap debu (luas paru-paru orang dewasa = 55-75 m2, dan kulit 2 m2). • Luas permukaan debu semakin besar dengan semakin halusnya ukuran debu. Misal 1 cm3 quartz murni bila ditumbuk halus menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, maka terbentuk debu sebanyak 10 12 dengan luas permukaan 6 m2 dibanding dengan asalnya 6 cm2. • Volume benda padat yang dihaluskan akan bertambah, karena adanya celah di antara partikel di dalam massa. Misalnya, konsentrasi debu di udara sebesar 50 mppcf berasal dari 1 cm3 zat yang dihaluskan menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, di udara akan memenuhi volume 20.000 ft3. Bahaya Debu Bahaya Debu … … • Debu dalam industri ukurannya sangat bervariasi dengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain. • Jika apabila ada debu di sekitar proses industri, dan orang dapat melihatnya, maka kemungkinan besar debu yang lebih halus pun terdapat banyak di sekitar itu. Efek debu terhadap kesehatan Efek debu terhadap kesehatan Bervariasi Bervariasi … … tergantung jenis, sifat tergantung jenis, sifat kimia kimia - - fisika debu. fisika debu. Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapa Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapa kasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor kasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor - - pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosis pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosis parah. parah. Keracunan sistemik: Hg, Pb, Mn, Cd, Keracunan sistemik: Hg, Pb, Mn, Cd, Be, dll. Zat organik. Be, dll. Zat organik.
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Debu di Lingkungan Debu di Lingkungan IndustriIndustri
Bahaya DebuBahaya Debu……
• Dapat memasuki tubuh lewat inhalasi, ingesti, dan kulit
• Luasnya permukaan yang dapat menyerap debu (luas paru-paru orang dewasa = 55-75 m2, dan kulit 2 m2).
• Luas permukaan debu semakin besar dengan semakin halusnya ukuran debu. Misal 1 cm3 quartz murni bila ditumbuk halusmenjadi ukuran 1 mikron, maka terbentuk debu sebanyak 1012
dengan luas permukaan 6 m2 dibanding dengan asalnya 6 cm2.
• Volume benda padat yang dihaluskan akan bertambah, karenaadanya celah di antara partikel di dalam massa. Misalnya,konsentrasi debu di udara sebesar 50 mppcf berasal dari 1 cm3zat yang dihaluskan menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, di udara akan memenuhi volume 20.000 ft3.
Bahaya DebuBahaya Debu……
• Debu dalam industri ukurannya sangat bervariasi dengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain.
• Jika apabila ada debu di sekitar proses industri, danorang dapat melihatnya, maka kemungkinan besardebu yang lebih halus pun terdapat banyak di sekitar itu.
Efek debu terhadap kesehatanEfek debu terhadap kesehatan
�� BervariasiBervariasi…… tergantung jenis, sifat tergantung jenis, sifat
kimiakimia--fisika debu.fisika debu.
�� Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapa Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapa
kasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (corkasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor--
pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosis pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosis
�� Bakteri, jamur: Bakteri, jamur: Anthrax Anthrax dari wool dari wool dan tulang, jamur dari kayu, dan tulang, jamur dari kayu, bagasse.bagasse.
�� Iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan: Iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan: asam, alkali, Cr, dll.asam, alkali, Cr, dll.
�� Kerusakan jaringan organ dalam: zat Kerusakan jaringan organ dalam: zat radioaktif, Ra, dll.radioaktif, Ra, dll.
Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
�� Keracunan PbKeracunan Pb: : Biasanya kronisBiasanya kronis
�� Keracunan BerylliumKeracunan Beryllium: : Biasanya parah, disebabkan Biasanya parah, disebabkan
oleh Be fumes dan Be terikat pada debu. Beoleh Be fumes dan Be terikat pada debu. Be--fluorida juga fluorida juga
berbahaya.berbahaya.
