8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
1/87
ChE 275 Winter 2014
Lecture 1 (January 6)
Class Introduction
&
Impact of Biology and Biotechnology
in Chemical Engineering
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
2/87
Focus of ChE 275
Basic understanding of biochemistry, cell biologyand molecular biology.
The flow of genetic information.
Cell structure and function.
Cell regulation and control strategies.
Applications of biology in (chemical) engineering.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
3/87
Key concepts
Specific noncovalent interactions andrecognition events.
Diverse roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
interactions.
Selective transport of molecules.
Storage, use, and inter-conversion of chemicalenergy.
Transduction, amplification, and modulation
of external signals.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
4/87
Key concepts
Multiple levels (and time scales) by whichcells regulate protein activity.
Biopolymers: functions, synthesis, and
regulated degradation.
Reversibility, regulation and linkage of
biological reactions.
Regulation and quality control of DNA, RNA
and protein synthesis and processing.
Recombinant DNA technology.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
5/87
Assignments for ChE 275
Complete reading assignment (~ 20 pages) and
reading test (by 7:00 am) on Blackboard beforeeach MW class; OK to discuss with classmates,but complete RT independently.
First reading test on Mon Jan 13.
Lectures/class discussions will focus on keyconcepts and questions/issues raised on-line andin class.
Closed-book quiz each Monday. Copies ofprevious quizzes will be provided.
Final exam at 3:005:00 pm on March 19.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
6/87
Office Hours
Shea (Silverman 3617) - before quiz eachweek:
Monday 11:00 AM 12:00 PM
After class
TAs By appointment
Jennifer Schoborg
Sarah Wood
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
7/87
Biotechnology and Bioengineering at NU
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue-level
Global;
Systems-level
AmaralBroadbelt
JewettKungLeonardMillerSheaTyo
AmaralGrzybowskiLeonardMiller
SheaTyo Leonard
MillerShea
AmaralBroadbeltJewett
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
8/87
Biotechnology and bioprocess engineering
Biotechnology is broadly defined as the use ofbiological systems or organisms for a socially
desirable goal (healthcare, environment, etc.).
Bioprocess engineering is the application of chemical(and other) engineering principles to design and
optimize biological processes and biological catalysts
to bring about desired chemical transformations.
A key aspect of bioprocess engineering is the need to
develop large-scale processes that are economical to
operate and comply with FDA regulations.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
9/87
Why study biology as a chemical engineer?
1. An individual cell can be treated as a micro-factory Inputs, outputs, oxygen/mass transport, kinetics (enzyme), energy
balances (ATP, NADH, etc.), and even control systems
Capable of being optimized individually (metabolic engineering)
2. Much biological research requires systems level understanding
Biologic pharmaceuticals, disease treatment, microbial generation of
commodity chemicals, bioremediation
All levels of systems: individual cells, tissue, whole organisms,
communities of organisms
Engineers are well trained for such tasks
3. Biological commercial processes require massive scale-up
Molecular/
bench-scale
research
Pilot scale Industrial scale
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
10/87
The story of penicillin Discovery of penicillin biosynthesis byPenicillium notatum. (1928)
Not useful for medicine
The Problem
A simple scratch could result in a lethal infection
In WWII, cut, burn, bullet wounds frequently were infected in battlefield conditions
Development of penicillin synthesis by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (1939)
Grow the mold faster (reactants, optimal T)
Extract the penicillin (separations) 1stClinical Testin vivo
Pressing need for penicillin during WWIIinvolvement of industry such as Merck, Pfizer,
Squibb and USDA-NRRL.
Cartoon source: http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/penicillin/
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
11/87
The story of penicillin
Post WWII
Low yield of penicillin fromPenicillium notatum(ca. 0.001 g/l)
and hence very inefficient process. Fermentation route vs.
chemical routeChemical route initially preferred.
Isolation of penicillin hyper-producing strain,Penicillium
chrysogenumat NRRL.
Penicillin fermentation in surface cultures.
Penicillin fermentation in roller bottles.
