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teqnoparki momavalSi unda iqces uni-versitetebis erT-erTi mTavari Semosav-lis wyarod, ise, rogorc es ucxoeTis wamyvan universitetebSi xdeba. aqve unda davZino _ Zveli Secdoma rom ar gavimeo-roT, es ar unda iyos e.w. `garantirebuli dafinanseba”, es unda moxdes samarTlia-ni da gamWvirvale konkursis safuZvel-ze, universitetis TanadafinansebiT da/an investoris dainteresebiT.
sabolood, Tu SevajamebT, aseT
suraTs miviRebT _ Cven vafinansebT fundamentur mecnierebebs, romlis Sedegebs eyrdnoba gamoyenebiTi mec-niereba, vafinansebT gamoyenebiTi ti-pis proeqtebs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad udevs teqnoparkebis funq-cionirebas da davafinansebT teqnopar-kebs, romlis funqcionirebis Sedegad Semotanilma Tanxam xeli unda Seuwyos fundamenturi mecnierebis ganviTare-bas, anu mecnierebis komercializaciis mTliani jaWvi Seiqmna. Cven gamoyenebiTi mecnierebisa da teqnoparkebis grante-biT mivaRwevT imas, rom Tanadafinanse-bis principiT davainteresoT rogorc instituciebi, aseve biznesic. es auci-lebelia, radganac, kvlav vimeoreb, azri ar aqvs fulis xarjvas, Tu es samecniero Sedegi/produqcia aravis ainteresebs. me warsulSi minaxavs Zalian bevri maRali donis samecniero kvleva, romlis Sede-gic saqarTveloSi, misi avtorebis garda, aravin icis. amasac aqvs Tavisi mizezi – es samecniero jgufebi da laboratoriebi muSaobdnen sabWoTa kavSiris (an mogvia-nebiT sxva qveynebis) dakveTaze da, maT garda kvlevis Sedegi aravis sWirdeba.
ramdenime wlis win erovnulma samec-niero fondma amerikis samecniero kvle-vebisa da ganviTarebis organizaciasTan erTad (CRDF) Caatara pirveli sagranto konkursi, romelic iTvaliswinebda ise-Ti samecniero kvlevebis dafinansebas, romlis Tanadamfinansebeli iqneboda romelime biznes-organizacia. anu biz-ness unda Caedo fuli imaSi, rom mieRo samecniero produqti, romlis gamoyene-basac igi SeZlebda. am konkursma Zalian kargi Sedegi aCvena da aseTi tipis Ta-namSromlobis konkretul magaliTs mo-giyvanT: albaT gaxsovT, rom 5-6 wlis win Tbilisis wyalkanalis Webis saxuravebs
iparavdnen, radganac es saxuravebi mZime da Zvirad Rirebuli liTonisgan (Tuji) iyo damzadebuli da jarTis mimReb pun-qtebSi kargi gasaReba hqonda. r. aglaZis araorganuli qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis institutSi Sesrulebuli samecniero kvlevis safuZvelze, mecnierTa jgufma Seasrula samecniero proeqti, romlis damkveTic iyo Tbilisis wyalkanali. kerZod, mecnierebma adgilobrivi nedl-eulidan, bazaltis boWkodan, Webis saxu-ravebis damzadebisTvis Seqmnes masala, romelic msubuqi, gamZle, iafi da mtki-cea. amitomac Tbilisis wyalkanalma am saxuravebiT Caanacvla Tujis saxuravi da dRes ukve mas aRaravin iparavs.
didi samuSaoa Casatarebeli im kuTxiT, rom mecniers vaswavloT mecnie-rebis komercializaciis anabana: rogor daapatentos gamogoneba, rogor daicvas mecnieruli idea, ra unda iyos gamogo-nebis an samecniero produqtis Seqmnis Semdgomi nabiji, rogor ganaxorcielos samecniero transferi da a.S. es saerTod ar arsebobda xuTi wlis win. dRes gark-veuli konturebi ukve gamoikveTa. ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo uni-versiteti am mxriv gadadgmuli nabije-biT saqarTveloSi lideria.
aqcenti keTdeba axalgazrda mecnie-rebis xelSewyobazec. amerikaSi udidesi samecniero fondebis mier (NSF, NIH) grantis mopovebis yoveli 100 msurve-lidan 11-14% finansdeba, CvenTan ki, Tu aviRebT 2009-2010 wlis monacemebs, axal-gazrda mecnierebis saprezidento gran-tiT dafinansebis done 40 procentamde avida. es Zalian maRali maCvenebelia.
_ mecnierTa garkveul nawils sa-granto dafinanseba samarTlianad ar miaCnda (simarTle moiTxovs vTqvaT, rom dResac bevrs SexvdebiT, visac mec-nierebis dafinansebis es forma marTe-bulad ar miaCnia). sayvedurebi ismoda erovnuli samecniero fondis mimarT-ac. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, iyo Tu ara Seferxebebi da ra Secdoma davuSviT 2005 wlidan 2010 wlamde samecniero konkursebis warmoebaSi?
_ 2005 wlidan 2010 wlamde periodSi erovnuli samecniero fondis meSveobiT gaxarjuli iyo 50 milionamde lari. Cven vafinansebdiT, umeteswilad, fundamen-tur mecnierebebs, yvelafers, oRond ki proeqti maRali samecniero Rirebule-bisa yofiliyo. vafinansebdiT kosmosur kvlevebs, ekologiis iseT sakiTxebs, ro-melic saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuri ar iyo, vafinansebdiT filosofiis an isto-riis iseT sakiTxebs, romelic zogadsaka-cobrio Rirebulebisaa da saqarTvelos realur interesebs, an saqarTveloSi moxmarebad sferos ar ganekuTvnebo-da. dRes Cven grantebis dafinansebis veqtori fundamenturi mimarTulebi-dan gadaixara gamoyenebiTi samecniero proeqtebis dafinansebisaken. vamjo-bineT, rom Cveni Tanxebi da samecniero proeqtebi mivmarToT saqarTvelosTvis realuri da arsebiTi sakiTxebisaken. anu, vfiqrobT, rogor ukeT `gavanivToT~ samecniero idea gamoyenebad produ-qtad, Tumca paralelurad aucileblad gagrZeldeba fundamenturi mecnierebis dafinansebac.
vimeoreb, Sedegebi ramdenime welSi iqneba xelSesaxebi. Secdomisagan zoga-dad, dazRveuli aravinaa, mogexsenebaT, vinc ar muSaobs, is Secdomasac ar uSvebs, magram mainc mimaCnia, rom dReisaTvis yvela is reformatoruli nabiji, rac ga-daidga, saukeTeso gzaa mecnierebis gan-viTarebis perspeqtivis dasaxvisTvis.
sazogadoebas kargad axsovs 20 wlis win xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebi – Caricxuliyo yvela, vinc ki ar daiza-rebda da ubralod gancxadebas Seitanda umaRles saswavlebelSi. es iyo Tu ara dasawyisi, aravin icis, magram am periods ki namdvilad emTxveva saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis rRveva, rasac sa-fuZveli swored im gadawyvetilebebma Cauyara, romelic maSindelma jer kidev sabWoTa xelisuflebam axalgazrdobas sakenkiviT miuyara da amiT maTSi pasu-xismgeblobis da codnis SeZenis wyurvi-li Cakla.
am wlebma qveyanas, ekonomikuri za-ralis garda, moutana yvelaze Semzara-vi ram _ nihilisturi damokidebuleba codnis, skolisa da umaRlesi ganaTle-bis mimarT. Sedegebs dRemde vimkiT: am nihilizmis gamo saqarTvelos daaklda profesionalebi, daaklda mecnierebi, daaklda soflis meurneobis speciali-stebi, iuristebi, ekonomistebi, ped-agogebi... es CamonaTvali SeiZleba bevrs arafers ambobs, magram Cven qveynis sa-xelmwifoebrivi mowyobis yvela etapze SevigrZeniT specialistebis nakleboba, SevigrZeniT aucilebloba da saWiroeba im adamianebisa, romlebsac saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi TiTo aguri mainc unda da-edo.
am wlebSi yvelaze metad zogadi ga-naTlebis sistema dazaralda. skolam dakarga funqcia, dakarga avtoriteti, aRzrdis mTavari faseulobebi da gadaiq-ca im dawesebulebad, sadac axalgazrdas 16 wlamde sabuTebi unda hqonoda `Sen-axuli~. maTi nawili garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdis, nawili ki repetitorebTan siarulis Semdeg ubralo gasaubrebiT xvdeboda sokoebiviT momravlebul `universitetebSi~, sadac codnas ki ara, sanukvar diploms iRebda. skolasa da umaRles saswavlebels Soris damakavSi-rebeli Zafi gawyda. calke idga saSualo ganaTleba, rogorc simboluri ram da calke _ umaRlesi ganaTleba, rogorc ganaTlebulobis damadasturebeli au-cilebloba da saWiroeba.
ra gza gamoiara ganaTlebis siste-mam dRemde? aRidgina Tu ara dakarguli funqcia? ra etapebi gvaqvs gasavleli srulyofili ganaTlebis sistemis misa-Rebad? am kiTxvebze gvpasuxobs filo-logiis doqtori, Tbilisis 24-e sajaro skolis direqtori gia murRulia:
_ batono gia, Tu saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis ganvlil ocwleuls gavixsenebT, albaT, saWiro iqneba Tvali gadavavloT im movlenebs, rac ganaTlebis sistemis aRorZinebisTvis gaviareT. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am pe-riodis etapebad dayofa da ra Sinaar-sobrivi datvirTva hqonda mas?
_ ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis an Camoyalibebis etapebi erTgvari ana-lizis an, Tundac, gemovnebis sakiTxia _ vin rogor dayofs mas. erTi ram ki sruliad naTelia: ar arsebobs univer-saluri da sayovelTao sistema _ iseTi, romelic moergeba nebismieri qveynisa da drois interesebs. amitom saqarTvelom, rogorc ki SesaZlebloba mieca, Tavadve gadaewyvita sakuTari ganaTlebis siste-mis bedi, daiwyo fiqri, Tu rogor unda yofiliyo gaazrebuli es sistema da ra amocanebi unda gadaewyvita.
bunebrivia, yvelaferi koncefciebis mofiqrebiT daiwyo. 1989-1990 wlebSi, konkursic ki gamocxadda da maxsovs, Seiqmna im drois Sesabamisi ramdenime koncefcia, romelic am gadasaxedidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom met-naklebad ze-dapiruli gaxldaT.
es iyo pirveli etapi, romelsac piro-
biTad gaazrebis etapi davarqvaT. es eta-pi gardauvali aucilebloba gaxldaT, Tumca, dRes aSkaraa, rom arc erT kon-cefciasa da dokumentSi saTanadod ar iyo gansazRvruli, vin unda gagvezarda. rodesac adamianTa jgufi ganaTlebis koncefcias ayalibebs, mas gaazrebuli unda hqondes, ra amocanebis gadasawy-vetad zrdian momaval Taobas, ras inar-Cuneben warsulidan da risi SeZena surT samomavlod. es sakiTxebi im etapze ga-mokveTilad ver davinaxe da amis Sesaxeb diskusiac gavmarTeT.
_ ra Sinaarsi hqonda am konce-fciebs, yvelaferi uaryofili iyo sabWoTa saswavlo sistemidan? maT avtorebs Seswavlili hqondaT ev-ropis da msoflios sxva qveynebis gamocdileba Tu mxolod sakuTari qveynis miznebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen?
_ sxva qveynebis gamocdileba met-naklebad Seswavlili iyo, magram maSin ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iyo ganaT-lebis sistemis struqturaze: ramden safexuriani swavleba unda yofiliyo skolaSi, rogori unda yofiliyo bma um-aRles ganaTlebasTan da a.S. struqtu-ruli fiqri win uswrebda Sinaarsobriv fiqrs da es mTlad kargi ar iyo, radgan ganaTlebaSi ̀ jer~ da ̀ mere~ ar arsebobs, orive TanabarmniSvnelovania. struqtu-ra mxolod imis gamomxatvelia, Tu ra gziT fiqrob dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, ra sqema moergeba ukeTesad Sens miznebs, anu Sinaarss, magram amas maSin naklebad acnobierebdnen.
_ 1997 wels miiRes kanoni, romelic SemdgomSi kidev bevrjer Seicvala. iyo mcdeloba, SeecvalaT skolis marTvis sistema da es Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxl-daT, Tumca im etapze verc es moxerxda. ukve Semdgom etapze, kanonSi Sevida cv-lilebebi, romlis Sedegadac SemoiRes sameurveo sabWo. es iyo mniSvnelovani nabiji, radganac qveyanam gaacnobiera, rom ZiriTadi damkveTi – sazogadoeba, unda monawileobdes skolis marTvaSi. sameurveo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedi-oda (did skolebSi) 6 mSobeli da 6 mas-wavlebeli. xmis ufleba unda hqonoda moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobasac.
miuxedavad skolis marTvis am mniSv-nelovani struqturis dakanonebisa, unda giTxraT, rom, Cemi fiqriT, dRemde es institucia srulfasovnad ver mu-Saobs. mis gamarTul muSaobas an raRac aklia uflebamosilebis TvalsazrisiT, an arada, Cveni sazogadoeba Zalian iner-tulia, rom aseTi instrumentebi gamoi-yenos. simarTle giTxraT, me ufro meo-resken vixrebi, radganac Zalian dabali warmodgenis var saskolo cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis aqtivobaze. amis Sesaxeb araerTgzis ganmicxadebia sajarodac. Cveni sazogadoeba ver gaTavisuflda im mosazrebisagan, rom saxelmwifo unda akeTebdes mis nacvlad yvelafers. es azri moqalaqeebis didi umravlesobis cnobierebaSi Zalian myaradaa gamjdari. mentaloba ki Zalian nela icvleba.
qarTvelis Secvla ar minda, Zalian miy-vars saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi, magram raRacebi ar momwons da es bunebrivia, radgan msurs obieqturad Sevxedo yvel-afers. zogadad, yvela gonieri adamiani cdilobs, obieqturad Sexedos sakuTar Tavs, raTa gaaumjobesos sakuTari gen-eracia, momavali.
