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    Gr 2

    IS : 2720 Part XL) - 1977

    ndian StandardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

    PART XL DETERnklNATlON OF FREE SWELLINDEX OF SOILSThird Reprint AUGUST 1997

    UDC 624.131.434

    .j Co/ yriglrl 1978BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

    NEWDELHI llooo2. March 978

    ( Reaffirmed 1997 )

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    IS : 2720 ( Part XL ) - 1977

    i zdian St andardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

    PART XL DETERMINATION OF FREE SWELLINDEX OF SOILS

    Soil Engineering Sectional Committee BDC 23Chairman Representing

    PROP DINESH MOHAN Central Building Research Institute ( CSI R ),RoorkeeMembers

    ADDITIONALCHIEF ENGINEER Public Works Department, Government of UttarPradeshSHRID. C. CHATURVEDI A malt )ADDITI ONAL DIRECTOR RESEARCH Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )(RDSO)DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH( RDSO ) ( Alternate)Pno~ ALAM S~NGH University of Jodhpur, ,JodhpurLT-COL AVTAR SYNCH Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army HeadquartersMAJ V. K. KANI TKAR ( Alternate )DR A. BANERJ EE Cementation Co Ltd, CalcuttaSHRI S. GUPTA ( Alternate )CHIEFENGINEER D & R) Irrigation Department, Government of PunjabDIRECTOR ( IPRI ) ( Alternnle )SHRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity ( P-820, P New Alipors,Calcutta 700053 )SHRIA. G. DASTIDAR In personal capacity ( 5 Hungerford Slreet, 12/IHungerford Court, Calcutza 700017 )SHRI R. L . DEWAN Irrigation Research Institute, Khagaul, PatnaDR G. S. DHILLON Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi

    SHRIA. H. DIVANJ I Asia Foundations Construction ( P) Ltd, BombaySHRI A. N. J ANGLE ( Alternafc )DR SHASHI K. GULHATI Indian Institute of Technology, New DelhiDR G. V. RAO ltrrnate )SHRIV. G. HE~DE National Buildings Organization, New DelhiSHRI S. H. BALCHANDANI ( Afbmote )SHRI 0. P. MALHOTRA Public Works Department, Government of PunjabSHRIJ. S. MARYA Roads Wing (Ministry of Shipping Transport ),New DelhiSHRXN. SEN ( Alfemale)

    ( Continued on ags 2 )@ Co& ri ght 1978

    BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSThis publication is protected under the Z&an Co& rikhl Acl (XIV of 1957 ) andreproduction in whole or in part by auy means except with written permission of thepublisher Qall be deemed to be au infringement of copyright under the said Act.

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    IS : 2720 ( Part XL ) - 1977Confinudfrom page1 )

    Members ReprsssntingSHRI R. S. MELKOTE Central Water Commission, New De hiDEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Al:emnh )SHRI T. K . NATARAJ AN Central Road Reseaich Institute ( CSIR 1.New Delhi .REPRESENTATIVERESEARCHOFFICER Hindustan Crtruction Co Ltd, BombayBuilding Roads Research Laboratory,ChandigarhSERI K. R. SAXENA Engineering Research Laboratories, HyderabadSECRETARY Central Board of I rrigation Power, New DelhiDEPUTY SECRETARY Alternate )*DR SHAMSHER PRAKA~H

    Dn GOPAL RANJ AN ( Al&ma& )SHRI H. D. SHARMASUPERINTENDINGNGINEER

    University of Roorkee, RoorkeeIrrigation Research Institute, RoorkeePublic Works Department, Government of Tamil_* .NacluEXECUTIVE ENGINEER Alternate)

    SHR1 B. T. UNWALLA Concrete Association of India, BombaySHRI T. M. MENON (Alternate)SHRI H. C. VBRYA All India Instruments Manufacturers DealersAssociation, BombaySHRI V. K . VASUDEVAN Allemu& )SHRI D. AJ ITHA SIMHA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o cio Member)Director ( Civ Engg ) Sccrcta~SHRX G. WAN

    Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1Soil Testing Procedures and Equipment Subcommittee, BDC 23 : 3

    ConvenerPROF ALAY SINGH University of J odhpur, J odhpur

    MembersSHRI AMAR SINGH Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),RoorkeeLT-COL AVTAR SINGH Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters

    M J V. K. KANI TKAR ( Alternate )SHRI R. L. DEWAN I rrigation Research Institute, Khagaul, PatnaD a P u T Y DIRECTOR RESEARCH Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )( SOIL MECHANI CS-I ( RDSO )

    ASSISTANT DIRECTORRESEARCH SOILMECHANICS-I ) RDSO ) ( Alrem )DIRECTOR I 8~ C ) Beas Dama Projects, Talwora TownshipSHRI K. S. PREM Altsrnate )SHRI H. K. CUEA Geologist Syndicate Pvt Ltd, CalcuttaSHRI N. N. BRATTACHARAYA Ahmur~ )SHRI SHASHI K. GULHATI Indian Institute of Technology, New DelhiSHRI R. K. JA~N United Technical Conaultantr ( P ) Ltd, New DelhiDR P. K. DII ( AltemaL )