Development of submerged fermentation process by Pfizer.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
12/87
Penicillin
productivity
New species
Mutation and breeding Molecular biology
and breeding
Bioprocess engineering
improvements have
contributed greatly to the
increased productivity.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
13/87
Products made by biotechnology
Vitamin B2
Polymers/plastics
Ethanol Fuel
Pharmaceuticals
Vaccines
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
14/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
15/87http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
Vitamin B2synthesis
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
16/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
17/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
18/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
19/87
DuPonts Sorona is one member of a family of polymers
based on Bio-PDO corn-derived chemical/1,3-propanediol.
http://www.dupont.com/sorona/technologyplatform.html
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
20/87
A joint venture between DuPont and Tate & Lyle PLC has been
formed to produce 1,3-propanediol (PDO), the key building block for
DuPont Sorona polymer, using a proprietary fermentation andpurification process based on corn sugar. This bio-based method
uses less energy, reduces emissions and employs renewable resources
instead of traditional petrochemical processes.
http://www2.dupont.com/Sorona/en_US/
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
21/87
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
22/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
23/87
U.S. National Vision goals for biomass technologies
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 64:137, 2004
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
24/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
25/87
Nature Biotechnology, 22: 671, 2004
LifeCycle
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
26/87
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 64:137, 2004
Integration
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
27/87
l f h i bi d
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
28/87
Examples of therapeutic bioproducts
Taxol
Penicillins
Erythropoietin Insulin dimer and hexamer
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
29/87
Therapeutic Glycoproteins
Initially recovered from blood and other tissues (clotting
factors and growth hormone).
Production at low concentrations in primary cell culture
(urokinase).
Recombinant DNA technology developed in bacteria by
Cohen and Boyer in 1973.
Genetic engineering of animal cells to produce
recombinant proteins became routine in the 1980's.
tPA approved in 1987.
EPO sales of $1.4 billion in 1994 (still in roller bottles).
Many small reactors, but reactors in the 10,000+ L scale
are used for high-volume products.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
30/87
Monoclonal Antibodies
Polyclonal antibodies initially recovered from blood and
produced in animals (-globulin and antisera) Hybridomas for production of monoclonal antibodies were
developed by Khler and Milstein in 1975.
Production expanded from mouse ascites to stirred cultures
and hollow fiber reactors. Many of the recent advances inanimal cell culture were developed using hybridomas.
OKT3 (reversal of transplant rejection) approved in 1986.
Used in many diagnostic assays.
Production scale now exceeds 10,000 L for airlift andstirred vessels. New advances include fed-batch and high-
density perfusion systems.
New therapeutic applications require doses of 215 mg/kg
body weight and are providing much of the growth.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
31/87
U.S. Biotech: 1994-2005
Sales up 4X
R&D spending up 3X Employees up 2X
Source: Ernst & Young, LLP
2005 2006 T T Bi h D
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
32/87
2005-2006 Top Ten Biotech Drugs:
US Sales >$30 BillionProduct (indications) Company 2005 sales ($
billions)
2006 sales ($
billions)
Change
Enbrel (arthritis, psoriasis,
ankylosing spondylitis)
Amgen, Wyeth, Takeda $3.7 $4.4 20%
Aranesp (anemia) Amgen $3.3 $4.1 26%
Rituxan/MabThera (non-
Hodgkin lymphoma)
Biogen Idec, Genentech, Roche$3.3 $3.9 16%
Remicade (Crohn disease,
arthritis)
Johnson & Johnson, Schering-
Plough$3.0 $3.6 20%
Procrit/Eprex (anemia) Johnson & Johnson $3.3 $3.2 -4%
Herceptin (breast cancer) Genentech, Roche $1.7 $3.1 82%
Epogen (anemia) Amgen, Kirin $2.8 $2.9 0%
Neulasta (neutropenia) Amgen $2.3 $2.7 18%
Human insulinsc(diabetes) NovoNordisk $2.5 $2.5 1%
Avastin (colon cancer) Genentech, Roche$1.3 $2.4 77%
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n4/fig_tab/nbt0407-380_T1.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n4/fig_tab/nbt0407-380_T1.html8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
33/87
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
34/87
Nature Biotechnology, 24: 284 (suppl.), 2006
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
35/87
Cell & Tissue Culture Applications
Cultured cells as final products:
"bone-marrow" transplantation
immunotherapymesenchymal cell therapies
blood cells for transfusions
neural stem and progenitor cells
gene therapies
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
36/87
Cell & Tissue Culture Applications
Cells for encapsulation (pancreas).