Cveni amocana is ki ar unda iyos, rom Cveni Svilebi zustad iseTebi gavzar-doT, rogoric Cven varT (idealurebi rom ar varT, viciT), aramed ukeTesebi. kargad unda gvqondes Seswavlili, vin varT Cven, rani varT, rogoria Cveni xa-siaTi, ra SevinarCunoT, ra ganvaaxloT da ras mivceT pozitiuri ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. me swored amaze mqon-da dava ganaTlebis sistemis zogierT xelmZRvanelTan. am koncefciebSi da programebSi ar iyo kargad gaazrebuli, vin varT qarTvelebi, ra plusebi gvaqvs
mentalobaSi da ra iTxovs koreqcias. ma-galiTebs getyviT: pirveli: yovelTvis vambobdi da axlac vimeoreb – ar varga qarTvelis damokidebuleba drosTan. Cveni Tanamemamuleebis didi umravle-soba arc sakuTar dros ufrTxildeba da arc sxvisas. amitom skolam unda aswav-los axalgazrdas drosTan damokidebu-leba da drois racionaluri gamoyene-ba. aba, erTi hkiTxeT romelime skolas, akeTebs amas? meore _ pirovneba ar ar-sebobs nebisyofis gareSe. Tu skolas ar aqvs dasaxuli amocana, rom bavSvebSi ne-bisyofa Camoayalibos, maSin aseTi skola ver upasuxebs umTavres gamowvevebs. es aris samecniero-Teoriuli da praqti-
kuli saubaric – am sakiTxTa saTanado gacnobierebis gareSe ar unda vmoqmedeb-deT, Tu gvinda, rom imaze kargi skola gvqondes, vidre dRes gvaqvs.
momdevno etapzec reformirebis procesis mTavari nakli is iyo, rom ma-TSi ar Canda zogadi ganaTlebis erov-nuli miznebi. Cven vsvamdiT kiTxvas _ rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebam Seafasos, reforma warmatebulia Tu ara, Tu winas-war ar acxadeb, ras isaxav miznad? pasuxi am kiTxvaze ar iyo. samagierod, mimdi-nareobda momabezrebeli saubrebi, rom damTavrda pirveli etapi, axla gadav-divarT meoreze da a.S. sad ewera, ra iyo pirveli etapis saqme da ra _ meoresi,
aqve imasac getyviT, rom arc es pro-grama iyo srulyofili. misi 22 kompo-nentidan, arc erTi ar exeboda maswav-leblis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da mis profesiul ganviTarebas, rac imas aRniSnavda, rom ganaTlebis reformis `gverdidan cqera~ uSedego aRmoCnde-boda. pirveli, vinc ganaTlebis xarisxs uzrunvelyofs, es pedagogia da es dada-sturebulia dRevandeli kvlevebiTac – karg Senobaze, karg aparaturaze, karg saxelmZRvaneloebze ufro metad ganaT-lebis xarisxs kargi padagogi ganapiro-bebs. amas bevri kvleva ar sWirdeboda, magram kargia, rom es kvlevebmac daada-stura. me maSinac vkiTxulobdi _ nuTu SeiZleba ganaTlebis sistemaSi iyos 22 ufro mniSvnelovani ram, vidre aris mas-wavleblis kvalifikacia? magram, mogex-senebaT, adamianebi, romlebic saTaveSi sxedan, Zalian xSirad miiCneven, rom yve-laze Wkvianebi arian.
SevardnaZis periodis ministrebis saerTo seni gaxldaT is, rom yoveli axa-li ministri axal reformas iwyebda. ase moxda ganaTlebis sistemaSic, roca mi-nistrad aleqsandre kartozia dainiSna. swored mis dros momzadda 600 gverdia-ni dokumenti, romelic jer mTavrobam, xolo Semdeg parlamentmac daamtkica.
simarTle giTxraT, msgavsi `abraka-dabra~ ar wamikiTxavs da o'henrisa da jerom jeromis nawarmoebebis wakiTxvis Semdeg amdeni ar micinia. es iyo sruli gaugebroba da eWvi maqvs, rom es doku-menti TviT baton aleqsandre kartozia-sac ar hqonda wakiTxuli, Torem gonieri kacia da imas mainc mixvdeboda, rom masSi mTeli gverdebi meordeboda.
maxsovs, am dokumentidan frazebis wakiTxvisas parlamentis komitetis sx-domaze mTeli darbazi xarxarebda. erT-ma opoziciis warmomadgenelma mTxova, Tu kaci xar, amixseni aq ra weria, 600 gverds ra waikiTxavso. avuxseni da sul Tavis qneviT gamoxatavda sinanuls, es ra dauweriaTo.... imave saRamos am adamianma parlamentSi am abda-ubdis miRebas mxari dauWira. erTi-ori gamonaklisis garda, araferi seriozuli am dokumentSi ar ewera da verc verafers Secvlida ga-naTlebis sistemaSi. obieqturobisTvis unda iTqvas, rom kartozias dros yvela-ze ukeTesi rac gakeTda, es iyo Sefasebis sistemis Secvla da am kuTxiT evropuli gamocdilebis Seswavla. maSin aqtualu-ri gaxda es sakiTxi, radganac Sefasebas iTxovda ganaTlebis xarisxi, maswavle-blis kompetencia, Tavad sistemuri mu-Saoba da a. S.
_ rodis daiwyo realurad ga-naTlebis sistemis reformireba da ra mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva amas?
_ ganaTlebis sistemis realuri re-formireba daiwyo `vardebis revolu-ciis~ Semdgom. pirvelive wels dawesda erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, ramac, faqtobrivad, daasamara korufcia da sajaro skolebsa da umaRles saswavleb-lebSi swavlisa da swavlebis mimarT sa-xelmwifosa da sazogadoebis moTxovna gazarda. am etapis warmatebiT Catarebas didi gamocda da Zalisxmeva dasWirda sazogadoebaSi ndobis mopovebis Tval-sazrisiT. Sedegi marTlac STambeWdavia da dRes ukve aRaravis aeWvebs erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis saWiroeba.
zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebis gaazreba, rasac mTlianad daeyrdno ga-naTlebis sistema.
axali xelisuflebis mosvlis perio-didan daiwyo saskolo infrastruqtu-ris ganviTarebaze zrunva. gaxsovT, rom manamde skolebSi gaTboba ki ara, fanjre-bic ar iyo, axla ki skola met-naklebad skolas daemsgavsa. esec aucilebeli na-biji iyo, radgan erTia xarisxis sakiTxi da maswavlebelTa kompetencia da meore _ garemo, sadac bavSvs swavla uwevs.
bolo periodSi, aseve, daixvewa ero-vnuli gamocdebis sistema da Semovida saskolo saatestato gamocdebi, ramac skolas daubruna Tavisi pirvandeli funqcia da sazogadoebrivi azri misken moatriala. saqme isaa, rom qarTuli sa-zogadoeba ratomRac skolas Sesaferi-sad ar afasebs. misTvis umaRlesi ganaT-leba mniSvnelovania, saskolo ganaTleba ki – ise ra. arada, yvela saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo dokumenti, rac bolo dros Seiqmna, adasturebs, rom saxelmwi-fosTvis zogadi ganaTleba aris sagange-bo mniSvnelobis sfero.
bolo dros didi yuradReba mieqca pedagogTa profesiul ganviTarebas da es Zalian kargia, Tumca unda vTqva, rom maswavlebelTa motivaciis amaRlebis gareSe marto mowodebebiT fons ver ga-valT. maswavlebels unda uRirdes Za-lisxmevis gaweva sertificirebisTvis.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ram, rac axalma xelisuflebam daaregulira, isaa, rom bolos da bolos mogvarda saxelmZ-Rvaneloebis sakiTxi. Seiqmna Sesabamisi kriteriumebis damakmayofilebeli for-mati, romlis farglebSic unda SeirCes saTanado xarisxis (rogorc Sinaarso-brivad da meTodologiurad, ise – teqni-kuri parametrebiT) saxelmZRvaneloebi da esec Zalian kargia. kuriozi iyo, rom 10 deda ena gvqonda. amdeni alternativa saWiro ar iyo. ar gvyavs Cven am sferoSi Sesaferisi kompetenciisa da kvalifika-ciis adamianebi, rom amdeni alternativa gvqondes. am mxriv moTxovnebi gamkacrda – vimeoreb, rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve, meT-odologiis da gamocemis TvalsazrisiT.
_ Tqven zemoT axseneT, rom zogadi ganaTlebis miznebSi gansazRvruli unda iyos, vis vzrdiT. adre vzrdidiT momaval eqims, momaval pedagogs da a.S. aravin fiqrobda, misi Svili kargi mSenebeli da kargi meqanizatori yo-filiyo. dRes Tu aris gansazRvruli, vis vzrdiT, anu vis zrdis skola?
vin aris dRes is adamiani, visac Cven aq vzrdiT (am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa ara mxolod momavali profesia, aramed ar-sebiTad – pirovnuli raoba), roca sas-wavlo wlis dasawyisSi pirvelklaselTa mSoblebs vxvdebi, vcdilob, naTlad Ca-movayalibo maT winaSe, ras vupireb maT Svilebs uaxloesi 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. umjobesia, aseT dros ojaxic da skolac SeTanxmebul poziciaze dadges, radga-nac uerTmaneTod Cven bavSvis aRzrda gagviWirdeba. sityva `aRzrda~ xanda-xan ganze gvrCeba da sityva `swavlebas~ ufro did datvirTvas vaZlevT. arada, orive saWiroa.
skolaSi, pirvel rigSi, kargi adamiani da kargi qarTveli unda aRizardos, rad-gan es aris qarTuli skola. aq SeuZlebe-lia kargi germaneli an kargi amerikeli gavzardoT, magram ras niSnavs es kargi adamiani da saqarTvelos kargi moqalaqe, ukve sxva sakiTxia. me rom am ganaTlebis programas sxvebTan erTad win davideb da fiqrs daviwyeb, rogor mivaRwioT imas, rac aq weria, amis Semdeg iwyeba yvela-feri. Tu gansazRvruli ar aris, ra unda gaakeTos maswavlebelma, roca saklaso oTaxSi Seva, yvela kargi ideac ki mkvd-radSobilia.
Cveni mizania: 1) gavzardoT kargi qarTveli moqalaqeebi; 2) gamovumuSavoT nebisyofa, rom TviTon batonobdnen survilebze da ara survilebi – maTze; 3) hqondeT seriozuli sakonkurencio mdgradoba, radgan mTeli Cveni cxovreba konkursad iqca. bavSvi unda SevaCvioT, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi warmatebebic aris da warumateblobebic. maT unda SeZlon amis gamklaveba da es skolam da ojaxma erTad unda gaakeTon. Cveni miza-nia, bavSvi skolidan realuri cxovre-
bisTvis momzadebuli gavides.axlandeli sagamocdo sistema sko-
lebSi xels uwyobs zogadi ganaTlebis miRebas. xandaxan aprotesteben xolme – ratom unda Cavabaro amdeni gamocda, roca sul 4 sagani mWirdebao. es aris sru-li absurdi. zogadi ganaTleba hqvia imas, rom ra saganTa CamonaTvalic arsebobs, yvela aviTarebs SenSi saWiro Tvisebebs da gaZlevs ganaTlebas. magaliTad, SesaZ-loa, maTematika ar gamogadges im Tval-sazrisiT, rom es sagani Casabarebeli ar gqondes umaRles saswavlebelSi, magram imas, rasac maTematikis Seswavla akeTebs adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebisTvis, veraferi Secvlis. es aris pedagogikis klasikosebis aqsiomaturi debuleba da zedmeti ganxilvebi ar sWirdeba.
zemoCamoTvlili yvela procesi rTulia da moiTxovs administraciis, pe-dagogebis, mSoblebis erTobliv Zalisx-mevas, raTa saboloo miznamde mivideT. skola ar aris mxolod iataki, saklaso oTaxi da kompiuteri. skola suliskve-Tebaa da erTi veqtoriT warmarTuli fi-qri mizanmimarTuli msvlelobisTvis.
_ xSirad gvesmis, rom Svilebs quCisTvis vimetebT, radganac sko-lis Semdeg ar aris maTi dasaqmebis an swavlebisTvis Sesaferi garemo. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, aris Tu ara dRevan-del saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi lo-gikuri bma umaRles saswavlebelTan?
_ dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo struqtura isea gaazrebuli, rom sas-kolo erTiani erovnuli saswavlo gegma myar safuZvels qmnis umaRlesi saswav-leblis programis asaTviseblad. umaR-lesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi ki yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom SemoviReT ba-kalavriati da magistratura. boloniis procesi, sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad, arsebiTad aseT nabijs gulisx-mobda. cxadia, amas marto struqturu-li dayofis saxe ar unda hqondes. es um-aRlesi ganaTlebis SinaarsSic aisaxeba. Seicvala umaRlesi skolis marTvis si-stemac, igi ufro demokratiuli gaxda.
