29 CFR 1910 WELCOME INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING.

29 CFR 1910

WELCOME

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

COURSE OBJECTIVES

Provide an Introduction to Toxicology

Discuss Toxicology's Role in Today’s Industry.

Discuss General Terms Used in Toxicology.

Discuss the Routes of Entry Into the Human Body.

Discuss the Types of Hazards and Effects.

Discuss the Types of Effects Upon the Human Body.

Discuss Hazard Recognition & Control Skills.

GENERAL TERMS

LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE TERMS THAT WILL BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY.

INDUSTRIALTOXICOLOGY

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific Gravity is an abstract or dimensionless number that compares the mass of a liquid to an equal volume of water. Specific Gravity is important to toxicology because, knowing the SG of a liquid can help determine how you could be exposed to it.

1 Gallon of water is 8.33 lbs, (8.33 lbs represents it density).

1 Gallon of Sulfuric Acid is 15.33 lbs.

(Continued)

Specific gravity = = 1.8415.33 lb/gal (Sulfuric)

8.33 lbs/gal (Water)

Density = mass

volume

Many chemicals are soluble in water, but when the liquid doesnot appreciably dissolve in water, the term immiscible is used.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY(Continued)

WATER

WATER

IMMISCIBLE IN WATER

Float on top if SG less than 1.0

Sink to the bottom if SG greater than 1.0

Easily mixes withwater and dissolves

SOLUBLE IN WATER

The Pressure Exerted by a Vapor Against the Sides of a Closed Container Is Called Vapor Pressure. It Is Temperature Dependent. As Temperature Increases, So Does Vapor Pressure. Vapor pressure is important in toxicology because Vapor Pressure Can Effect Dosages Received by Individuals in Enclosed Spaces.

VAPOR PRESSURE(Continued)

VAPOR DENSITY

Vapor Density is the mass of gases and vapors as it is compared to the mass of an equal volume of air or other reference gas.

VD greater than 1.0.Vapors are heavier thanair and lay in low areas.

VD less than 1.0.Vapors are lighter thanair and will rise.

COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6) COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)

- HYDROCHLORIC ACID - SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE) - HYDROFLUORIC ACID - SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH) - NITRIC ACID - AQUEOUS AMMONIA - PHOSPHORIC ACID - POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH) - CHROMIC ACID - AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE

pHThe pH of a Liquid Is the Numerical Measure of Its Relative Acidity or Alkalinity.

Range Is From 0 - 14 Neutral Level Expressed 7.0 Above 7.0 Liquid Is More Alkaline or Basic Below 7.0 Liquid Is More Acidic

pH

ACID

NEUTRAL

BASE

121110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Wine

LimewaterHousehold ammonia

Milk of magnesia

BloodPure WaterTap WaterCoffee

VinegarLemon juiceGastric juice

CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH EACH OTHER!

HIGH pHBASEACIDLOW pH

pH

CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH YOU!

BASEACID

pH

HAZARDOUS WASTE

START DATE:______________

AMOUNT:__________________

CONTENTS:________________

HANDLE WITH CARE

THESTUDY

OFPOISONS

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

“ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR THERE IS NOTHING WITHOUT POISONOUS QUALITIES. IT IS ONLY THE DOSE WHICH MAKES A THING POISON.”

PARACELSUS(1493 - 1541)

(Continued)INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

TOXINTOXIN - -

TOXICITYTOXICITY - -

(Continued)

Any of a group of poisonous, usually unstable compounds generated by microorganisms, plants or animals. Certain toxins are produced by specific pathogenic microorganisms and are the causative agents in various diseases, such as tetanus, diphtheria, etc.

The effect a specific quantity or dosage of a specific toxin has on a living microorganism. This is not an absolute!

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY

Ignitability Is Flammable or Combustible.

Reactivity Can React With Itself or Other Materials.

Corrosivity Can Deteriorate Another Substance.

Toxicity In Its Normal State Is Harmful to Living Things.

Hazardous Material. A Material That Falls Into One or More Of the Following Categories. Hazardous Materials Can Have One or Many Characteristics That Can Add to the Intensity of the Toxic Action of a Particular Solid, Liquid, or Gas.

The Type of Substance. The Amount (Dose) Absorbed. The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed. The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed.

EVERYTHING IS TOXIC;

IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY(Continued)

How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:

FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION


Breathing and smoking causes us to inhale substances which enter the lungs. Substance inhaled into the lungs are readily absorbed into the blood stream.