Cultured tissues for transplantation (skin,
chondrocytes, nerve regeneration). Functional extracorporeal or implanted
bioartificial organs (liver, kidney).
Model systems for toxicity and efficacy
testing (liver, cornea).
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
37/87
Combination Devices- KeraCures KeraPac
Non-woven fabric combined with
porous microcarrier beads and
human keratinocytes (skin cells)
Placed directly on the wound,
removed several days later
Active wound care
Covers & protects
Promotes moist environment
Active agents stimulate healing
http://www.keracure.com/kerapac.asp
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
38/87
Regenerative Medicine: Artificial Bladder
http://www.tengion.com/technology/platform.cfm
Tengion technology
Neo-bladder
Patients cells(autologous)
minimizes immune
rejection risk
Three phase II
clinical trials
initiated
N l bi h
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
39/87
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
Not only can biotech create
It can also destroy.
Chlorinated
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
40/87
Nature Biotechnology, 23: 1235, 2005
Several species of
Dehaloccoides that are
effective in breakingdown chlorinated
chemicals have had
their genomes
sequenced.
This may allow forfurther optimization of
chlorinated compound
breakdown by
Dehaloccoides, and
may allow for use of
selected genes in otherbacteria.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
are excellent solvents,
used in many industries.
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons are
very toxic and
accumulate in
ground water..
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
41/87
Nature Biotechnology, 24: 162, 2006
Incorporation of an
NADPH-dependent
nitroreductase fromEnterobacter cloacae
and the complex XplA
enzyme (ferrodoxin and
P450 domains) from
Rhodocossus
rhodochrousallowsplants to degrade (and
get energy from) TNT
and RDX explosives.
Endogenous plant
enzymes catalyze the
remaining reactions.
Explosives
contaminates can also
permeate ground water.
Wh st d biolog as a chemical engineer?
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
42/87
Why study biology as a chemical engineer?
1. An individual cell can be treated as a micro-factory
Inputs, outputs, oxygen/mass transport, kinetics (enzyme), energy
balances (ATP, NADH, etc.), and even control systems
Capable of being optimized individually (metabolic engineering)
2. Much biological research requires systems level understanding
Biologic pharmac eutic als , dis easetreatment, mi c robial generation of
com modity chemi cal s , bioremediat ion
Al l lev els of sy stems : indiv idual cell s, tis sue, whole organism s,
com munit ies of organism s
Engineers are well trained for suc h tas k s
3. Biological commercial processes require massive scale-u
M ol ec u l a r /b e n c h - s c a l e
research
Pi l o t s c a le In d u s tria l s c a le
Highly Automated Production Facilities
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
43/87
Nature Biotechnology, 23: 1054, 2005
g y
I t f bi l ChE D t
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
44/87
Impact of biology on ChE Depts.
More than half of incoming graduate students
are interested in bio-related research. Many undergraduates are also interested in
biology; parallel growth in BME Depts.
Many of our students take jobs in bio-relatedpositions or companies.
Most ChE departments now require a class in
biology for all students (13/16 in Big 10+). Many ChE departments have changed their
name; some have developed new degrees or
majors and most have bio-related options.
E l t O t iti
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
45/87
Employment Opportunities
R&D Development Commercialization
Discovery
Product Research
Process Research
Intellectual Property
Process Development
Product Development
Quality Assurance/Control
Clinical Monitors/Trainers
Medical Writers
Project Managers
Intellectual Property
Product Managers
Technical Sales
Technical/CustomerSupport
Scientific Liaisons
Medical/RegulatoryAffairs
Quality Assurance/Control
Manufacturing &
technical support
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
46/87
ChE 275 Winter 2014
Lecture 1a (January 6)
Cooper and Hausman Chapter 1
This chapter introduces a lot of material in overview format.
We will go into much more detail on most of this during the
quarter. Dont worry about all of the little details.
.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
47/87
Announcements
I will post powerpoint slides on Blackboardafter lecture.
TAs will be responsible for anydispute/regrades on weekly quizzes. Seesyllabus for which TA to contact on a givenweek.
Lowest quiz will be dropped.
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
48/87
Outline
Evolution
Organic molecules (amino acids, metabolites)
Macro-molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins)Membranes (phospho-lipid bilayer)
Energy source (metabolism)
Fig. 1.1 Spontaneous formation of organic molecules
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
49/87
g p g
What was the bulk of
the atmosphere
composed during
pre-biotic times?