_ Tqveni azriT, ra aris dRevande-li umaRlesi saswavleblebis mizani, vin unda gamouSvas man _ konkurentu-nariani profesionali Tu ubralod, ganaTlebuli adamiani?
_ adamianis aRzrdis amocana zoga-di ganaTlebis saqmea. Tu skolis das-rulebis Semdeg adamiani pirovnulad Camoyalibebuli ar aris, Znelia umaRles skolas es misia daakisro. iq ufro spe-cializaciis misiis Sesruleba xdeba. um-aRlesi skolis mizania, moamzados eko-nomikis, kulturis da, zogadad, qveynis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro kvalificiuri specialisti. rac mTavaria, es yvelaferi bazarze unda iyos orientirebuli. Cven unda SeviswavloT dasaqmebis bazari, rom vicodeT, sad, ra da ramdeni specialisti gvWirdeba. dRes saqarTveloSi Warbi sa-muSao Zalaa, romelic xandaxan saWiroa imisTvis, rom qveyanaSi konkurencia ar
daeces, magram zedmeti konkurentuli Zala cudia.
_ aqedan gamomdinare, Tqven am-arTlebT xelisuflebis gadawyvetile-bas, rom aqcents zust da sabunebisme-tyvelo mecnierebebis ganviTarebaze akeTebs?
_ aseTi aqcentebi Zalian arsebiTia, radgan ganaTlebis politikis gatare-ba swored am saWiroebebis Seswavlas da prioritetebis gamokveTas gulisxmobs. me humanitari var da momwons es sfero, magram is mimarTulebebi, rac bolo oc-wleulis ganmavlobaSi CamorCa, Zalian operatiulad saWiroebs gamosworebas.
amis dasadastureblad gavixseneb: miuxedavad weliwadnaxevris win gake-Tebuli gancxadebisa, rom moswavleebs gamocdebis Cabareba mouwevdaT yvela saganSi, axlaxan skolebSi dasrulebul-ma winaswarma testirebebma sakmaod cudi Sedegebi aCvena fizikaSi, qimiasa da sxva sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi. es niSnavs, rom problema gvaqvs ara mxolod moswav-leebSi, aramed maswavleblebSic.
es ganaTlebis politikisa da ganaT-lebis filosofiis sferoa ukve da imedi maqvs, ganaTlebis sistemis reformire-bis am etapze ukve amasac mieqceva yurad-Reba.
_ da bolos, SevafasoT, ra Se-degebi miviReT ganaTlebis sistemaSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 20 wlisTavze. zemoT aRniSnuli etapebi gasavleli iyo Tu Cven zedmetad gavi-areT isini? ra etapze varT axla, gvaqvs perspeqtiva, rom ganaTlebis sistema saqarTveloSi safuZvliani da funda-menturi gaxdes?
_ perspeqtiva gvaqvs. vfiqrob, bolo dros adekvaturi nabijebi gadaidga. Sors var im azrisagan, rom yvelaferi kargadaa, magram aqcentebi maswavlebel-Ta kompetenciaze, ganaTlebis xarisxze, Tanamedrove teqnologiis damkvidre-basa da saxelmZRvaneloebze, swori mi-marTulebiT gadadgmuli nabijebia. dRevandeli skola ukve fiqrs aCvevs axalgazrdas, rac Zalian kargia. amas winaT Cvenma skolam gamarTa RonisZieba _ `sajaro fiqri giorgi mTawmindelze~. aRfrTovanebuli davrCi, radganac cxa-dad davinaxe, rom es aris Taoba, rome-lic fiqrobs.
sxvaTa Soris, am RonisZiebaze mivi-ReT gadawyvetileba da mivmarTeT xe-lisuflebas, rom gakeTdes `qarTuli didebis xeivani~, sadac warmodgenili iqneba im adamianebis biustebi, romleb-mac Seqmnes qarTuli ocneba, qarTuli idea. aseTi SeiZleba iyos 15-20 adamiani, ramdenime mefe, mmarTveli da sazogado moRvawe. aq ara erTi saintereso Ronis-Ziebis gamarTva SeiZleba. Tu am azrs gai-ziareben, isic Zalian saintereso iqneba, sazogadoeba romel qarTvel moRvaweebs miiCnevs `qarTuli didebis xeivanSi~ da-vanebis Rirsad.
faqtobrivad, daasamara korufcia da sajaro skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlisa da swavlebis mimarT saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis moTxovna gazarda.
bolo dros adekvaturi nabijebi gadaidga. Sors var im azrisagan, rom yvela-feri kargadaa, magram aqcentebi maswavlebelTa kompetenciaze, ganaTlebis xarisxze, Tanamedrove teqnologiis damkvidrebasa da saxelmZRvaneloe-
_ batono nodar, rogoria Tan-amedrove qarTveli axalgazrdis fsiqologiuri portreti da riT gan-sxvavdeba igi sabWoTa periodis axal-gazrdisgan?
_ saqarTvelo bolo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Zalian mcire xans iyo da-moukidebeli. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan ki ruseTis kolonia gaxldaT. manamde, cal-calke samefoebad dayofil saqarT-veloSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis sakiTxi Zalian aqtualuri iyo. erovnuli muxti sabWoTa periodSi arc Senelebula. amis bevri magaliTi SegviZlia moviyvanoT. 20-iani wlebis ajanyebis garda gavix-senoT, Tundac, 1956 wlis gamosvlebi. 70-iani wlebidan disidenturi moZraoba gaaqtiurda, mniSvnelovani iyo 1978 wlis 14 aprili _ enis dacvis dRe. ase rom, mTeli saqarTvelos ocneba yovelTvis erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-bloba gaxldaT. CvenTan erovnuloba da saxelmwifoebrioba sxvadasxvagvarad es-modaT. samwuxaroa, magram axlac asea. es im diskusiebSi gamoCnda, rodesac kama-Tobdnen _ Caiweros Tu ara pasport-Si erovneba _ qarTveli. patrioti qarTvelebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom Tuki pasportSi eTikurad qarTveli ar iqneba miTiTebuli, amiT erovneba daikargeba. es mcdari mosazrebaa da niS-navs erovnulobis eTnikur da ara demo-kratiul da dasavlur gagebas. Tu adami-ani Tavis identobas Cvens saxelmwifoSi poulobs, ra warmoSobisac unda iyos is, _ Tanamedrove gagebiT mainc qarTve-lia. eTnikur niSanze yuradRebis zedme-ti koncentraciac aris imis mizezi, rom dRes teritoriis 20% dakarguli gvaqvs, Tumca konfliqtebis ZiriTadi mizezi es ar yofila. sabWoTa kavSiris dros Zali-an mwvaved idga eTnikurobis problema da aucilebeli iyo amaze yuradRebis gamax-vileba. dRes, rodesac saxelmwifoebri-vi damoukidebloba mopovebuli gvaqvs, patriotizmi sul sxva rameSi unda gamo-viCinoT da ara pasportSi erovnebis mux-lis SetanaSi. vinaidan es Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva eTnikuri jgufebisTvis Cvengan gariyulad iqneba aRqmuli, verc saxelmwifos erTianobas Seuwyobs xels da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge-nisTvisac Sebrkolebis lodi iqneba. Cven aucileblad unda vipovoT Sinagani Zala da multikulturul garemoSi, yvela TanamoqalaqesTan erTad unda vaSenoT damoukidebeli demokratiuli saxelm-wifo.
wina saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi qar-Tul axalgazrdobaSi aSkarad gaizarda erovnuli TviTSegneba. 70-ian wlebSi is kidev ufro gamoikveTa disidentur moZraobaSi, xolo `perestroikis~ mere, 80-ian wlebSi kulminacias miaRwia. da-moukideblobisa da erovnuli TviTSeg-nebisTvis brZolis es bolo talRa, swo-red Cvens universitetSi agorda.
imJamindeli diskusia _ jer damo-ukidebloba unda gvqondes da Semdeg de-mokratia, Tu piriqiT, dResac aqtualu-ria. Tumca, gvaqvs damoukidebloba, ma-gram namdvil demokratiamde bevri gvi-
klia. maSin pirvel rigSi damoukideblo-bis miReba surdaT. es fsiqologiurad gasagebi iyo, radgan, swored, damouki-debloba gvaklda, demokratia ki Cvengan ise Sors iyo, rom amaze naklebad vfi-qrobdiT. gvegona, rom damoukidebloba imTaviTve demokratisac mogvitanda.
Cemi azriT, dRevandeli axalgazr-doba bevrad ufro aqtiuria, vidre Tun-dac 80-iani wlebis. zogadad, dRes axalgazrdebSi erovnulma TviTSegnebam saxe icvala da iseTive ar aris, rogorc sabWoTa periodSi. es gasagebicaa, radgan amJamad saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-bloba ukve realobaa da `patriotizmic~ sxvagvaradaa gagebuli. dRes patriotiz-mia, magaliTad, kargi ganaTlebis miReba da qveynis samsaxurSi yofna. dRevandel students meti Sansi aqvs wvlili Seita-nos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyali-bebaSi. magram, mainc CamorCeba sabWoTa drois students. Tumca, isic unda iT-qvas, rom maSin ar arsebobda `cdunebis~ iseTi saSualebebi, rogoricaa kompi-uteri, interneti, mobiluri da a.S. da Sesabamisad, droc ufro meti hqonda students wignis sakiTxad.
_ arsebobs mosazreba, rom saqar-TveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar arsebobs, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ki demokratiis CamoyalibebisTvis auci-lebelia. ra viTarebaa am mxriv axal-gazrdebSi, ramdenad aqtiurebi arian isini am mimarTulebiT?
_ am mosazrebas nawilobriv ver ga-viziareb. cvlilebebi namdvilad aris, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoya-libebamde jer kidev Sors varT. is ucnau-ri faqti, rom `or qarTvels sami partia aqvs”, rogorc wesi negatiurad aRiqmeba. mezobel qveynebSi aseTi Zlieri azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ar aris. rac Seexeba samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, am saqmeSi axalgazrdobis winsvla usaTuod igrZnoba.
Rirebulebebi ar aris daculi, axla gansxvavebuli problemebia, vidre 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. axalgazrdebi Tu pasuxoben im gamowvevebs, rasac dRes maTgan qveyana iTxovs?
_ axalgazrdebs amaze naklebi pa-suxi unda movTxovoT. kiTxva ase unda davsvaT _ ra gavakeTeT Cven imisTvis, rom axalgazrdebma Tavis mxriv upasu-xon am gamowvevebs. bevri axalgazrda amas gvsayvedurobs da es sworia. Cvens qveyanas yvela sferoSi sWirdeba pro-gresi da vfiqrob, rom axalgazrdebis mTavari gamowveva ganaTlebis miRebaa. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac Cven gagvaC-nia, qarTveli axalgazrdebis miswrafe-baa ganaTlebisken. saxelmwifomac ufro didi wvlili unda Seitanos am saqmeSi, vidre dRes Seaqvs. ganaTlebaze saukeTe-so strategia ar arsebobs iseTi patara qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa _ da roca saqme saqmeze midgeba, qmediTi qo-magic ki ar aRmoaCndeba xolme amqveynad.
Cven mikedlebasac varT miCveuli, xan sparsebs, xan Turqebs, xan rusebs da axla amerikelebs vekedlebiT. yovelT-vis kargia, roca megobrebi gyavs, magram megobrebisTvis Senc sasurveli unda iyo, anu ise gaZlierde ganaTlebiT, kul-turiT, mecnierebiT, TviTmyofadobiT, gonierebiT, cnobierebiT, axlis miRebis unariT da jansaRi warsulis ardakarg-viT, rom sxvam, rogorc Tanaswori part-niori, ise aRgiqvas. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni qveynis simcires da mosaxleobis ricxvs mniSvneloba ar eqneba. qveyana yovelmxriv mimzidveli unda gavxadoT afxazis, osis, amerikelis, germanelis Tu sxvaTaTvis. me ganaTlebaSi da masze zrunvaSi vxedav amis yvelaze did potencials. Tavdacva aucilebelia dRes da ugunuri unda iyo, rom es uaryo, magram ganaTleba, rogorc strategia, kargi Tavdacvis sawindaria. Tavdacva marto iaraRiT ki ar xdeba, ara-med inteleqtiT, gonebiT, ganaTlebiT da es patara erebma ukve daamtkices. ma-galiTad, baltiispirelebi, romlebsac samxedro Zala ar hqondaT, ruseTis agre-sias swored amiT gaumklavdnen.
_ Tanamedrove qarTvel axal-gazrdebs globalizaciis epoqaSi uw-evT cxovreba da Camoyalibeba. glo-balizacia ki Tavis mxriv safrTxes uqmnis erovnul identobas. rogor SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi `oqros Sual-edis~ povna?