INHALATION INGESTION ABSORPTION INJECTION

(Continued)

INHALATION

Swallowing a substance causes penetration into the blood stream via the stomach and small intestine.



(Continued)

INGESTION

FOOD CHAIN EXPOSUREWe Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food

BARLEYGROUND CONTAMINATION

START


Entering the body through the skin causes substances to enter the blood stream at a slower rate than by inhalation or absorption. However, the resulting entry and distribution within the body is the same.



(Continued)

ABSORPTION

Injection occurs when substances are forced through this skin. This can occur as a result of such means as compressed air, or by having the skin abraded by a penetrating object.



(Continued)

INJECTION

EXPOSURE LIMITS

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

SOURCES INCLUDE:

(Continued)


EXPOSURE LIMITS

American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists:

Threshold Limit Values (TLV). (Respiratory)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI). (Dermal)

8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA).

- How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift.

Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels.

Legally Enforceable.


EXPOSURE LIMITS

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):

Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL’s) Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 (The “Z” Tables) Establishes OSHA’s Exposure Levels Legally Enforceable


EXPOSURE LIMITS

National Institute for Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH):


Recommended Exposure Limits (REL’s) Used to Develop New OSHA Standards Found in: “NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational

Health Standards”

(Continued)

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TOLIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual’s ability to escape from a hazardous atmosphere.

IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area.

TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of chemical exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.

TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average: The time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect. Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an absolute.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during the work day.

TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration that should not ever be exceeded, even instantaneously.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE(Continued)

RATE OF ENTRY

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL

STATE OF HEALTH

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

TOXICACTION

(Continued)

RATE OF ENTRY An IV Injection Can Be Administered Instantaneously Whereas, a Dose Absorbed Through the Skin May Take Several Minutes to an Hour to Absorb Into the Bloodstream. The Body Can Sometimes Defend Itself Against Dosages Where The Rate of Entry is Slow.


(Continued)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE A Dose Absorbed Through the Skin Will Be Deposited in the Blood Much Slower Than a Dose Inhaled Through the Lungs and Transferred Directly Into the Blood. Four Routes:

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION


(Continued)

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL Older Persons Are Often More Sensitive to Toxic Action Than Are Younger Adults. With Aging Comes a Diminished Reserve Capacity in the Face of Toxic Stress.


(Continued)

STATE OF HEALTH Pre-Existing Disease or Other Medical Conditions Can Result in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic Agents. An Individual With a Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a Known Material Should Not Be Placed in a Work Environment That Might Compound the Condition.


(Continued)

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE Previous Exposure to Work Place Chemicals or Vapors Can Sometimes Result in Cumulative Effects Within the Body. In Addition, Some People Can Develop a Sensitivity to These Materials Over Time.

INDIVIDUALEXPOSUREHISTORY


(Continued)

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS

In Industries Such As Smelting or Steel Making, High Temperatures Are Encountered. As Well As Air Contaminants That Must Be Controlled.CAUTION

ENSUREEXHAUST

VENTILATIONIS OPERATING


(Continued)

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY, HEREDITY, AND GENDER

Males and Females may respond differently to the Same Material. Hereditary Factors Also Can Be of Importance. Genetic Defects May Render Certain Individuals More Sensitive to a Given Material.


EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY

Acute Exposure:

Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.

Chronic Exposure:

Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY(Continued)

Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that remains undeveloped until an incubation period has elapsed. The period of time could be hours, days, months or years.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

Irritant: A chemical substance that injures the tissues of the respiratory system and lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the respiratory passages.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY(Continued)

FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE

The Amount Entering the Body. The Length of Time of Exposure. The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood. The Physical Nature of the Chemical. The Chemical Nature of the Chemical. The Age of the Individual. The Health of the Individual.

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm PARTS PER BILLION - ppb PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt LETHAL DOSE - LD50

LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm

ONE PART IN ONE MILLION PARTS

(Continued)


PARTS PER BILLION - ppb

ONE PART IN ONE BILLION PARTS

(Continued)


PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt

ONE PART IN ONE TRILLION PARTS

(Continued)


Lethal Dose - LD50

The LD50 is the dosage, when administrated to laboratory animals, results in 50% fatalities. The expression is made in milligrams of the substance administered per body weight of the animal expressed in kilograms (mg/kg). LD50 typically refers to dermal dosages.