1950s
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
50/87
Fig. 1.1 Spontaneous formation of organic molecules
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
51/87
g p g
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
52/87
Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
RNA
DNA
Proteins
Which molecules can
replicate themselves?
Fig. 1.2 Self-replication of RNA(specific noncovalent interactions)
Which came 1st, DNA or
RNA?
Fig. 1.3 Enclosure of self-replicating RNA in a phospholipid membrane
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
53/87
(also has catalytic activity)
Early membranes formed by simple
amphiphiles were likely more leaky.
Fig. 1.4 Generation of metabolic energy
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
54/87
g gy
What was the source of energy to form the 1st organic molecules?
ATP ADP + Pi
G0=7.3 kcal/mol
Fig. 1.4 Generation of metabolic energy
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
55/87
g gy
In what order did these mechanisms evolve?
Universal requirements for cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
56/87
Universal requirements for cellsWhat are the minimal attributes required for
viable cells to exist?
Universal requirements for cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
57/87
Universal requirements for cellsWhat are the minimal attributes required for
viable cells to exist?
A. Separation of cell contentsfrom the environment.
B. Ability to transport nutrientsinto the cell.
C. Ability to replicate withreasonable fidelity.
D. Ability to generate energy tocarry out cell functions.
E. Functional molecules tocarry out cell functions.
Universal requirements for cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
58/87
Universal requirements for cellsWhat are the minimal attributes required for
viable cells to exist?
A. Separation of cell contentsfrom the environment.
B. Ability to transport nutrientsinto the cell.
C. Ability to replicate withreasonable fidelity.
D. Ability to generate energy tocarry out cell functions.
E. Functional molecules tocarry out cell functions.
Components
DNA
RNAProtein
Lipid bi-layers
ATP (chemicalpotential)
Conceptual model of protocell
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
59/87
Conceptual model of protocell(Mansy et al.,Nature, 454:122, 2008)
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
60/87
Once we have the 1stcell, where
do we go from here Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Eukaryotes
Single-cell
Multicelled Plant
Animal
Fig. 1.7 Evolution of cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
61/87
Species and Phylogenetic Trees
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
62/87
Species and Phylogenetic Trees
What are possible
implications of this?
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
63/87
Fig. 1.5 Electron micrograph ofE. coli
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
64/87
Ribosomes are
present throughout
the cell.
Divide to form two
new cells; may
remain attached.
Bacillus cereus(SEM)
Streptococcus sanguis(SEM)
Diverse shapes
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
65/87
------- Present
At least three classes of dynamic polymers make up the bacterial cytoskeleton.
Scientists continue to discover new things about bacteria.
Fig. 1.6 Structure of animal cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
66/87
(both free and associated
with the rough ER)
(have their own
DNA (partial) &
ribosomes)
Nuclear pore
Eukaryotic cell nucleus and organelles
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
67/87
y g
What are possible advantages for having organelles?
Eukaryotic cell nucleus and organelles
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
68/87
y g
What are possible advantages for having organelles?
A. Creation of distinct environments (pH, redox, etc.).
B. Decreased diffusion distances; cells can be larger.
C. Localization of reactants for particular reactions.
D. Protect DNA from damage.
What is the evidence that mitochondria and
chloroplasts arose from prokaryotic endosymbionts?
Eukaryotic cell nucleus and organelles
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
69/87
y g
What are possible advantages for having organelles?
A. Creation of distinct environments (pH, redox, etc.).
B. Decreased diffusion distances; cells can be larger.
C. Localization of reactants for particular reactions.
D. Protect DNA from damage.
What is the evidence that mitochondria and
chloroplasts arose from prokaryotic endosymbionts?
A. Their DNA and ribosomes resemble those of bacteria.
B. They are similar in size and replicate by simple division.
C. Current endosymbionts show loss of DNA (similar size).
Endosymbionts have
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
70/87
small genomes
Science, 314: 259, 2006
Science, 314: 267, 2006
Endosymbionts that lost
substantial DNA may have
remained as organelles.