�� Demam logamDemam logam: : merupakan penyakit akut, jangka merupakan penyakit akut, jangka
pendek, terutama disebabkan Zn dan Mg dengan oksida pendek, terutama disebabkan Zn dan Mg dengan oksida
logamnya. Gejala timbul 12 jam setelah eksposur dengan logamnya. Gejala timbul 12 jam setelah eksposur dengan
demam dan menggigil. Sembuh dalam satu hari, bila demam dan menggigil. Sembuh dalam satu hari, bila
pekerja kembali kerja, maka kemungkinan besar ia takkan pekerja kembali kerja, maka kemungkinan besar ia takkan
memperlihatkan keracunan lagi, tetapi apabila sudah lama memperlihatkan keracunan lagi, tetapi apabila sudah lama
tidak kena kontak dengan uap logam, maka penyakin akan tidak kena kontak dengan uap logam, maka penyakin akan
berulang.berulang.
Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
�� Alergi:Alergi: terjadi pada orang yang peka terhadap zat kimia, terjadi pada orang yang peka terhadap zat kimia, makanan, obat, dll. Reaksi dapat berupa makanan, obat, dll. Reaksi dapat berupa asthma, hay asthma, hay fever, hives.fever, hives. Eksposur dalam konsentrasi kecil mungkin Eksposur dalam konsentrasi kecil mungkin tidak menimbulkan reaksi alergi, tetapi segera ia tidak tidak menimbulkan reaksi alergi, tetapi segera ia tidak kontak untuk jangka waktu cukup lama, maka ia akan kontak untuk jangka waktu cukup lama, maka ia akan bereaksi alergi bila terekspos.bereaksi alergi bila terekspos.
�� Bakteri dan fungiBakteri dan fungi: : anthraxanthrax yang masuk ke paruyang masuk ke paru--paru paru dapat mengakibatkan dapat mengakibatkan pulmonary anthraxpulmonary anthrax..
�� Debu radioaktifDebu radioaktif: : menimbulkan kerusakan organ internalmenimbulkan kerusakan organ internal
�� Debu penggangguDebu pengganggu: : yang tidak langsung menimbulkan yang tidak langsung menimbulkan masalah.masalah.
�� Pneumoconiosis secara khusus: Pneumoconiosis secara khusus: mengerasnya jaringan parumengerasnya jaringan paru--paru akibat paru akibat terjadinya fibrosis secara berlebih, terjadinya fibrosis secara berlebih, disebabkan oleh iritasi debudisebabkan oleh iritasi debu
�� Penyebab: semua debu, asap, uap Penyebab: semua debu, asap, uap logam, dan gas dapat menyebabkan logam, dan gas dapat menyebabkan iritasi dan fibrosisiritasi dan fibrosis
�� Semakin lama pemaparan Semakin lama pemaparan �� makin makin banyak fibrosis banyak fibrosis �� terjadi sesak napas terjadi sesak napas (inefisiensi paru(inefisiensi paru--paru)paru)
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
Mekanisme kerjaMekanisme kerja
Debu silika masuk paruDebu silika masuk paru--paru paru �� sel makrofag sel makrofag mencoba menghancurkannya mencoba menghancurkannya �� karena silika karena silika tidak dapat dihancurkan/lisis tidak dapat dihancurkan/lisis ��kerusakan selkerusakan sel
Sel rusak diganti jaringan ikat Sel rusak diganti jaringan ikat �� terjadi fibrosis terjadi fibrosis
Jaringan ikat berlebih Jaringan ikat berlebih �� jaringan paru tidak elastis, jaringan paru tidak elastis, tidak dapat berfungsi dalam respirasi, pembuluh tidak dapat berfungsi dalam respirasi, pembuluh darah akan terpotong/tertutup jaringan ikat darah akan terpotong/tertutup jaringan ikat ��vaskularisasi berkurangvaskularisasi berkurang
�� is a disease of the lungs caused by longis a disease of the lungs caused by long--
term breathing of dust, especially certain term breathing of dust, especially certain
mineral dusts. Forms of pneumoconiosis mineral dusts. Forms of pneumoconiosis
include black lung disease (coal worker's include black lung disease (coal worker's
pneumoconiosis), silicosis, and asbestosis. pneumoconiosis), silicosis, and asbestosis.
The disease typically results from working The disease typically results from working
in a mine for many years, but factory in a mine for many years, but factory
work and other occupations can expose work and other occupations can expose
people to the ill effects of breathing dusts.people to the ill effects of breathing dusts.