    -Also rcprescnrs nstitution of Engineera ( India ), Delhi tkttre.( cbnfintud on page 5 )

    2

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    IS : 2720 Part XL) - 1977

    ndian St andardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

    PART XL DETERMINATION OF FREE SWELLINDEX OF SOILS

    0 FOREWORD0.1 This Indian Standard Parr XL ) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 30 December 1977, after the draft finalized by theSoil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the CivilEngineering Division Council.0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination ofdifferent characteristics of soils and also for facilitating comparativestudies of the results, the Indian Standards Institution has brought out thisIndian Standard Methods of test- for soils IS : 2720 ) which is beingpublished in parts. Forty-one parts of this standard have been published.This part [IS: 2720 Part XL)-19771 deals with the method of test forthe determination of free swell index of soils. Free swell is the increase involume of a soil, without any external constraints, on submergence inwater. The possibility of damage to structures due to swelling of expensiveclays need be identified, at the outset, by an investigation of those soilslikely to possess undesirable expansion characteristics. Inferential testingis resorted to reflect the potential of the system to swell under differentsimulated conditions. Actual magnitude of swelling pressures developeddepends upon the dry density, initial water content, surcharge loading andseveral other environmental factors.0.3 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given tointernational co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailingin different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the fieldin this country.0.4 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance withthis standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off,it shall be done n accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

    *Rules for rounding off numerical values ( IID~SC ).3

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    IS t 2720 Part XL ) - 19771. SCOPE1.1 This standard Part XL ) covers a test for the determination of freeswell index of soil which helps to identify the potential of a soil to swellwhich might need further detailed investigation regarding swellingand swelling pressures under different field conditions.2. APPARATUS2.1 Sieve - 425-micron IS Sieve.2.2 Glass Graduated Cylinders - Two, lOO-ml capacity see IS : 878-1956. ).3. PROCEDURE3.1 Take two 10 g see Note ) soil specimens of oven dry soil passingthrough 425-micron IS Sieve.

    NOT -In thccase of highly swelling soils, such as sodium bentonites, the samplesize may he 5 g or alternatively a cylinder of 250 m capacity may be used.3.2 Each soil specimen shall be poured in each of the two glass graduatedcylinders of 100 ml capacity. One cylinder shall then be filled withkerosene oil and the other with distilled writer up to the 100 ml see Noteunder 3.1) mark. After removal of entrapped air by gentle shaking orstirring with a:tglass rod ), the soils in both the cylinders shall be allowedto settle. Suffident time not less than 24 h ) shall be allowed for the soilsample to attain equilibrium state of volume without any further change inthe volume of the soils. The final volume of soils in each of the cylindersshall be read out.4. CALCULATION4.1 The level of the soil in the kerosene graduated cylinder shall be readas the original volume of the soil samples, kerosene being a non-polarliquid doea not cause swelling of the soil. The level of the soil in thedistilled water cylinder shall be read as the free swell level. The freeswell index of the soil shall be calculated as follows:

    Free swell index, percent = 7 , - Vk x ,o )k

    whereVd= the volume of soil specimen read from the graduatedcylinder containing distilled water, andv, = the volume of soil specimen read from the graduatedcylinder containing kerosene.

    fSpeci ation for graduatedmeasuring cylinders.4

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    IS : 2720 ( Part XL ) - 1977Continrredfrom page 2 )

    Members RepresentingSHRI 0. P. MALHOTRA Building Roads Research Laboratory, ChandigarhRESEARCH OFFICER ( BLDC.ROADS ) ( A au/e )SHRI R. S. MELKO~E Central Water Commission, New Delhi

    DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) Alternate )SHRI P. JAGANNATHA RAO Central Road Rese trch Institute CSIR ),New DelhiSHRI N. SEN Ministry of Shipping Transport ( Roads Wing ),New DelhiSHRI P. K. THOMAS ( A~temnte )SFIRI M. M. D. SETH PublFra;zrhks Department, Government of UttarDR B. L. DHAWAN ( AI nate )SHRI V. V. S. RAOSHRI H. C. VERMA In personal capacity ( F-24, Green Park, New Delhi )Associated Instruments Manufacturers C ) Pvt Ltd.New Delhi

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    BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSHeadquartersManak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402Fax : 91 11 3234062,Ql 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382

    Telegrams : ManaksansthaCommon to all Offices)

    Telephoneentral Laborafoty :Plot No. 20/Q, Site IV, Sahibabad industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010Regional Off icesCentral : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002*Eastern : l/14 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054Northern : SC0 335336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113tWestern : Manakalaya. EQ, Behind Mar01 Telephone Exchange, Andheri East),

    8-77 00 32

    32376 17337 66 6260 38 4323523 15032 92 95

    MUMBAI 4OOOQ3Branch Off icesPushpak, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 360001 5501348SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55BANGALORE 560058Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 a-20 08 01Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 0-71 199653/5 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 761003 54113758-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 20 1083E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 09 23LUCKNOW 226001NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05Institution of Engineers India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Palayam, THIRLJVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17

    *Sales Cffice is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street,CALCUTTA 700072 27 1085

    tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007*Sales Cffice is at F Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square,BANGALORE 560002

    309 65 28222 39 71

    Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India