Experimental Biology an
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
71/87
Experimental Biology an
active field
Model organismsWhat
Why
HowGrowing in the lab
Animal
PlantVirus
Microscopy (only fluorescence / 2-photon)
81
Some model organisms
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
72/87
What is a genome sequence? Why useful for a model organism?82
Which of the following are reasons that
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
73/87
g
biologist define and study model organisms?
A. Model organisms are easy to grow and analyze in the lab.
B. All model organisms require the same nutrients, so it is
simple to compare.
C. Model organisms have similar DNA to other organisms, so
what we learn in a model organism applies to other
organisms.
D. Model organisms are more complex than others, so if we
understand the model organism, the non-model organismsshould be easy.
E. We have lots of techniques to modify the DNA of model
organisms that can be difficult in other organisms.83
Fig. 1.13 Bacterial
l i
Bacterial modelE. coli
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
74/87
colonies
Colonies formed
by mutants able to
grow under adverse
conditions can be
readily isolated.
Bacteria grow
rapidly; dilute
suspensions ofsingle cells
form colonies
in solid media.
How? Grow at high T?
Grow much faster?Tougher to select for
cells that dont grow.84
Finding a mutant that is resistant
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
75/87
gto salt
1. Grow cells in high salt levels1. What size colony would you expect for
1. Normal cell?
2. Salt-resistant mutant?2. Analyze mutant
How would you find mutants with low saltresistance?
85
Fig. 1.14 EM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
76/87
Nuclear membrane
is not evident during
cell division; rough
ER is evident.
Good model for
studying celldivision and
organelle function,
as well as transport
into and out of the
nucleus.
86
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
77/87
Fig. 1.15 Caenorhabditis
elegans
C eleganshas 959 somatic cells.
What could we study in this organism?
87
Fig. 1.16 Drosophila melanogaster
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
78/87
Many genes
related todevelopment,
including of
limbs, were first
identified in
Drosophila.
Gene names are
often based on
changes in fly
appearance (e.g.,
wingless,frizzled).
88
Fig. 1.19 Zebrafish
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
79/87
Fins were the precursors of limbs.
Xenopus laevis eggs.How to decide which
model system to use?
89
Fig. 1.20 Mouse as a model for human development
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
80/87
Model systems are often used in sequence during drug development90
Model organisms
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
81/87
If you can choose only one model organism per study, which
organism would be best suited for which study and why?
Consider simplicity (why?) and appropriateness. Organisms:E. coli(bacterium) S. cerevisiae(yeast)
C. elegans(nematode or worm)
D. melanogaster(fruit fly) M. musculus(mouse)Studies:
a) effect of a specific gene on digestive system development
b) transport of proteins through the nuclear membranec) how mutation of a specific gene affects limb development
d) role of protein misfolding in a neurodegenerative disease
e)protein synthesis on ribosomes 91
G i ll i lt
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
82/87
Growing cells in culture
Unicellular organismsEasy
Why?
Multicellular organismsHardAnimal
Plant
92
Fig. 1.41 Culture of animal cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
83/87
Normal cells stop growing when
they reach confluence.
Transformed (tumor) cells and
embryonic stem cells can growindefinitely in culture.
Lifetime in culture of normal cells
is limited due to genetic damage
and loss of telomeres.93
Animal Cell Nutritional Requirements
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
84/87
q
In contrast to animal cells, yeast or bacterial cell cultures
can be grown on fairly simple media without the need toadd amino acids or various vitamins and hormones. What
is/are the primary reason(s) for this?
94
Animal Cell Nutritional Requirements
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
85/87
q
In contrast to animal cells, yeast or bacterial cell cultures
can be grown on fairly simple media without the need toadd amino acids or various vitamins and hormones. What
is/are the primary reason(s) for this?
Animal cells come from organisms having multiple cell
types with specialized functions, including metabolism.
Animal cells typically live in association with other cells
and receive stimulatory factors from other cells to regulate
their growth.
Animal cells lack the enzymes to synthesize some amino
acids and vitamins (these are called essential).95
Fig. 1.12 Light micrographs of selected animal cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
86/87
Red and
white
blood
cells
Fibroblasts
in connectivetissue
96
Fig. 1.12 Light micrographs of selected animal cells
8/13/2019 275 W10 Lec 1 (Intro.)
87/87
Isolated and cultured tissues can also serve as experimental models.
Why can cells look so different when they contain the same DNA?