What Causes Pneumoconiosis?What Causes Pneumoconiosis?
�� Only microscopicOnly microscopic--size dust particles, about size dust particles, about 1/5,000 of an inch across or smaller, are 1/5,000 of an inch across or smaller, are able to reach the tiniest air sacs (the able to reach the tiniest air sacs (the alveoli) in the lungs. alveoli) in the lungs.
�� There they cannot be removed, and There they cannot be removed, and accumulate to cause a scarring and accumulate to cause a scarring and thickening of the lungs called fibrosis. thickening of the lungs called fibrosis. Eventually, the lungs begin to lose their Eventually, the lungs begin to lose their ability to supply oxygen to the body.ability to supply oxygen to the body.
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
JenisJenis--jenisjenis�� Silicosis = pneumoconiosis akibat silika Silicosis = pneumoconiosis akibat silika
(SiO2)(SiO2)
�� Asbestosis = pneumoconiosis karena Asbestosis = pneumoconiosis karena asbestosasbestos
�� Anthrocosilicosis = disebabkan karena Anthrocosilicosis = disebabkan karena kombinasi antrasit/karbon/C dan silikakombinasi antrasit/karbon/C dan silika
�� Semua proses crushing, grinding, Semua proses crushing, grinding, polishing, berbagai mineral, pulverized polishing, berbagai mineral, pulverized materialmaterial
THE WAR AGAINST BLACK THE WAR AGAINST BLACK LUNGLUNG
The prevalence of black lung disease The prevalence of black lung disease
did not begin to decrease until it did not begin to decrease until it
became clear that the cause was became clear that the cause was
excessively high levels of coal dust in excessively high levels of coal dust in
mines. mines.
AsbestosisAsbestosis……
�� comes from breathing tiny asbestos comes from breathing tiny asbestos
fibers in mining, building fibers in mining, building
construction, and other industries construction, and other industries
What Happens When People What Happens When People Have Pneumoconiosis?Have Pneumoconiosis?
�� Because pneumoconiosis usually takes 20 or 30 Because pneumoconiosis usually takes 20 or 30 years to develop, workers often do not notice years to develop, workers often do not notice symptoms until they are over 50. symptoms until they are over 50.
�� The main symptoms are coughing and difficulty The main symptoms are coughing and difficulty in breathing, which gradually increases. in breathing, which gradually increases.
�� Complications include emphysema and increased Complications include emphysema and increased risk of tuberculosis. risk of tuberculosis.
�� Asbestosis patients are more likely to develop Asbestosis patients are more likely to develop lung cancer, especially if they smoke cigarettes.lung cancer, especially if they smoke cigarettes.
�� Damaged lungs make the heart work harder, and Damaged lungs make the heart work harder, and heart problems can accompany severe cases of heart problems can accompany severe cases of pneumoconiosis.pneumoconiosis.
GejalaGejala
Sesak nafas, yang disebabkan oleh Sesak nafas, yang disebabkan oleh
Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis dan Silicosis Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis dan Silicosis
yang diakibatkan oleh debu asbes yang diakibatkan oleh debu asbes
dan silika.dan silika.
Pneumoconiosis:Pneumoconiosis:Mengerasnya jaringan Mengerasnya jaringan paruparu--paru akibat fibrosis paru akibat fibrosis berlebih karena iritasi berlebih karena iritasi debu.debu.
•• AsbestosisAsbestosisSilicosisSilicosis
FibrosisFibrosis
DebuDebuAsapAsapUapUap
Uap logam Uap logam GasGas
FibrosisFibrosis ……..
�� is the formation or development of is the formation or development of
excess fibrous connective tissue in excess fibrous connective tissue in
an organ or tissue as a reparative or an organ or tissue as a reparative or
reactive process.reactive process.
Ukuran Ukuran
�� 55--10 10 µµm m
�� 33--5 5 µµm m
�� 11--3 3 µµm m
�� 0,10,1--1 1 µµm m
??