When extrapolated to humans, the lethal dose of an average person who weighs w kilograms is LD50 x w.


Lethal Concentration - LC50

The LC50 is the concentration of a material that, normally express as parts per million (ppm) by volume, that when administrated to laboratory animals, kill half of them during the period of exposure. LC50 typically refers to airborne dosages.


THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV

The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects. TLV is Typically used for workplace exposure determinations.

• Gaseous substances in air, are usually express in: parts per million (ppm).

• Fumes or mists in air, are expressed in: milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).

TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).

EXPOSURE MODEL

TI

ME

DOSE0

TLVPEL

LC50

LD50

SAFEEXPOSURE

Inhaled Toxins Can Quickly Travel to Vital Organs and the Brain Causing Either Acute or Chronic Effects.

TOXINRESPIRATORYSYSTEMS

HEART

STOMACH

LIVER

INTESTINE

BRAIN

TOXINS IN OUR BODY

TERATOGEN:

MUTAGEN:

CARCINOGENIC:

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

DANGER

CANCERCAUSING

AGENT

The Study of Congenital Malformations Relatively New Discipline (1941) First Correlated German Measles to Birth Defects Causes of Congenital Malformations

TERATOGEN: (Latin - “The Study of Monsters”)

- Heredity- Maternal Diseases Like German Measles- Maternal Viral Infections During Pregnancy- Maternal Malnutrition- Physical Injury- Ionizing Radiation Exposure- Chemical Exposure

(Continued)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet Chemicals Having Potential Teratogenic Effects

TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN LAB ANIMALS:

- Quinine- Boric Acid- Insecticides- Pesticides- Chloroform- Carbon Tetrachloride- Benzene- Xylene- Propylene Glycol

(Continued)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet Agents Having Conclusive Teratogenic Effects

TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN HUMANS:

- Anesthetic Gases- Organic Mercury Compounds- Ionizing Radiation- German Measles- Thalidomide

(Continued)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Potential to Cause Mutation in the Genetic Code Can Cause Changes in Chromosomes Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet Agents Shown to Cause Potential Mutagenic Effects

MUTAGEN:

- Hydrogen Peroxide (a Bleaching Agent)- Ethyleneimine (an Alkylating Agent)- Ethylene Oxide (Hospital Sterilant)- Hydrazine (Used in Rocket Fuel) - Ionizing Radiation Exposure- Benzene

(Continued)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Has a Potential to Cause Cancer Can Induce a Malignant Tumor in Humans Can Cause or Accelerate Tumors Some Confirmed or Suspected Human Carcinogens

CARCINOGENIC:

- Acrylimide - Beryllium - Nickel Sulfide- Acrylonitrile - Calcium Chromate - Tetranitromethane- 4-Aminodiphenyl - Chromium (Vi) - O-Tolidine- Arsenic - Ethylene Dichloride - Vinyl Bromide- Benzine - Ethylene Oxide - Xylidine- Benzidine - Lead Chromate - Zinc Chromates

DANGER

CANCERCAUSING

AGENT

(Continued)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS

Gases. Generally Used in a Compressed Form. Can Effect All Routes of Entry.

Vapors. Formed by Evaporation of Liquids or Solids. Amount Usually Depends Upon Exposed Surface Area, Temperature, and Vapor Pressure Of Substance. Can Be Deadly.

Fumes. Usually Metallic and Formed by Welding, Cutting, or Brazing Operations. Extremely Hazardous to Inhale.

Particulates. Composed of Solid or Liquid Particles That Are Suspended or Dispersed in Air. Such As Dust, Mists, or Smokes. Can Be Explosive And Hazardous to Breath.

AIR CONTAMINANTS

AIR CONTAMINANTS GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

If You’re Not Familiar With the Gas or Material, Find Out! Read the Material Safety Data Sheet! Read the Labels on Compressed Gas Containers. Observe Written Warnings! Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Airborne Materials. Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated. Wear Appropriate Respiratory Protection.

SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS(Continued)

Common Acids (pH 0-6)

Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Chromic Acid

Common Bases (pH 8-14)

Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) Aqueous Ammonia Potassium Hydroxide (Potash) Ammonium Hydroxide

ACIDS AND BASESACID BASE


ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

If You’re Not Familiar With the Material, Find Out! Read the Material Safety Data Sheet! Read the Labels on Containers. Observe Written Warnings! Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Chemicals. Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home! Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated. Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment. Clean up Small Spills to Prevent Being Mistaken For Water. For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer. Store Acids Away From Bases to Prevent Reactions. Know the Reactions That Can Occur From Other Materials. Always Add Acid to Water, Never Water to Acid!