_ Tumca globalizacia pirdapir ar ebrZvis erovnul identurobas, magram amave dros is erovnuli CarCoebis gada-laxvas gulisxmobs. ar dagvaviwydes, rom erTi ukiduresobaa sakuTar CarCoebSi Caketva da meore _ erovnulze uaris Tqma. WeSmariteba, rogorc wesi, SuaSia. aucileblad unda davafasoT Cveni didi warsuli yovelTvis, magram dRes mxolod amiT ver visazrdoebT. warsuli impulsis mimcemi unda iyos da ara mxolod traba-xis safuZveli. dasavleTidan yvelaferi azrovnebiseuli filtris gareSe rom Se-movuSvaT, esec ar iqneboda swori. axlis miReba identobis da warsulis Senar-CunebiT aris marTebuli. axalgazrda, romelic sworad viTardeba, amas Zalian
male mixvdeba. Cven dRevandel studen-tobas bevri upiratesoba aqvs sabWo-Ta periodis studentebTan SedarebiT. gaixsna sazRvrebi, qarTvelebma gaicnes msoflio... es ki aucilebeli procesia, rom sakuTari identuroba gaacnobiero. roca Tqven sxvaTa poziciasac ejaxebiT, sakuTar poziciac ukeT acnobierebT. ra aris qarTveloba, vin varT da ra gvinda, amas ufro kargad gaviazrebT, roca sx-vebsac gavecnobiT. Sedareba, urTier-Toba, sxvebTan komunikacia aucilebeli pirobaa, rom aSendes igive samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, ganviTardes Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrioba.
_ dRes, globalizaciis epoqaSi, CvenTan, ra Tqma unda, iklebs is muxti, rom tradiciebze iyos orientacia. mi-uxedavad amisa, axalgazrdebSi aris didi jgufebi, romlebic swored imis gamo, rom sxva alternativa gamoCnda, tradi-ciebze da warsulze ufro metad gaxdnen koncentrirebulni.
vfiqrob, Tu tradicias ki ar Se-vebrZolebiT, aramed jansaRi formiT SevinarCunebT da gamoviyenebT, maSin is momavlisTvisac gaxdeba nayofieri. maga-liTad, Cven gvaqvs genialuri qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da cekvebi, romlebic sxva erebmac daafases. Cvenma tradicieb-sa imdens gauZlo, rom momavalsac gauZ-lebs.
tradiciebs Tu daveyrdnobiT maSin fundamentalizmamde mivalT, magram Tu tradicias saerTod movspobT, maSin Zi-rebi mogveryeva da iseve waviqceviT, ro-gorc fesvebs mowyvetili xe. erTi cno-bili frangi moazrovnis gamoTqmaa _ `istoriidan ferfli ki ar unda aviRoT, aramed cecxli~. amitom mimaCnia, rom warsuli ar daikargeba mxolod maSin, Tu mas ganvaviTarebT da movuvliT. axal-gazrdebs cxovreba TandaTan daanaxebs, rom warsulis gareSe ar arsebobs moma-vali, magram momavlis gareSe warsuls azri ar aqvs.
_ ra mentalitetis mqone sazogadoeba varT da riT aris is nasazrdoebi? _ am Temaze dafiqreba gv-marTebs imdenad, ramdenadac aucilebelia vicodeT, ra Rirebulebebi devs CvenSi. sainteresoa, ramdenad icvleboda es mentaliteti am 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi da es metamorfoza rogor ukavSirdeboda xelisuf-lebebis cvlas saqarTveloSi?
_ mentalitetis Temaze saubars ufro Soridan da-viwyeb _ sabWoTa periodidan. jer kidev 80-ian wlebis bolos, roca gorbaCovma referendumi Caatara da ga-moikiTxa _ xalxs sabWoTa kavSirSi darCena undoda Tu gasvla, mosaxleobis 70% momxre iyo, rom sabWoTa kav-SirSi davrCeniliyaviT. ruseTis mTavrobas ar vendeT da mosaxleobis azris gadamowmebis mizniT saqarTve-loSic CavatareT igive gamokvleva da Sedegi erTnairi miviReT. Tu ratom undodaT sabWoTa kavSiris Semad-genlobaSi darCena _ am kiTxvaze, adamianebTan dia-logSi Sesvlisas, aseT pasuxs viRebdiT: aba, marto xom ver SevZlebT arsebobas, ruseTis gareSe ar SegviZliao. ZiriTadad am argumentiT Semoifargleboda umeteso-ba. marTalia, sabWoTa ideologiis siyvaruli aravis gamoumJRavnebia, magram es 70% iyo imis sazomi, rom ru-seTze orientacia sxvaze damokidebulebis mentalite-tis gamo gvqonda.
sisxlianma 9 aprilma, am mxriv, mniSvnelovani garda-texa moaxdina, rac Semdeg kidev ufro gaaZliera gamsa-xurdias xelisuflebam. mosaxleobaSi mentaluri re-volucia moxda da qarTvelma Tavis cnobierebaSi dau-Sva, rom SeiZleba damoukidebeli saxelmwifos moqala-qe iyos, rac 9 aprilis msxverplis fasad dagvijda. es cvlileba rom ar momxdariyo, sabWoTa periodSi xmaTa umravlesobiT ̀ mrgvali magida~ xelisuflebaSi ver mo-vidoda. am arCevaniT, umokles periodSi, sazogadoeba TiTqmis 180 gradusiT Semotrialda damoukideblobis mopovebis nebisken, rac absoluturad ewinaaRmdegebo-da im Teziss, rom qarTvels uruseTod arseboba TiT-qosda ar SeeZlo.
_ farTo gagebiT qurdi, da ara jibis qurdi, pozi-tiuri persona iyo da pativcemul figurad iTvleboda _ amis niSnebi sabWoTa periodSi gamokveTili marTlac iyo, es damokidebuleba inerciiT gagrZelda da Tu ga-vixsenebT jaba ioselians, rogorc romanis personaJs (misi biografia amis safuZvels iZleva), mas SeeZlo be-vri axalgazrda moexibla Tavisi qarizmiTa da qurdis imijiT. jaba ioseliani da misi garemocva ar cdilobda am qarizmis gaqarwylebas, piriqiT, xels uwyobda kidec mis gamyarebas. anu am periodSi qurdulma mentali-tetma ixara. sabWoTa sistemis am mankier gadmonaSTs SevardnaZis xelisufleba ar SebrZolebia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ideologiurad eduard SevardnaZe da jaba ioseliani erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen, qurduli men-talitetis miuReblobam Tavi mxolod `vardebis revo-luciis~ Semdeg iCina.
_ sabWoTa mentaliteti gulisxmobs sazogadoebis xelisuflebaze orientacias. sabWoTa moqalaqes yvela problemas saxelmwifo uwyvetda. es damokidebuleba dRemde SemogvrCa. Tu sazogadoeba ver gaiTavisebs, rom yvelaferze pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas ar unda ahkidos da rom Tavadac unda ibrZolos Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad, sacxovrebeli pirobebis gasaum-jobeseblad, manamde am sabWoTa mentalitets Cvens cnobierebaSi ver aRmovfxvriT.
_ naTqvamia, Wkviani sxvis Secdomebze swavlobso. Cven, am axlo warsulSi daSvebuli sakuTari Sec-domebis gaanalizeba mainc ramdenad movaxerxeT, rac, wesiT, isev da isev mentalur cvlilebebSi unda asaxuliyo.
_ gamsaxurdias periods davubrundebi, oRond ukve sxva WrilSi. maSin moxda sakmaod mniSvnelovani cvli-leba nacionaluri umciresobebis mimarT. qarTuli mentaliteti gadaixara nacionaluri Seurigeblobis mxares da, praqtikulad, sazogadoebis bralia is, rac osebTan da afxazebTan mimarTebaSi moxda. gamsaxur-dias mmarTvelobis dros gaCnda publikaciebi, sadac xazi esmeboda _ vin stumaria da vin maspinZeli saqarT-veloSi? vis ra uflebebi aqvs? amis fonze Tavi iCina sxvisi uflebebis nacionaluri niSniT SezRudvam, rac am periodSi momwifda. es mentaluri cvlileba, rac iqamde qarTvels namdvilad ar hqonda, darCa did xans, praqtikulad afxazeTis omamde. xolo afxazeTis omis wagebam koreqtivi Seitana mentalitetSi _ qarTveleb-ma sxva nacionalobis mosaxleobis mimarT met-naklebi pativiscema iswavles da mixvdnen, rom am mimarTulebiT yiJina qveynisTvis saxifaToa. marTalia, sakmaod Zvi-ri dagvijda es mentaluri cvlileba, magram radgan es moxda, madlobeli mainc unda viyoT.
SevardnaZis periodSi Camoyalibda amgvari tipis mentalitetic _ dasavleTi `Camova~ da giSvelis. da-savleTis, rogorc mxsnelis mimarT mentaliteti dRem-de SemogvrCa. magram, 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg davinaxeT, rom dasavleTi sityviT da fuliT dagexma-reba, magram Sens magivrad ar ibrZolebs. Tanac isic ga-moikveTa, rom bevrad frTxilia ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, vidre sxva qveynebTan. amis gancda, mentalurad, ukve gvaqvs.
`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg mosuli xelisuf-lebis pirobebSic axali mentaluri cvlilebebi xdeba. kerZod, gaCnda eWvi, demokratia marTlac iseTi lama-zi da kargia, rogorc es garedan Canda? aRmoCnda, rom demokratia niSnavs imasac, rom Sen sakuTari probleme-bisTvis Tavad unda ibrZolo da Tu mxolod sxvisi ime-diT apireb, magas sizarmace hqvia.
davinteresdiT 1995 wlis 29 agvistosa da Semdeg 9 Tebervlis teraqtiT Sevard-naZeze, aseve, `vardebis revoluciiT~, magram, Cemi azriT, es bolo movlena jer kidev ar aris kargad Sefasebuli, radgan amas dro sWirdeba... ,,gaciveba” unda... afxa-zeTis omze ori filmi maqvs gakeTebuli, roca 5-6 wliani intervalis Semdeg meore filmi gavakeTe, ukve sxvanairad davinaxe movlenebi. rac Seexeba cxinvalis oms, jer
ar aris gadaRebuli iseTi filmi, rogoric saWiroa.
_ Tu gigrZvnia, rom raRac Tvalsaz-risiT viRacis azria dasamali? cenzura an TviTcenzura giSlis Tu ara xels obie-qturi suraTis daxatvaSi?
_ ar mqonia SemTxveva, rom vinmes mi-TiTebebi moeca – rogor unda gadameRo filmi. is ki ara, Cemi arxis xelmZRvanelo-ba meubneboda cxinvalis omze gamekeTebi-na filmi, magram ver SevZeli, radgan bevri ram jer ver gadavxarSe. saerTod, adamian-ze yvelaze cudad TviTcenzura moqmedebs. roca cenzuraze saubroben, ufro abuqeben problemas, vidre aris. namdvilad ar aris iseTi zewola televiziebSi, rogorc ambo-ben.
_ damoukideblobidan demokratiam-de... am mxriv ra gza gaviareT am 20 wlis manZilze sityvis Tavisuflebis Tval-sazrisiT?
_ sityvis Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelom didi naxtomi gaakeTa. pro-blemebi dResac aris, gaaCnia ra periods Seadareb. maxsovs, SevardnaZis mmarTvelo-bis dros guram afsnaZes cixidan televizi-iT pirdapiri CarTva hqonda. aseTi raRac miuRebelia da arc erTi qveyana amas ar gaa-keTebda. warmoidgineT, adamiani, romels-ac teraqtisTvis asamarTleben, pirdapir eTerSi erTveba _ es anomaliaa.
_ magaliTad, roca dRes erT-erTi Jurnalisti mmarTveli partiis warmo-madgenlebs parlamentSi erT kiTxvaze sTxovda pasuxis gacemas – daesaxelebi-naT erTaderTi nakli mainc am xelisuf-lebis, yvela gaurboda pasuxs an mxolod imas ambobda, rom mas nakli ar aqvs. arada erTi nakli mainc nebismier adamians gaaC-nia, risi Tqmac Zalian bunebrivia da ara uxerxuli. sainteresoa, aseTive alterna-tivis winaSe dganan Jurnalistebic, rom-lebic televiziebSi muSaoben? (presas es namdvilad ar exeba, radga masSi, xSirad, eTikis normebis uxeSi darRvevis magali-Tebic gvxvdeba).
_ dRes, sityvis Tavisuflebis Tvalsaz-risiT, Cvens qveyanaSi problemebi marTlac aris, magram es mainc TviTcenzuraa Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi. televiziam qveyanaSi ori revolucia kinaRam moaxdina. kargia, rom xelisuflebas mediis eSinia. es imas niSnavs, rom angariSs uwevs, radgan icis, rom medias didi Zala aqvs. yvela xelisufleba cdi-lobs, rom media akontrolos, amitom Jur-nalistebma TviTcenzuras unda sZlion...
_ lustraciis problemis winaSe ram-denad damdgarxar, rodesac saarqivo masalebze muSaob da mis filmSi asaxvas cdilob?
_ roca 60-ian wlebSi xruSCovi unda moeklaT da damnaSaveni daiWires, aRmoCn-da, rom vinc SeTqmuleba gaTqva, is adamiani Zalian cnobili iyo qarTuli sazogadoe-bisTvis. am adamianis saxeli da gvari ki ga-vige, magram filmSi ar vambob. es adamiani axali gamosuli yofila cixidan, roca SeT-qmulebi masTan misulan da uTqvamT, xruS-Covi unda movklaTo. am kacs isini mogzavni-li provokatorebi egona, amitom wavida da dawera _ mkvlelobaSi monawileobis miRe-bas mTavazobeno. gamovida CaSveba, rogorc amas sxvebi amboben. ar vici, lustracia amas gulisxmobs Tu ara, magram, zogadad ki vici, rom vinc kagebe-sTan TanamSrom-lobda, maTi siebi unda gamoqveyndes da maT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi unda aekrZaloT muSaoba. Cven ar gvaqvs sruli suraTi, vin iyo maSindeli kagebe-s TanamSromeli, Cemi azriT, sabWoTa periodi Tavidan aris Se-saswavli da Tavidan dasaweri. im periodze arsebul arqivebs Cajdoma da didi muSaoba sWirdeba.