Ukuran partikelUkuran partikel
�� 55--10 10 µµm tertangkap pernafasan bagian atasm tertangkap pernafasan bagian atas
�� 33--5 5 µµm tertangkap pernafasan bagian tengahm tertangkap pernafasan bagian tengah
�� 11--3 3 µµm tertangkap pada alveoli (parum tertangkap pada alveoli (paru--paru paru
bagian dalam)bagian dalam)
�� 0,10,1--1 1 µµm mengikuti gerak brown dan akan m mengikuti gerak brown dan akan
terbawa keluar kembali. terbawa keluar kembali.
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
Deposisi partikulatDeposisi partikulat
�� Debu yang masuk paruDebu yang masuk paru--paru (2paru (2--5 mikron)5 mikron)
�� Ukuran kecil mudah masuk tetapi mudah Ukuran kecil mudah masuk tetapi mudah
keluar lagi dari parukeluar lagi dari paru--paruparu
�� Tergantung ukuran aerodinamik partikel Tergantung ukuran aerodinamik partikel
�� dapat memasuki: nasopharyngeal dapat memasuki: nasopharyngeal ��
�� Impinger dapat digunakan untuk Impinger dapat digunakan untuk
mengukur debu ruangan + dapat juga mengukur debu ruangan + dapat juga
sebagai personal sampler pada sebagai personal sampler pada breathing breathing
zonezone (mengukur debu masuk ke paru(mengukur debu masuk ke paru--
paru pekerja).paru pekerja).
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
PengukuranPengukuran
�� Impinger dapat untuk debu ruangan umum, atau Impinger dapat untuk debu ruangan umum, atau personal sampler pada breathing zone pekerjapersonal sampler pada breathing zone pekerja
�� Debu yang dikumpulkan: udara setelah Debu yang dikumpulkan: udara setelah settlingsettling��debu besar tidak masukdebu besar tidak masuk
�� Jangan mengukur/mengambil sample udara pada Jangan mengukur/mengambil sample udara pada proses produksi debuproses produksi debu
�� Semua debu udara (air borne dust) perlu Semua debu udara (air borne dust) perlu diperiksa: komposisinya, ukuran debunya, dan % diperiksa: komposisinya, ukuran debunya, dan % silika bebassilika bebas
�� Metode: petographic, XRD= X ray diffractionMetode: petographic, XRD= X ray diffraction
Ada Pertanyaan?
Manufacturers commonly use Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:asbestos in the following products:
??
Manufacturers commonly use Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:asbestos in the following products:
Metal Pouring into the GrindingAssembled Mold
Manufacturers commonly use Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:asbestos in the following products:
Ket: mppcf=million particles per cubic feet, atas dasar 40 jam/minggu
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
AsbestosisAsbestosis
�� Asbestos bersifat karsinogenikAsbestos bersifat karsinogenik
�� Bila debu yang masuk banyakBila debu yang masuk banyak�� asbestosis cepatasbestosis cepat
�� Asbestos masuk sedikit, paparan lama Asbestos masuk sedikit, paparan lama �� pekerja pekerja tidak menderita asbestosis, tetapi di masa datang tidak menderita asbestosis, tetapi di masa datang kemungkinan menderita kanker karena asbeskemungkinan menderita kanker karena asbes
�� Kanker akibat asbestos yang terkenal: Kanker akibat asbestos yang terkenal: mesothelioma, kanker pada selaput parumesothelioma, kanker pada selaput paru--paruparu
�� Bentuk asbestos: kristal seperti jarum Bentuk asbestos: kristal seperti jarum --> mudah > mudah ikut udara inspirasi (sangat aerodinamik), ikut udara inspirasi (sangat aerodinamik), menembus parumenembus paru--paru sampai pada selaputnyaparu sampai pada selaputnya
�� Mesothelioma pertama kali ditemukan pada Mesothelioma pertama kali ditemukan pada pekerja perkapalan di Schiphol, Belandapekerja perkapalan di Schiphol, Belanda
•• The International Labor Office standardized The International Labor Office standardized classification of radiographic abnormalities is classification of radiographic abnormalities is useful in grading the extent of disease in useful in grading the extent of disease in asbestosis and in other pneumoconioses.asbestosis and in other pneumoconioses.