ORGANIC (CARBON BEARING) SOLVENTS:

Organic Solvents Contain Carbon. Organic Solvents Include: Acetone, Gasoline, etc. Drastic Effects on the Central Nervous System Can Occur.

CLASSES OF SOLVENTS


AQUEOUS (WATER BEARING) SOLVENTS:

Aqueous Solvents Contain Water. Solutions of Acids, Alkalis Are Classed As Aqueous Solvents. Engineering Controls Are Usually Required. Respiratory Protection Is Needed For Vapors.

ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS

INHALATION: Most Common Route of Entry. Causes Headache, Dizziness, Confusion, And Drowsiness. Odor Intensity is Usually Not a Good Determination Of Toxicity. Odors - More Could Mean Less, Less Could Mean More. Different Solvents Seek Different Target Organs In the Body.


INGESTION:

Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Without Washing Hands First. Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Contaminated Consumables. Can Cause Severe Irritation of Gastro-Intestinal Tract. Easily Penetrates Mucous Membranes to Enter Blood Stream.

ABSORPTION:

Prevent Skin Contact, Wear Gloves, Aprons, Etc. Can Occur Through Unbroken Skin or Mucous Membranes. Any Absorption Generally Will Cause Irritation Of Skin. Flush Skin for at Least Fifteen Minutes, Seek Medical Help. Never Wash Exposed Skin With Any Solvent.


ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS

INJECTION:

Usually Caused by Puncture Wounds. Compressed Air Can Also Cause Injection of Solvents. Rapid Introduction of Solvents Into Bloodstream. May Inject Other Debris in Wound Causing Concern.

If You’re Not Familiar With the Solvent, Find Out! Read the Material Safety Data Sheet! Read the Labels on Containers. Observe Written Warnings! Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Solvents. Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home! Ensure Work Area Is Well Ventilated. Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment. Use a Barrier Cream, If You’re Solvent Sensitive. Spills Must Be Contained, Immediately! For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer. Know the Reactions That Can Occur. Never Discount Any Route-of-Entry!

SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS


TYPES OF METALS

METAL PARTICULATES:

Come From Sand Blasting, Deburring, and Like Operations. Metals Can Take the Form of Airborne Dusts. Engineering Controls Are Usually Required. Respiratory Protection Is Needed Where Dust Is Not Controlled.


FUMES:

Fumes Are Made up of Very Tiny Solid Metal Particles. Particles Are the Condensates of Vaporized Metal. Effects on the Human Body Can Be Disastrous. Think of the Different Types of Metals Used in Welding.


TYPES OF METALS

CADMIUM:

Highly Toxic, Inhalation Most Common Route of Entry. Smaller Particulates Are Trapped in Lungs And Absorbed. Dangerous Doses Can Be Asymptomatic for Hours. Known Human Carcinogen. Target Organs Include, Kidneys, Respiratory System.

COPPER AND ZINC: Highly Toxic, Inhalation Most Common Route of Entry. Can Cause “Metal Fume Fever” (Severe Flu-Like Symptoms). Target Organs Include, Kidneys, Respiratory System.

NICKEL:

Can Be Absorbed Through Skin, or Lungs. Absorption Generally Least Hazardous Route of Entry. Target Organs Include; CNS, Respiratory System.

ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS


INHALATION: Most Common Route of Entry. Smaller Particulates Are Trapped in Lungs And Absorbed.

INGESTION: Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Without Washing Hands First. Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Contaminated Consumables.

ABSORPTION: Can Occur Through Unbroken Skin or Mucous Membranes. Absorption Generally Least Hazardous Route Of Entry.

INJECTION: Usually Caused by Puncture Wounds Involving Metals. Compressed Air Can Also Cause Injection of Metals.

METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

If You’re Not Familiar With the Metal, Find Out! Read the Material Safety Data Sheet! Read the Labels on Containers. Observe Written Warnings! Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Metal Dusts. Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home! Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated. Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment. Spills of Metals Must Be Contained, Not Raised! For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer. Remember, Magnesium Is Water Reactive! Use Dry Sand to Extinguish Magnesium Fires.


NEVERDISCOUNT

ANYROUTE-OF-ENTRY!

THE FINAL WORD

29 CFR 1910 WELCOME INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING.

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