_ 90-iani wlebis arqivebi an dakargu-lia an gaxsnili ar aris. xom sul saubaria lustraciis kanonze, magram, etyoba, axla misi gaxsna saWiro ar aris. radgan aman SeiZ-leba didi kataklizmebi gamoiwvios, vin-aidan, TiTqmis yoveli mesame agenti iyo. dRes ar vici, isini Tanamdebobis pirebi arian Tu ara, magram SevardnaZis xelisuf-lebis dros, parlamenti rom Seikriba, erT-erTma uSiSroebis maRalCinosanma Tqva, rom roca gadavxede parlaments, Tavi Cems seifSi megonao.
gamsaxurdia ver flobda teqnolo-giebs, Torem yovelive amis ase xmamaRla Tqma ar SeiZleboda. Tumca misi xelisuf-lebis gadatrialebis dros ra mdgomareo-baSic Caagdes sakuTari qalaqi da qveyana, xom aRmoCnda, rom amas erovnuli gmiri da saqarTvelos moyvaruli ar gaakeTebs. amas marTlac agenti da araadamiani Tu gaake-Tebda. magram maTTan brZola sxva mimarTu-lebiT iyo saWiro da ara ase Riad.
_ warsuli istoria gakveTilad gvad-geba?
_ istoriis gaxsenebas maSin aqvs azri, roca SegiZlia momavali Secdomebisgan Tavi daicva. am 20 wlian periodze muSao-bisas aRmovaCine Zalian bevri Secdoma da erovnuli tragedia, erovnuli mankiereba, rac axasiaTebs qarTvels, kerZod, gautan-loba, sxvisi warmatebis mimarT maniakalu-ri Suri da piradi ambiciebi. mitingze ar wa-val arasodes, radgan aRar mjera maTi, vinc mowodebebiT gamodis. nodar naTaZesTan in-terviuSi, roca mas vkiTxe, batono nodar, nuTu wminda araferi aRar arsebobs meTqi?! ase mipasuxa: ki, rogor ara, is xalxi, vinc mitingebze iyo (andrindel istoriazea saubari), wminda grZnobiT ikribebodnen, magram vinc im xalxis zeviT dgas, imaze ra mogaxsenoTo... imdeni cudi amovida zeda-pirze, rom bevri politikosis danaxvac ar minda...
Cven ar unda SevqmnaT yalbi gmirebis istoria. arada yvela xelisufleba Tavis istorias sakuTari karis JurnalistebiT qmnis, ase iyo yvela epoqaSi... Tqven unda naxoT SevardnaZis periodSi Jurnaliste-bis mier Seqmnili gadacemebi, Tundac samo-qalaqo omis Temaze, an protestiT ganwyo-bili Jurnalistebis televiziis kibeebze dasxdomis Temaze, SeiZleba siciliT gai-gudoT _ es aris sruliad upasuxismgeblo, subieqturi gadacemebi.
_ pirveli etapi sityvis Tavisufle-bisTvis brZola iyo maSin, roca zviad gam-saxurdia demokratiuli lozungebiT mo-vida xelisuflebaSi. misi pirveli refor-matoruli nabiji iyo televiziis reforma _ gadaayena Tavmjdomare, moiyvana Tavisi xalxi, daxura sazogadoebriv-politikuri gadacemebi, rasac seriozuli bataliebi mohyva (Jurnalistebis kibeze dasxdoma). Tavidan es iyo jansaRi protesti am cen-zuris winaaRmdeg, radgan Jurnalistebi Tvlidnen, rom 9 aprilis movlenebi, gamsa-xurdias xelisuflebaSi mosvla maTi damsa-xurebac iyo. im periodis media, miuxedavad komunisturi wnexisa, mainc xom axerxebda raRacebis gatanas da, amdenad, Seuracxyo-filad igrZnes Tavi, rodesac demokrati prezidenti _ mosuli erovnul-politiku-
ri banakidan uceb xuravs sazogadoebriv-politikur gadacemas da TanamSromlebs samsaxuridan uSvebs. aman gamoiwvia es jan-saRi protesti.
minda giTxraT, rom televiziis mimarT yovelTvis iyo momxmarebluri damokide-buleba. aq xan romeli partia Semovarde-boda da xan romeli. televiziaSi muSaoba yovelTvis rTuli iyo nebismier epoqaSi. saerTod, pirveli dartyma modis mediaze.
SevardnaZis periodSi Jurnalistebs daaviwydaT protesti, iyvnen kmayofilni da 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi xma ar amouRiaT _ rogor cemdnen, xvretdnen zviadistebs... es arc ki gauSuqebiaT. SevardnaZis mmarT-velobis mxolod bolo periodSi miviReT erTgvari Tavisufleba da aman revoluciac moaxdina.
_ Jurnalisti, romelic akeTebs poli-tikas, igi unda emsaxuros Tavis saxelmwi-foebriv politikas. roca saxelmwifo sul revoluciur eiforiaSia, unda iyo gawonas-worebuli. saWiroa cenzura, kargi gagebiT, saWiroa TviTregulacia da TviTkontro-li. Jurnalisti ar unda iyos emociuri da egzaltirebuli, ar unda iyos subieqturi, magram Sen qveyanas unda emsaxuro.
_ damoukideblobidan demokratiam-de _ am mxriv ra gza gaviareT?
_ demokratia ar niSnavs lanZRvas, gi-nebas, pirad Seuracxyofas, daukrefavSi gadasvlas, aramed niSnavs jansaR kritikas, argumentirebuls. diplomatiaSi arsebobs termini _ ,,inteleqtualuri ganiaraReba”. argumentiT da poziciiT SegiZlia beWebiT daawvino Seni mowinaaRmdege. roca gamodi-xar da ilanZRebi, e.i. xar susti da araferi SegiZlia. ra Tqma unda, unda iyos samarTa-li, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, marTlm-sajuleba da adamians ar unda hqondes imis gancda, rom saxelmwifo marTavs samarT-lebriv struqturebs da maT saqmianobaSi ereva. roca aris samarTali da adamiane-bisTvis samuSao, qveyana welSi imarTeba. ubralod, Jurnalists eTika avaldebu-lebs, jansaRi kritikuli miniSnebiT weros imaze, rac am samarTlianobis damkvidrebas uSlis xels, eskalacias da sazogadoebis dapirispirebas ki xeli arasodes unda Seu-wyos. vfiqrob, demokratiis gzas mainc vad-gavarT...
briv gaiTvaliswina. ra SesTavaza uni-versitetma studentebs am problemis mosagvareblad?
_ Cveni universitetis misiaa, am TvalsazrisiT iyos lideri, radganac is aris universaluri struqtura fun-damentur mecnierebaTa mravalferov-nebis mixedviT. swored aq unda moxdes im ZiriTadi terminologiis SemuSaveba, romelic safuZvlad daedeba qarTuli enis gamravalferovnebas da samecniero TvalsazrisiT gamdidrebas.
am aspeqtiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis administraciam adekva-turad aRiqva studentTa moTxovna da mxari dauWira mas.
kerZod, Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis administraciam, maT Soris, mec, studentebTan gavmarTeT ramdenime Sexvedra, romelzec SevTavazeT, rom maT problemis gadawyvetis sakuTari xedva da koncefcia warmoedginaT. studenteb-ma Zalian male warmoadgines TavianTi proeqti, romelsac axlda finansuri uzrunvelyofis gaangariSebac _ Tu ra drois ganmavlobaSi da ra danaxarjebi dasWirdeboda universitets am sakiTxis mosagvareblad.
unda vTqva, rom maT mier warmodgenili proeqti angariSgasawevi da saqmiani iyo.
studentebTan saubris dros gairkva, rom isini, ZiriTadad, nabeWd saxelmZR-vaneloebs da leqsikonebs iTxoven. roca vkiTxeT, ratomaa saWiro nabeWdi da ara eleqtronuli leqsikoni, romliTac ad-vilad SeiZleba isargeblon, gvipasuxes, rom internetSi xarisxiani leqsikonebi ar devs. mogexsenebaT, Tbilisis saxelm-wifo universitets aqvs Zlieri leqsiko-grafiis centri, romlis xelmZRvanelis, qalbaton Tina margalitaZis mier Seqmni-li leqsikoni erT-erTi saukeTesoa mTel saqarTveloSi. am leqsikonis Sesaxeb ki studentebs informacia ar hqondaT.
mivmarTeT qalbaton Tina margalita-Zes da SevaxvedreT studentebs. Sedegad, qalbatonma Tinam iTava studentebis in-formireba leqsikonisa da misi moxmare-bis wesebis Taobaze, rac realur daxma-
rebas gauwevT maT ucxoenovani litera-turis gacnobisas.
_ studentebi acxadebdnen, rom aqamde maT Tavad uwevdaT ucxoenovani masalebis Targmna, rac, bunebrivia, xarisxiani Targmanisagan Sors iqnebo-da da kidev erT problemas gamokveTda _ esaa samecniero terminologiis gad-moqarTulebis sakiTxi. daisaxa Tu ara programa am kuTxiT?
_ terminebis Targmna, marTlac, se-riozuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. ganmartebebi unda dazustdes da sa-xelmZRvaneloebSi ise unda aisaxos, rom studentisTvis is gasagebi iyos. sxvaTa Soris, rodesac studentTa sainiciati-vo jgufis wevrebi saubrobdnen uxaris-xo Targmanze, pirvel rigSi swored am aspeqts gulisxmobdnen, radganac Targ-mani, romelic students miewodeba, aris sityva-sityviTi, xolo terminebi, ro-melTa gadmotanac Wirs, aseT `saxelmZ-RvaneloebSi~ pirdapir ucxo enazea da-tovebuli. qalbatoni Tina margalitaZe dagvpirda, rom am kuTxiTac iTanamSrom-lebs CvenTan da studentebTan. kerZod, leqsikografiis centri dagvexmareba TargmanebisTvis ganmartebiTi leqsi-konebis darTvaSi, rac problemas nawi-lobriv moagvarebs.
garda amisa, Cven gvqonda konsulta-ciebi profesor-maswavleblebTanac da SevTanxmdiT, rom bevrma maTganma SeiZ-leba ver SeZlos ucxo enidan Targmna, magram siamovnebiT dagvexmareba re-daqtirebaSi. maT ricxvSi mec var. drois deficitis gamo, SesaZloa, Targmna ver SevZlo, magram terminTa dadgenasa da redaqtirebaSi aucileblad miviReb monawileobas.
ase rom, urTierToba studentTa am jgufTan sakmaod produqtiulia. pro-blema, romelic maT daayenes, marTlac aqtualuria da ar SeiZleba amas kon-frontaciis saxe mieces. Cven yvelafers gavakeTebT, rom studentebis es moTxov-na dakmayofildes.
_ studentTa moTxovna isic iyo, rom saswavlo literatura sxvadasxva
adgilze da wignebSi ki ar eZebon, ar-amed leqtorma SeZlos am masalis er-Tad Tavmoyra da `rideris~ saxiT stu-dentebisTvis SeTavazeba. Sexvedrebze am sakiTxze Tu iyo saubari?
_ proeqti, romelic studenteb-ma warmoadgines, swored amas iTvalis-winebda. `rideri~, anu saswavlo masala, romelic yvela students sWirdeba, Tavmoyrili da ganTavsebuli unda iyos universitetis biblioTekebSi. vinaidan socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetze aris 6 mimarTuleba, maT Sei-muSaves TiToeuli mimarTulebiT zogadi `rideri~, anu saswavlo masalis gegma da es proeqti prezentaciaze ganvixileT.
_ anu, eTanxmebiT, rom leqtorma am saxiT miawodos studentebs saswavlo masala?
_ studentebs es proeqti TviTnebu-rad ar gaukeTebiaT. isini daukavSirdnen mimarTulebis xelmZRvanelebs da gaiTva-liswines profesor-maswavlebelTa azri. `rideris~ SeqmnaSi miuRebeli araferia, radgan es iqneba erTgvari savaldebulo minimumi, riTac studenti iswavlis. amas garda, yvela profesors rCeba ufleba, studentebs damatebiT sakiTxav masalad miawodos literatura, romelic SesaZ-loa saswavlo masalaSi ver moxvdes. es problema ar aris, problema Targmanis xarisxia, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSv-nelovania da swored amis Sesaxeb iyo am Sexvedrebze saubari.
sabolood, unda vTqvaT, rom es iyo pirveladi Sexvedrebi, rasac praqtiku-li nabijebi mohyveba da studentebis saswavlo literaturiT uzrunvelyofis problemac mogvardeba.