�� Computed tomography scanComputed tomography scan•• CT scan is useful in delineation of pleural or CT scan is useful in delineation of pleural or
�� Pulmonary function testsPulmonary function tests•• Diffusing capacity reduction may precede lung Diffusing capacity reduction may precede lung
volume changes, but findings from a diffusing volume changes, but findings from a diffusing capacity measurement are not specific. capacity measurement are not specific. Besides diffusing capacity reduction, the Besides diffusing capacity reduction, the earliest physiologic abnormality is exertional earliest physiologic abnormality is exertional hypoxemia.hypoxemia.
•• Total lung capacity is reduced in asbestosis Total lung capacity is reduced in asbestosis and in other restrictive disorders.and in other restrictive disorders.
•• Using spirometry, vital capacity typically Using spirometry, vital capacity typically appears reduced, without a reduction in the appears reduced, without a reduction in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1to forced vital capacity (FEV1--toto--FVC).FVC).
�� Foundries using Foundries using parting compounds parting compounds that contain free that contain free silica (minimize silica (minimize silicosis)silicosis)
Changing the processChanging the process
�� Often offers an ideal chance to Often offers an ideal chance to
improve working condition improve working condition
•• Changes are made to improve quality or Changes are made to improve quality or
reduce cost of production reduce cost of production only only
occasionallyoccasionally to to improve the inimprove the in--plant plant
environmentenvironment
Examples Examples
Automobile industry Automobile industry
�� The amount of lead dust created by grinding The amount of lead dust created by grinding soldersolder•• Small, rotary, high speed sanding diskSmall, rotary, high speed sanding disk→→ low low
�� Brush painting or dippingBrush painting or dipping instead of spray instead of spray painting will minimize the concentration of painting will minimize the concentration of air borne contaminants from toxic pigmentsair borne contaminants from toxic pigments
�� Arc welding Arc welding in place of riveting, vapor in place of riveting, vapor degreasing with adequate controls to replace degreasing with adequate controls to replace handhand--washing of parts in open containerwashing of parts in open container
Examples Examples
�� Airless spraying techniques and electrostatic Airless spraying techniques and electrostatic devices devices to minimize overspray as to minimize overspray as replacements for handreplacements for hand--sprayingspraying
�� Machine application Machine application of lead oxide to battery of lead oxide to battery grids which reduced lead exposure to grids which reduced lead exposure to operators in making storage batteriesoperators in making storage batteries
�� Before purchase the new machine, should be Before purchase the new machine, should be considered :considered :•• VentilationVentilation
•• VibrationVibration
•• Heat controlHeat control
Isolation or EnclosureIsolation or Enclosure
�� Some potentially dangerous operations can be Some potentially dangerous operations can be isolated from the people nearby, isolated from the people nearby, which solves which solves the exposure problemthe exposure problem•• Physical barrier Physical barrier
•• By time (semi automatic equipment)By time (semi automatic equipment)
•• By distance (remote control)By distance (remote control)
�� Enclosure will Enclosure will prevent or minimize prevent or minimize the escape the escape of solvent vapor into the workroom atmosphereof solvent vapor into the workroom atmosphere
�� Where highly toxic solvents are used, enclosure Where highly toxic solvents are used, enclosure should be should be one of the first measures attempted one of the first measures attempted after considering substitution.after considering substitution.
ExamplesExamples
�� Shipbuilding : using dry sand Shipbuilding : using dry sand •• isolation the processisolation the process
•• Off shift : few employees, should wear an air Off shift : few employees, should wear an air supplied respiratorsupplied respirator
�� Airless blast or shoot blast machines for Airless blast or shoot blast machines for cleaning castings, and abrasive blasting cleaning castings, and abrasive blasting cabinetscabinets
�� In chemical industry : using closed systemIn chemical industry : using closed system
�� Mechanical industries : complete enclosure Mechanical industries : complete enclosure →→from sand blasting or metal spraying from sand blasting or metal spraying operationsoperations
Isolation & Isolation & enclosureenclosure
Wet methodsWet methods
Dust hazards can frequently be minimized or Dust hazards can frequently be minimized or greatly reduced by application of greatly reduced by application of water or other water or other suitable liquid at the source of dustsuitable liquid at the source of dust
Simplest methods for dust control. Its Simplest methods for dust control. Its effectiveness, however, effectiveness, however, depends upon proper depends upon proper wetting of the dustwetting of the dust
Kelembaban udara dengan NAB sekitar 75% Kelembaban udara dengan NAB sekitar 75% dapat mengurangi jumlah debu di udaradapat mengurangi jumlah debu di udara
examples : examples : rock drilling operation, foundries rock drilling operation, foundries →→sandblastingsandblasting
Local Exhaust VentilationLocal Exhaust Ventilation
�� A local exhaust system A local exhaust system traps the air traps the air
contaminant near its source contaminant near its source so that a so that a
worker standing at the process is not worker standing at the process is not
exposed to harmful concentrationsexposed to harmful concentrations
�� Should be used whenShould be used when the the
contaminant cannot be controlled contaminant cannot be controlled by by
substitution, changing the process, substitution, changing the process,
or isolation or enclosureor isolation or enclosure
Its performance should be Its performance should be checked checked
�� Correct rates of air flowCorrect rates of air flow
�� Duct velocitiesDuct velocities
�� Negative pressuresNegative pressures
�� The othersThe others
A Local exhaust system A Local exhaust system consists of four partconsists of four part
�� HoodHood : the air borne contaminant is : the air borne contaminant is
drawndrawn
�� DuctsDucts : carrying the contaminated air : carrying the contaminated air
to a central pointto a central point
�� An airAn air--cleaning devices cleaning devices : a dust : a dust
arrestor for purifying the air before arrestor for purifying the air before
it is dischargedit is discharged
�� A fan A fan : create the required air flow : create the required air flow
through the systemthrough the system
Local exhaust systemLocal exhaust system
�� DuctDuct
•• Single duct, hanya Single duct, hanya
melayani satu melayani satu
sumber pengotorsumber pengotor
•• Multiple duct, Multiple duct,
bercabangbercabang
Velocity contourVelocity contour
Principles of hood design..1Principles of hood design..1
�� Enclose the operation as much as possible Enclose the operation as much as possible
to reduce the rate of air flow needed to to reduce the rate of air flow needed to
control the contaminant (control the contaminant (Picture APicture A))
�� Always locate a hood so the contaminant Always locate a hood so the contaminant
is moved is moved away away from the breathing zone of from the breathing zone of
the operator (the operator (Picture BPicture B))
�� Locate and shape the hood so the initial Locate and shape the hood so the initial
velocity of the contaminant will throw it velocity of the contaminant will throw it
intointo the hood opening operator (the hood opening operator (Picture CPicture C))
Principles of hood designPrinciples of hood design……22
�� Solvent vapors in healthSolvent vapors in health--hazard hazard
concentration are concentration are notnot appreciably appreciably
heavier than air. Capture them at heavier than air. Capture them at
their source rather than collect them their source rather than collect them
at the floor level (at the floor level (Picture DPicture D))
�� Locate the hood as Locate the hood as closeclose as possible as possible
to source of contaminant (to source of contaminant (Picture EPicture E))
�� Design the hood so it will Design the hood so it will not not
interfereinterfere with the workerwith the worker
Picture APicture A
The more completely the hood enclosed the source, the less air is required for control in this straight-line automatic buffing operation
Picture B : Direction of air flowPicture B : Direction of air flow
BAD GOOD
The hood should be located so the contaminant is removed away from the breathing zone of the
worker
No protection from toxic fumeNo protection from toxic fume Picture CPicture CBAD
GOOD
THE HOOD SHOULD BE SO LOCATED AND SHAPED THAT THE ORIGINAL VELOCITY OF THE CONTAMINANT WILL THROW IT INTO
THE HOOD OPENING
Picture DPicture D
Exhaust from the floor usually gives fire protection only
BAD GOOD
Picture EPicture E
BADGOOD
The required volume varies with the square of the distance from the source
Perhitungan:Perhitungan:Kecepatan aliran udara dapat dihitung dengan rumus:
dimana X = jarak terhadap suatu titik dari mulut hood
v = Q/A = Q/4 ∏ X2
Rumus pendekatan untuk X<1,5 diameter Hood
v = bQ/(X2+bA)dimana b = 0,1 untuk mulut hoods berbentuk lingkaran atau
bujursangkar
Q = air flow into duct (cfm)X = distance outward along hood axis (ft)A = area of hood opening (sq ft)B = a constant which depends on the shape of the opening
Contoh:Contoh:
�� V suatu aliran udara pada duct yang V suatu aliran udara pada duct yang
berdiameter 6berdiameter 6”” adalah 4000 fpm adalah 4000 fpm
beberapa pada jarak 2beberapa pada jarak 2”” dan 4dan 4””??