P.S. gazeTis redaqcia dainteresda, Tu ra saxelmZRvaneloebiT (qarTule-novani Tu Targmnili) sargebloben stu-dentebi swavlisas. zogierT fakultet-ze es informacia jer kidev damuSavebis procesSia, amitom srul masalas amis Taobaze gazeTis momdevno nomerSi Se-mogTavazebT.
rogor mogvardeba saswavlo literaturiT uzrunvelyofis problema
problema, romelic universitetis studentebma dasves, imdenad aqtualuria, rom verc erTi leqtori ver uaryofs mis sa-marTlianobas. mogvwons Tu ara, unda vaRiaroT, rom, marTlac, Znelia erTi leqciis mosamzadeblad ramdenime wignidan amoiRo saswavlo masala (miT ufro, Tu es wignebi biblioTekaSi erTad araa Tavmoyrili da maTi moZebna sxvadasxva adgilze gixdeba). Znelia ucxo enaze iswavlo sagani maSin, roca ena jer arc Tu kargad ici da Tanac kanoni geubneba, rom ufleba gaqvs Sens mSob-liur enaze miiRo ganaTleba.
studentTa am moTxovnas garkveuli gamoxmaureba mohyva rogorc universitetis studentTa da profesor-maswavlebelTa mxridan, aseve presasa da televiziaSi.
am problemis mogvarebis mizniT, gasul kviras studentur sainiciativo jguf `Targmnesa~ da Tsu-is administracias Soris Sedga Sexvedra, romelzec studentebma TavianTi koncefcia waradgines. maTi moTxovna, ZiriTadad, saswavlo literaturis Targmnas da `riderebis~ Tavmoyras Seexeboda. studentTa mosazrebiT, unda Camoyalibdes saswavlo literaturis qarTul enaze mTargmnelTa jgufi, romlis mier gadmoqarTulebuli masalebi redaqtirebisTvis gadaecema profesorebs, sabolood ki gamomcemlobas, ris Semdegac studentebs xelT eqnebaT saswavlo literatura.
ra pozicia aqvs am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets da rogor apirebs igi stu-dentTa moTxovnis dakmayofilebas? am sakiTxebze gvesaubreba Tsu-is xarisxis uzrunvelyofisa da akreditaciis samsaxuris ufrosi nino durgliSvili:
liTebis gamoyenebaa. V da IV gamocemis struqtura msgavsia. siaxle ki is aris, rom igi asaxavs msoflioSi axal makro-ekonomikur movlenebs~, _ vkiTxulobT winasityvaobaSi.
wigni amerikis saelCos mxardaWeriT gamoica da mis Targmnaze Tbilisis sa-xelmwifo universitetis sruli pro-fesori nodar xaduri da asocirebuli profesorebi: malxaz Ciqobava da nazi-ra kakulia muSaobdnen, samecniero re-daqtori gaxlavT Tsu-is sruli profes-ori iuri ananiaSvili.
`saxelmZRvanelo mniSvnelovani da, amave dros, Zalian droulia. gansa-kuTrebuli datvirTva mas ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis studentebisT-vis aqvs. studentebi Rirebuli codnis SeZenas ori udidesi ekonomistis menqiu-sa da axla ukve blanSaris fundamenturi naSromis qarTuli Targmanis gacnobiT SeZleben. Cveni mizania, rom studentebi msoflio standartebis doneze movamza-doT ekonomikis principul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, xolo ekonomikis principe-
bis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili swored makroekonomikaa, amitom aRniSnuli sa-xelmZRvanelo mxolod makroekonomikis saxelmZRvanelod ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed fundamentur sagnadac.
_ batono aleqsandre, ra aris Tqveni mignebis arsi da riTaa is gamorCeuli im meTodebisgan, rom-liTac Tanamedrove maRalteqnolo-giuri masalebi miiReba?
_ Tanamedrove maRalteqnologi-ur masalebze, rogoricaa zegamtare-bi, Zlieri magnitebi, naxevargamtarebi da yvela is nivTiereba, romelic dRes maRalteqnologiuri masalebis damz-adebisTvis gamoiyeneba, moTxovnileba TandaTan izrdeba. amitom nebismieri siaxle da migneba am mimarTulebiT mecnierTa interesis sagania.
ra aris Cveni proeqtis arsi?maRalteqnologiuri masalebis
dasamzadeblad saWiro nivTierebe-bis sinTezi amJamad e.w. myari sxeulis reaqciis meTodiT xdeba. am meTodis mixedviT sxvadasxva qimiuri kompo-nentebi (fxvnilebis saxiT) sasurveli proporciiT ereva erTmaneTs da maRal temperaturaze (daaxloebiT 1000-dan 1200 gradusamde) cxveba. aRniSnuli me-TodiT masalis saboloo saxiT miRebas, daaxloebiT, erTi kvira sWirdeba. anu es aris procesi, romelic did dros da energias moiTxovs. Cven dagvebada idea, gagverkvia, xom ar SeiZleboda myari sx-eulebis miRebis procesis daCqareba da radganac naxevargamtarebis fizikaSi Zlieri naTurebis gamosxivebis efe-qtebis Seswavlis garkveuli gamocdi-leba gvqonda, gadavwyviteT, gvecada nivTierebebis miReba am meTodiT.
Tavidan es TiTqos ucnauri idea iyo, magram gvqonda garkveuli mosaz-rebebi, Tu ratom SeeZlo am meTods emuSava. amitom daviwyeT ideis ganxor-cieleba universitetis bazaze arse-buli danadgarebis meSveobiT. aviReT saTanado masala (nimuSi) da mZlavri naTurebiT davasxiveT igi. aRmoCn-da, rom sakmarisia sinaTlis mZlavri impulsiT 20-wamiani dasxiveba, raTa miviRoT ukve mza nivTiereba, romlis miRebasac aqamde arsebuli meTodiT erTi kvira sWirdeboda.
es aris Cveni migneba. maRalteqno-logiuri nivTierebebi msoflioSi am meTodiT jer aravis daumzadebia da amis Sesaxeb arc arsad dawerila. Cven ukve gavamzadeT statia da gavgzavneT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis samecniero JurnalSi `moam-be~. gvinda, jer aq gamJRavndes ideis Sesaxeb, radgan es rom saerTaSoriso JurnalSi gamovaqveynoT, wamSi SeuZ-lia viRacas dagvaswros da Cveni idea Cvenze adre ganaxorcielos. Cven gvin-da jer procesi kargad SeviswavloT da movZebnoT optimaluri reJimebi, romelzec Semdeg mza teqnologiuri procesi aigeba. rodesac mxolod idea arsebobs da mas ar mohyveba teqnolo-giuri dadastureba, nebismier Cven-ze ukeT SeiaraRebul laboratorias SeuZlia dagvaswros da idea ganaxor-cielos. amitom Cvens ideas jer mxo-lod saqarTveloSi vafiqsirebT.
_ pirveli cdebi gakeTda Cveni sa-mecniero muSaobis farglebSi, magram dReisaTvis proeqti ukve wardgenilia rusTavelis samecniero fondSi da pa-suxs velodebiT. Tumca Cven ukve davi-wyeT seriozuli, detaluri muSaoba am mignebaze da miuxedavad imisa, daafi-nansebs Tu ara am proeqts samecniero fondi, mainc vapirebT masze muSaobis gagrZelebas, radgan pirveli Sedegebi Zalze efeqturia.
proeqtze muSaobs Tsu-is zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fa-kultetis kondensirebuli garemos fizikis laboratoriis mecnierTa jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi, Cems garda, arian dimitri daraselia (la-boratoriis gamge), zurab jibuti da daviT jafariZe. aseve, CarTulni arian studentebic, romelTagan es sakiTxi erT-erTis samagistro sadiplomo naS-romis Temacaa.
_ Tuki arsebobs idea, romelic komerciul datvirTvas atarebs, unda iyos is biznes-sfero, visTvisac es idea komerciulad sainteresoa. Tqveni samecniero proeqtis warmate-biT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, vis daainteresebs es migneba, visTvisaa igi gankuTvnili?
_ es rom avxsna, cota Soridan da-viwyeb da vityvi, rom zegamtarebis pa-rametrebi ganuwyvetliv umjobesdeba. arsebobs Cveulebrivi zegamtarebi, romelsac klasikur zegamtarebs uwo-deben. 1986 wlidan ki daiwyo maRaltem-peraturuli zegamtarebis aRmoCena, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, Cemma maswav-lebelma, Sveicarielma profesorma aleqs miulerma aRmoaCina da amisTvis mas nobelis premia mieniWa. dReisaTvis am teqnologiis Rirebuleba oc mili-ard dolarad aris Sefasebuli.
garkveuli zRvari, anu winaRoba, Tu ra sididis deni SeuZlia gaataros. am zRvars zemoT is gadaxurdeba da dad-neba. zegamtari ki iseTi nivTierebaa, romelsac winaRoba saerTod ar gaaC-nia. mas SeuZlia gaataros nebismieri sididis eleqtroenergia ise, rom arc ki gaTbes. mas aqvs aseve sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebic: rodesac eleqtrosadgu-ridan eleqtroenergia Cvenamde modis, is gaivlis didi raodenobiT sadenebs da manZils, ris gamoc eleqtroenergia ikargeba. zegamtarebi ki am danakarge-bis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZle-va.
aseve SeiZleba magaliTad moviyva-noT didi qalaqebis eleqtroenergi-iT uzrunvelyofis perspeqtivac _ msoflios did qalaqebSi karga xania gaCnda problema: radganac eleqtro-energiis moxmareba yovelwliurad izrdeba, saWiroa misi qselSi gana-wileba, rasac aqamde arsebuli ele-qtrosadenebi veRar uZlebs. amitom amerikasa da iaponiaSi ukve daiwyes mavTulebis zegamtarebiT Canacvle-bis cdebi. marTalia, es sakiTxi jer gamocdis etapzea, magram yvela xvde-ba, rom zegamtaroba aris teqnologia, romelsac Zalian didi perspeqtiva aqvs. uaxloesi 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi qselebis problema mwvaved dadgeba da zegamtarebic aqtualuri gaxdeba.
Zalian mniSvnelovania zegamtare-bis gamoyeneba samedicino dargSic. yvelas gaugia magnitur rezonansuli tomografiis Sesaxeb. am aparatebSi swored zegamtarebi gamoiyeneba, rad-gan mas Zlieri magnituri veli sWirde-ba da misi Seqmna zegamtarebis gareSe saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneboda. xval, bunebrivia, ufro meti moTxovna iqne-ba masze, radgan magnitur rezonansu-li tomografiis ganviTarebis gareSe Tanamedrove medicina warmoudgene-lia.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom
maRalteqnologiuri masalebi ga-moiyeneba aseve magnitebSi, romelic Tanamedrove warmoebaSi Seucvleli komponentia. magaliTad rom aviRoT manqanebis warmoeba, vnaxavT, rom mis sxvadasxva detalSi ramdenime aTasi magnitia ganlagebuli. amocana ase-Tia: magniti unda iyos msubuqi da unda gaaCndes Zlieri magnituri veli. ar-sebobs misi damzadebis tradiciuli teqnologia, rac Zvirad Rirebuli qimiuri komponentis _ iSviaTmiwa-elementebis damatebas moiTxovs. am elementebis udidesi raodenoba Ci-neTSi moipoveba da misi fasi bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian gaizarda,
radganac CineTi mixvda, rom es ele-mentebi yvelas sWirdeba. aman gamoiw-via Tavad magnitebis gaZvirebac. axla yvela eZebs gzas, rom es produqcia rogorme gaaiafos. meTodi, romelsac Cven vamuSavebT, am mimarTulebiTac sainteresoa, radganac aris ideebi, Tu rogor SeiZleba magnitebis damzade-ba iSviaTmiwaelementebis gareSe. Cven vfiqrobT, rom fotonuri dasxivebis meTodi am mxrivac saintereso iqneba.
_ rodesac mecnierebis komer-cializaciazea saubari, unda gam-ovyoT, rom SesaZlebelia gaiyidos ideac da misi ganxorcielebis te-qnologiac. bunebrivia, Tu Tqveni samecniero idea saTanado Sedegebs mogcemT, dainteresebuli iqnebiT misi Semsyidvelic moiZebnos. rogor fiqrobT, savaraudod, romeli sfe-ro SeiZleba dainteresdes am te-qnologiiT?
_ rogorc Tqven brZaneT, erTi gza aris swored ideis dapatenteba, magram es ar niSnavs avtomaturad fulis Se-mosvlas. es idea viRacam unda iyidos da gamoiyenos. meore aris ukve mza te-qnologia, romliTac investori unda dainteresdes da misi warmoeba daiwy-os.
mecnieris amocana ar aris fulis `keTeba~. misi amocanaa, daamuSaos te-qnologia da SesTavazos is investors, an daainteresos saxelmwifo. is, rom Cven jer idea davamuSaoT, mere ki misi teqnologia, gavakeToT warmoeba, Se-vqmnaT produqcia, vipovoT investori an myidveli da gavyidoT igi, warmoud-genelia. es, praqtikulad, mecniereba-ze uaris Tqmas niSnavs. amiT Sesabamisi struqturebi unda iyvnen dainterese-bulni. Cven gavakeTebT Cvens saqmes, misi SefuTva, dainteresebuli orga-nizaciebisTvis miwodeba da Semdgomi realizacia ukve sxva struqturebis movaleoba unda iyos.
_ da mainc, Tqveni azriT, rome-lia is `sxva struqturebi~, romelic Tqveni proeqtiT unda dainteres-des?
_ arsebobs kompaniebi, romlebic am masalebis dasamzadeblad tradi-ciul teqnologiebs iyeneben. ra Tqma unda, isini dainteresdebian ideiT, romelic realurad muSaobs da teqno-logiiT, romelic gacilebiT swrafi da iafia. kompaniebi, romlebic amzade-ben da yidian maRalteqnologiur ma-salebs, arian germaniaSi, amerikaSi da sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi. rac Se-exeba kerZo investors saqarTveloSi, igi, samwuxarod, jer-jerobiT samec-niero proeqtebze naklebad fiqrobs, radgan gacilebiT advilia iyido Saqa-ri ukrainaSi da gayido saqarTveloSi, vidre iseT grZelvadian saqmeSi Cado Tanxa, rogoric mecnierebis komercia-lizaciaa.
me mainc mgonia, rom aseTi teqno-logiebis gayidvis yvelaze kargi gzaa _ saqarTveloSi Semovides romelime msoflioSi cnobili kompania da aq dai-wyos iseTi teqnikis warmoeba, romels-ac zegamtarebi da sxva Tanamedrove maRalteqnologiuri masalebi sWirde-ba. magaliTad, bolo periodSi irlan-diaSi nouTbuqebis warmoeba daiwyes da aman sxvadasxva moTxovnileba gaa-Cina, maT Soris, maRalteqnologiur masalebze, programul uzrunvelyo-faze da a.S. aseTi ram realuricaa da perspeqtiulic.
vimeoreb, mecnierebis amocana aris axali ideebisa da teqnologiebis Seqm-na da ara misi warmoeba-gayidva. rogor gamoiyeneben axal mignebebs qveyanaSi, es ukve saxelmwifosa da sazogadoe-bazea damokidebuli.
maRalteqnologiuri masalebisdamzadeba swrafad da iafad
SoTa mesxias cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mniSvnelovan eta-pebze vrclad isaubra akademi-kosma mariam lorTqifaniZem.
`SoTa mesxia 1916 wels daiba-da. igi samecniero asparezze 1937 wels, universitetis isto-riis fakultetis damTavrebis Semdeg gamovida. is gaxldaT si-mon janaSias sayvareli studen-ti da aspiranti. rodesac omi daiwyo, SoTa mesxia frontze gaiwvies da droebiT CamoSor-
da samecniero saqmianobas. 1942 wels igi daiWra da saqarTve-loSi dabrunda. amave wels man sakandidato disertacia daicva Temaze _ `xelosnoba Zvel sa-qarTveloSi~ (V-XII saukune).A1945 wels igi airCies docentad, 1956 wels ki, niko berZeniSvilis wardginebiT, universitetis samecniero sabWom SoTa mesxia airCia saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedris gamged, im kaTedrisa, romelsac misi didi maswavleb-lebi: ivane javaxiSvili, simon janaSia, niko berZeniSvili xe-lmZRvanelobdnen. 1957 wels mas mianiWes saqarTvelos re-spublikis damsaxurebuli mec-nieris wodeba. 1967 wels SoTa mesxia saqarTvelos mecniereba-Ta akademiis wevr-koresponden-tad airCies.
SoTa mesxias mecnieruli memkvidreobis ZiriTadi Tema-tika Sua saukuneebis saqarTve-los socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri istoriis saiTxebi iyo. igi jer kidev omSi wasvlam-de, Teimuraz bagrationis pi-rovnebaze da mis moRvaweobaze muSaobda. omidan dabrunebul-ma, 1942 wels gamosca `Teimuraz bagrationis iveriis istoria~.
1951 wels igi moskovSi, sa-kavSiro mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutSi doqto-rantad miavlines. ori wlis gan-mavlobaSi mis muSaobas cnobi-li rusi istorikosi tixomiro-vi xelmZRvanelobda. 1955 wels daicva doqtoris xarisxi da dawera erT-erTi kardinaluri naSromi: `qalaqebi da saqalaqo wyobileba feodalur saqarT-veloSi~. naSromi, rogorc erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mono-grafia, rusuladac gamoica. es aris gamokvleva qarTuli qala-qebis Sesaxeb, sadac mecnieri aviTarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi Tbilis-Si Seiqmna qalaqis mcxovrebTa zeda fena, romelsac `moqala-qe~ ewodeboda. SoTa mesxia Ta-vidanve gatacebuli iyo Tbili-sis istoriiT, romlis Sesaxeb mas ramdenime statia aqvs ga-moqveynebuli, 1952 wels daviT gvritiSvilTan erTad gamosca naSromi: `Tbilisis istoria uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebamde~, rom-lis meore, gafarToebuli va-rianti 1965 wels gamoica, mamia dumbaZisa da akaki surgulaZis TanaavtorobiT. am gamocemas daemata Tbilisis istoria sab-WoTa xelisuflebamde. wignSi ZiriTadi Tavebis avtori SoTa mesxia gaxlavT.
mniSvnelovania misi naSromi `qsnis erisTavTa matiane~, rom-lis masalebi man leningradis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-tutSi moipova da daamuSava.
SoTa mesxias gansakuTrebiT daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa uy-varda. Tavis erT-erT gamokvle-vas, Tavdapirvelad, `didgoris brZola~ uwoda. am naSromSi igi daviTis mier didgoris brZo-lis win gatarebul samxedro
reformas ganixilavs. 1972 wels ukve gafarToebuli da redaqti-rebuli es naSromi, `Zlevai sak-virvelis~ saxelwodebiT xelax-la gamoica da misi saTayvanebe-li maswavleblis simon janaSias saxelobis premia mieniWa.
paralelurad, mecnieri aq-tiur sazogadoebriv saqmiano-bas eweoda. igi xSirad kiTxu-lobda leqciebs TbilisSi da sx-vadasxva regionebSi, Tavidanve aqtiurad Caeba qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediis SeqmnaSi, sadac saqarTvelos istoriis seqcias xelmZRvanelobda. igi sicocx-lis bolomde Tavdauzogavad Sromobda, samuSao magidaze mas darCa TiTqmis damTavrebuli naSromi _ `saqarTvelos poli-tikuri istoria da saxelmwi-foebrivi wyoba~ ( XI _XII s).
SoTa mexia yovelTvis aqti-urad monawileobda Cveni qvey-nis cxovrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme saqarTve-los istoriasa da mis swavlebas Seexeboda. 70-ian wlebSi, ate-statSi saqarTvelos istoriaSi calke niSani ar iwereboda. SoTa mesxias xelSi Cauvarda erevnis erT-erTi skolis moswavlis atestati, sadac somxeTis isto-riaSi niSani ewera. amis Sesaxeb man dawera werili saTauriT, `sacnobelad Tavisao~ da gazeT `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoaqveyna. statias didi ga-moxmaureba mohyva imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi. SoTa mesxiam moipova ufleba, rom sa-qarTvelos istoriis kaTedris wevrebs saqarTvelos masSta-biT SeemowmebinaT saqarTve-los istoriis swavlebis done ara marto qarTul, aramed ru-sul skolebSic. Semdeg dawera daskvna da saTanado organoebSi gagzavna, ramac Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo _ misi gardacvalebis Semdeg skolebSi saqarTvelos istoriis saaTebi gaizarda da miiRes dadgenileba axali sa-xelmZRvanelos Seqmnis Taoba-ze~, ase qronologiurad aRwera mariam lorTqifaniZem Tavis ga-mosvlaSi SoTa mesxias mier gan-vlili gza.
megobari da kolega akademi-kosma oTar jafariZemac gaix-sena. axalgazrda mecnierebma erTmaneTi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institut-Si gaicnes. baton oTars kargad axsovs, rogor ando simon jana-Siam SoTa mesxias leqciebis wa-kiTxva saqarTvelos istoriaSi. man sazogadoebas simon janaSias werili gaacno, sadac igi SoTa mesxias sayuradRebo SeniSvneb-ze saubrobs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, maSin saqarTve-los ar hqonda sakuTari fuli, reforme-bis ganxorcieleba ki Zviri siamovnebaa. saqarTvelom ganviTarebis dasavluri, civiluri gza ar airCia. xelisuflebam molaparakeba daiwyo saerTaSoriso sa-valuto fondTan da msoflio bankTan da maTi daxmarebiT mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga.
_ saqarTveloSi investiciebis mo-zidvis Seferxeba gamoiwvia 2008 wels ruseTis samxedro agresiam da mis mier samxedro bazebis mSeneblobam afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi.
samwuxarod, rusuli samxedro Se-naerTebis yofna saqarTvelos teri-toriaze investorebs afrTxobs. aseve, rusuli embargo da dakarguli bazrebi saqarTvelos ekonomikas sainvesticio mimzidvelobas ukargavs.
samwuxarod, garkveuli obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, qarTu-li produqciisTvis evropul bazrebze SeRwevadoba dabalia. jerjerobiT ver vaxerxebT srulad gamoviyenoT evrokav-Siris mier dawesebuli preferenciebi. saqarTveloSi susti maregulirebeli institutebi is erT-erTi faqtoria, romlis gamoc evropis bazarze Sesvla
mniSvnelovnad garTulebulia. vidre saqarTvelo ar SeZlebs evro-
pul bazrebze srulfasovnad gasvlas, rogori liberaluric ar unda iyos gare-mo, dabali gadasaxadebi da a.S., sainvesti-cio mimzidveloba mainc dabali iqneba.
samwuxarod, miuxedavad garkveuli warmatebebisa, romlebic qveyanas aqvs kanonmdeblobis, licenziebis, nebarT-vebis sferoSi, sxva mxriv arsebuli md-gomareoba damSvidebis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs. xelisuflebam unda izrunos arsebuli instituciuri garemos gaum-jobesebaze. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mxolod formaluri institutebis (maga-liTad sagadasaxado sistema, kanonmde-bloba) srulyofa im Sedegs ar iZleva, rasac qveyanaSi araformaluri institu-tebis minimizaciiT SeiZleba mivaRwioT.
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris is, rom saqarTvelom ruseTis gare-Se cxovreba iswavla. 2006 wels ruseTma ekonomikuri blokada gamoucxada sa-qarTvelos: akrZala yvelafris eqspor-ti. amiT man saqarTvelos stimuli misca, rom sxvagan daewyo ekonomikuri kavSire-bis Zebna. dReisTvis ruseTis wili mini-mumamdea dasuli. praqtikulad, qveyanam uruseToba gadaitana. anu es marTla didi miRwevaa. meore, ekonomikuri si-stemisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom Cven SevqmeniT institutebi, romlebic eko-nomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebs iZleva. saqarTvelos aqvs sakuTari fulad-sa-kredito sistema, sakuTari sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, sabaJo sistema. Cvenma qvey-anam Tavisi ekonomikuri funqcia ipova, saqarTvelo saWiro gaxda msofliosaT-vis. 20 weli cotaa seriozul nabijebze fiqrisTvis, magram seriozuli fiqri ki udaod gvWirdeba.
unda SevecadoT davsvaT zusti dia-gnozi _ ra gvWirs? meore da ufro mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom saqarTve-los unda hqondes ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis strategia. Cven ki aseTi dokumenti ar gvaqvs. Cven ar gagvaCnia antikrizisu-li, antiinflaciuri da a.S. strategiebi. erTaderTi rac gvaqvs, aris saSualova-diani dokumenti, romelsac `ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da monacemebis doku-menti~ hqvia, sadac mxolod makroekono-mikuri prognozebia ganxiluli.
_ ra politikuri peripetiebi uZRoda win saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis mopovebas? ra politikurma viTarebam Seuwyo xeli sabWoTa kav-Siris daSlas da ra movlenebi axlda Tan am process?
_ umTavresi faqtori, romelmac sabWoTa kavSiris simtkice gatexa _ ZaldatanebiT damorCilebuli xalxebis antiimperiuli moZraoba da Tavisuf-lebisaTvis maTi brZola gaxldaT. amis garda, mniSvnelovani iyo ekonomikuri faqtori. sabWoTa ekonomika produqciis warmoebiT sagrZnoblad CamorCa dasav-leTs. soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqcia ukve karga xania veRar ak-mayofilebda mosaxleobis moTxovnas. sa-zogadoeba ukve imazec alaparakda, rom mixeil gorbaCovis mier gamocxadebuli socializmis `gakeTilSobilebis~ kursi araefeqturi iyo da, saerTod, sociali-sturi sistema sabazro ekonomikiT unda Secvliliyo. sabWoTa saxelmwifo dasav-leTs CamorCa samxedro mrewvelobaSi da kosmosis aTvisebaSic, magram mTavari mainc dapyrobili xalxebis erovnuli moZraobebis aRmavloba gaxldaT. 1986 wels iakutiaSi sisxlismRvreli Setake-ba moxda iakut da rus studentebs Soris. yazaxeTSi adgilobrivi axalgazrdebi rus Tanatolebs Seetaknen. daiwyo som-xur-azebaijanuli konfliqti, romelic omSi gadaizarda. baltiispireTis sami-ve respublikaSi daiwyo Tanmimdevruli brZola calke gamoyofisTvis. am moZ-raobebs, romelsac win uZRoda mZlavri antirusuli gamosvlebi poloneTSi, un-greTSi, CexoslovakiaSi da, saerTod, aR-mosavleT evropaSi, moskovi veRar akon-trolebda.