�� Untuk jarak 2Untuk jarak 2””, v adalah 47,5%x4000 fpm=1900 fpm, v adalah 47,5%x4000 fpm=1900 fpm
�� Untuk jarak 4Untuk jarak 4””, v adalah 19,3%x4000 fpm=771 fpm, v adalah 19,3%x4000 fpm=771 fpm
�� Perlindungan perorangan (personal protection), Perlindungan perorangan (personal protection), berupa perlindungan pernafasan dengan berupa perlindungan pernafasan dengan masker, desain sebaik mungkin jika perlu diberi masker, desain sebaik mungkin jika perlu diberi supply oksigen. supply oksigen.
�� Untuk debu: yang relevan adalah respirator, Untuk debu: yang relevan adalah respirator, proteksi sistem pernapasanproteksi sistem pernapasan
�� Kenyamanan penting agar pekerja mau pakaiKenyamanan penting agar pekerja mau pakai
�� Jumlah debu tinggi, respirator harus digunakan, Jumlah debu tinggi, respirator harus digunakan, dan dipakai sesaat sajadan dipakai sesaat saja
�� Kesulitan respirator adalah dalam memenuhi Kesulitan respirator adalah dalam memenuhi standar yang berlakustandar yang berlaku
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
RespiratorRespirator
�� Alat pengaman pernafasanAlat pengaman pernafasan
�� Bila lingkungan kerja tidak dapat Bila lingkungan kerja tidak dapat
sama sekali aman dengan cara sama sekali aman dengan cara
pengendalianpengendalian
�� Bukan substitut bagi engineering Bukan substitut bagi engineering
controlcontrol
�� Peralatan harus sesuai dan Peralatan harus sesuai dan
memenuhi standarmemenuhi standar
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
Macam respiratorMacam respirator
�� Air purifyingAir purifying
�� AirAir--lineline
�� Self containedSelf contained
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
AIR PURIFYINGAIR PURIFYING
�� Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atmDigunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm
�� Masih baik/usefulMasih baik/useful--lifelife
�� Ada 3 macam: Ada 3 macam:
-- saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap, saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap, fumes, bentuk: half mask, full maskfumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask
((bukan untuk gasbukan untuk gas))
-- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapat kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapat menetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasi menetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasi kontaminan rendah (0,05kontaminan rendah (0,05--0,1 vol%)0,1 vol%)
((BUKAN BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas untuk: emergency, toxic gas ��kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)
-- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru, gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru, HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak ≥≥2 vol% 2 vol% toxic gastoxic gas
MK TL3220 KeslingkerMK TL3220 Keslingker
AIR PURIFYINGAIR PURIFYING
�� Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atmDigunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm
�� Masih baik/usefulMasih baik/useful--lifelife
�� Ada 3 macam: Ada 3 macam:
-- saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap, saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap, fumes, bentuk: half mask, full maskfumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask
((bukan untuk gasbukan untuk gas))
-- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapat kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapat menetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasi menetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasi kontaminan rendah (0,05kontaminan rendah (0,05--0,1 vol%)0,1 vol%)
((BUKAN BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas untuk: emergency, toxic gas ��kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)
-- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru, gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru, HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak ≥≥2 vol% 2 vol% toxic gastoxic gas
HousekeepingHousekeeping
�� Is always importantIs always important
�� Dust on the floor can readily be dispersed to Dust on the floor can readily be dispersed to
the inplant atmosphere by traffic, vibration, the inplant atmosphere by traffic, vibration,