_ Cveni sazogadoebis garkveuli na-wili dResac im azrzea, rom damoukide-bloba xonCiT mogvarTves, TiTqos gul-xeldakrefilebi visxediT da ubralod, mis mopovebas arsebulma politikurma viTarebam Seuwyo xeli. Cven amisTvis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vibrZodiT. jer kidev maSin, rodesac pirveli respubli-ka damarcxda da damoukidebloba dav-kargeT, ase advilad ar davnebebulvarT. gavixsenoT 1922 wels svaneTis ajanyeba, romelsac mohyva xevsureTis da kaxeTis ajanyebebi, ar unda dagvaviwydes 1924 wlis agvistos sayovelTao qarTuli aja-nyeba, amis Semdeg ki gavixsenoT 1937 wlis represiebi da 1956 wlis 9 martis cnobi-li movlenebi. am periodSi aTamde arale-galuri organizacia Seiqmna, romelic `saqarTvelos damoukideblobas~ awerda Tavis droSas. am movlenebs sruliad lo-gikurad mohyva 80-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba. ase rom, damou-kidebloba cidan ar Camovardnila, Cven vupirispirdebodiT sabWoTa imperias da rom ara erovnuli moZraoba, romlis erT-erTi frTa gamsaxurdias lidero-biT moqmedebda, SesaZloa, dResac sabWo-Ta kavSirSi vyofiliyaviT.
namdvili gardatexa gamsaxurdias iniciativiT helsinkis kavSiris daarse-bidan daiwyo, roca am TavisTavad mcire-ricxovani organizaciis liderma da mis-ma TanamebrZolebma sazogadoebas magi-
uri sityva `damoukidebloba~ gaaxsenes da intensiurad daiwyes misi propaganda. 1956 wlis movlenebis gavleniT, sazoga-doebis erTi nawili _ axalgazrdoba da inteligencia am lozungisTvis niadag-Semzadebuli iyo.
1985 wels mixeil gorbaCovma e.w. `perestroikis~ kursi gamoacxada. mas egona, rom Tu demokratiis garkveul dozas dauSvebda, amiT imperias Seinar-Cunebda, rac sakmarisi iqneboda `demo-kratiuli socializmis~ asaSeneblad. magram rogorc ki man sadaveebi mouSva da sazogadoebam SedarebiT Tavisuflad amoisunTqa, nel-nela procesebi umar-Tavi gaxda. sxvadasxva respublikebSi demokratiul procesebTan erTad aR-mavlobis gzas daadga erovnul-gamaTa-visuflebeli moZraoba. gansakuTrebiT
am mxriv gamoirCeodnen baltiispireTis respublikebi da saqarTvelo. 1987-1989 wlebSi saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara mravalpartiul sistemas. marTalia, zo-gierTi partia registrirebuli ar iyo, magram isini met-naklebad zegavlenas axdendnen qveynis politikur cxovreba-ze. zviad gamsaxurdiam, merab kostavam da maTma maSindelma Tanamoazreebma sa-qarTveloSi disidentobas saxe ucvales da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZrao-bas erovnuli gezi misces, rac rusi sa-marTaldamcvelebisTvis ara marto gau-gebari, aramed miuRebelic gaxldaT.
cia daikava 80-iani wlebis mzardi ero-vnuli moZraobis mimarT. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, maT ver gamoimuSaves poli-tikuri midgoma. isini ufro moskovidan wamosuli miTiTebebis Semyure-momlo-dine poziciaSi CarCnen, saocar gaube-daobas amJRavnebdnen: gaurbodnen dia-logs, erovnuli moZraobis liderebTan Sexvedraze uars ambobdnen da duned mi-hyvebodnen movlenebs. Y damoukidebloba maTTvis da maTi partiuli liderisTvis SiSismomgvreli da damangreveli movle-na gaxldaT. cekas pirveli mdivani jum-ber patiaSvili, Tundac am erTi Tvise-biTac, misi winamorbedi pirveli mdivnis antipodi gaxldaT.
_ im periodSi erovnul-gamaTa-visuflebeli moZraobis romeli frTa gamoirCeoda aqtiurobiT? ra mniS-vnelovani nabijebi gadaidga maTi ini-ciativiT?
_ aprilis aqciebi ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebam wamoiwyo, maTi mTavari mi-zani afxazeTis problemis mogvareba da am mimarTulebiT xelisuflebis stimu-lireba iyo. 6 aprils aqcias SeuerTdnen radikalebi: zviad gamsaxurdia _ hel-sinkis kavSiri, irakli wereTlis erov-nuli damoukideblobis partia da sxvebi. maT wamoayenes saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis lozungi da amiT sruliad Secva-les aqciis masStabic, mizanic da riskis xarisxic. ra Tqma unda, am gadasaxedi-dan SeiZleba visaubroT maTi mxridan zedmet riskzec, magram ar unda dagva-viwydes, rom radikalebs yvela droSi da epoqaSi aqvT politikuri arsebobis da qmedebis ufleba, miT ufro, rom aqciis mravalricxovani monawile iq Zalda-
Tavisufleba mxolod bedniereba ar aris, is tvirTia, romlis mopoveba Rirsebis SenarCunebasac niSnavs. warsulis magaliTze unda iTqvas, rom eris Rirsebisa da damoukideblobis SenarCuneba yovelTvis Zviri gvijdeboda.
damoukideblobis mopovebis gzaze saqarTvelom rTuli gzebiT iara. eris cno-bierebas Rrma kvali daamCnia bolo 20 weliwadSi momxdarma movlenebma, rodesac gadafasda sabWoTa periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsevdoRirebulebebi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis process umtkivneulod ar Cauvlia. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo XX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebi, romelic erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobiT da Semdeg partiuli, politikuri dapirispirebebiT aRiniSna. gasuli saukunis kataklizmebma, romelic damoukideblobis mopovebiT, Semdgom ki saxelmwifo gadatrialebiT damTavrda, qarTveli xalxis Semdgomi istoriuli realoba gansazRvra da dResac gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiurobaze. mZime daRi daaCnia qveyanas `SevardnaZis epoqam~, romelic garkveuli politikuri mzaobis Semdeg `vardebis revoluciiT~ damTavr-da. istorikos dimitri SveliZis azriT, saRi azris damkvidrebas, pirvel rigSi, saistorio mecniereba uwyobs xels da sazogadoebas dualisturi burusidan gamos-vlaSi exmareba, rac arc ise martivia. am periodis Seswavla da adekvaturi Sefaseba saSualebas mogvcems ganisazRvros momdevno periodisa da Tanamedrove saqarT-velos ganviTarebis orientirebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 20 wliani isto-riis mTavar Strixebs CvenTan saubarSi istorikosi dimitri SveliZe gamokveTs.
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magram procesebi daaCqara moskovis mxridan referendumis Catarebis inicia-tivam. 1991 wlis dasawyisSi moskovSi, mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT, re-ferendumis Catarebis gadawyvetileba miiRes, kiTxva daaxloebiT ase iyo dasmu-li: gsurT Tu ara SevinarCunoT sabWoTa saxelmwifo, Tu daculi iqneba erovnu-li Tavisufleba? am referendumSi mona-wileobis miReba imasac gulisxmobda, rom, faqtobrivad, kvlav sabWoTa kavSi-ri unda gveRiarebina. amitom gamsaxur-dias erovnuli xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda am referendumisTvis anulireba gaekeTebina da Tavisi referendumiT dapirispireboda. 31 marts referendumi erTi kiTxviT _ `gsurT Tu ara saqarT-velos damoukidebloba?~ saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Catarda. referen-dumis Sedegebis Tanaxmad ki man 9 aprils damoukidebloba gamoacxada.
bunebrivia, rom damoukideblobis gamocxadebam moskovis Ria ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. man SeerTebuli Statebis pre-zidents ufros buSs mosTxova, rom uari eTqva gamsaxurdias sagangebo vizitze amerikaSi. Tavis mxriv, gamsaxurdiam sa-bediswero Secdomebi dauSva amerika-sTan damokidebulebaSi. mis mimarT buSis kritikul gamonaTqvamebs man Ria kriti-kiTve upasuxa da TiTqmis daupirispirda amerikis prezidents. quCaSi gamoCnda an-tiamerikuli transparantebi, samTavro-bo presaSi amerikis imperializmis mamxi-lebeli statiebi. es politikuri sibece gaxldaT.
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom dauSva ruseTma zviad gamsaxurdias aRzeveba da ratom ver gaimarjva gia Wanturias ideebma?
_ ra vqna, piradad me am zRapris ar mjera. aseTi yovlisSemZle rom yofi-liyo gorbaCovi, ruseTi ar dauSvebda valensas mosvlas poloneTSi, ilieskus mosvlas rumineTSi, havelis mosvlas Ce-xoslovakiaSi, Sali beriSas mosvlas al-baneTSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT balti-ispireTis respublikebSi da moldoveT-Si moskovis nebis sawinaaRmdegod ganvi-Tarebul movlenebze.
rac Seexeba gia Wanturias ideebs, is ar iyo moskovis kaci. is ufro dasavle-Tis kadri gaxldaT da amitom mis mkv-lelobaSi, TbilisTan erTad, moskovis xeli eria.
_ zviads, rogorc saqarTveloSi ero-vnuli moZraobis yvela gamorCeul piro-vnebas, rTuli cxovreba hqonda. veravin ityvis, verc mteri, verc moyvare, rom zviad gamsaxurdia bednieri kaci iyo. mas Semdeg, rac prezidenti gaxda, erTi Rame mSvidad aRar sZinebia. mZime peri-odSi mouwia mmarTvelobam. igi xelisuf-lebis saTaveSi 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebis Sedegad movida, 14 noembers parlamentis Tavmjdomared airCies. mas ara marto jer kidev arsebuli sabWoTa imperia daupirispirda, aramed qveynis SigniT arsebuli sakmaod Zlieri opozi-cia, romelic aseve erovnuli moZraobis meore frTisgan Sedgeboda. es mtkivneu-li iyo ara marto gamsaxurdiasTvis, ara-med mTeli qarTveli xalxisTvis.
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba um-niSvnelovanesi movlena iyo Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. am ideis ukompromiso erTgu-lebaSi saqarTvelos istorias samara-dJamod darCeba misi saxeli. am mxriv Zne-lia mas XX saukunis romelime qarTveli moRvawe SevadaroT. samwuxarod, Sec-domebic bevri iyo, romelTa umravleso-ba drois sirTuliT da Sinauri opozi-ciis mier datrialebuli permanentuli anarqiiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. rogorc Cans, axloblebis gavlenac sakmarisze Zlieri gaxldaT zviad gamsaxurdiaze. man sagareo politikaSi mcdari kursi airCia dasavleTTan damokidebulebaSi. Tumca, yvela am Secdomas obieqturi mi-zezebic SeiZleba movuZebnoT.
dasavleTi da misi samxedro-politi-kuri lideri aSS, 1991 wlis miwurulam-de cnobdnen sabWoTa kavSirs, mis teri-toriul mTlianobas da amdenad, yvela mokavSire respublika ganixileboda im-periis Semadgenel nawilad. am martivi mizezis gamo, dasavleTi TanaugrZnobda mokavSire respublikebSi mimdinare ero-vnul moZraobas, magram oficialurad ar cnobda maT separatistul saxelmwifoe-
rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-li moZraobis liders da moRvawes, zviad gamsaxurdias SeeZlo sabWoTa imperia-sTan ukompromiso brZola gaegrZelebi-na. magram rogorc saqarTvelos prezi-dentma, man mZime Secdoma dauSva, roca kompromisze ar wavida arc centrTan da arc saerTaSoriso koniunqturasTan,
ramac misi xelisuflebis damxobaSi sabe-diswero roli iTamaSa.
garda amisa, umTavresi, Tu ara sabe-diswero Secdoma, iyo gamsaxurdias gau-gebari konfrontaciuli urTierToba inteligenciasTan.
Tu hegels davujerebT, is rac xdeba, yovelTvis kanonzomieria. amiT imisi Tqma msurs, rom rac SemdgomSi moxda, ori ZiriTadi mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli: sabWoTa kavSiris agenturas uzarmazari resursi hqonda da man SeZlo, rom patara qveynis erovnul moZraobaSi areuloba Seetana da meore mizezi iyo is, rom Cven ar gveyo Sesabamisi mzaoba, inteleqti da politikuri goni, rom es dapirispireba Tavidan agvecilebina. amas emateboda cnobili `qarTuli ambicia~.
opozicia yoveldRe mitingebs awy-obda. mTeli rusTaveli Caxergili da gadaketili iyo Tveebis manZilze, gansa-kuTrebiT, 1990 wlis 2 seqtembris mov-lenebis Semdeg. Cemi azriT, opoziciis liderebis moqmedeba danaSaulebrivi iyo, maT icodnen, rom amas mohyveboda konfrontacia da yvelaferi iaraRiT damTavrdeboda. SegviZlia dRevandel-obasTanac gavavloT paralelebi _ am-Jamindeli opoziciis liderebi axlac ruseTisgan elian mxardaWeras da iqidan iReben instruqciebs, zogierTs ise unda warmarTos movlenebi, rogorc 1990-1991
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_ aseT rTul politikur viTareba-Si visi idea iyo saqarTveloSi Sevard-naZis Camoyvana. ramdenad swori iyo es gadawyvetileba da rogori politiku-ri kursi airCia saxelmwifos axalma meTaurma?
G_ marTalia, gadatrialebis saxelo-biTi avtorebi SemdgomSi iCemebdnen, rom SevardnaZe maT Camoiyvanes, magram misi `Camoyvana~ bevrad Zlierma Zalebma da-gegmes da ganaxorcieles moskov-vaSing-tonSi, vidre maTi nebis aRmsrulebeli marionetebis sameuli gaxldaT.
eduard SevardnaZis saxels ukavSi-reben ara marto gadatrialebis inspi-racias, aramed gadatrialebis Semdgom qveyanaSi stabilizaciasac. man moaxerxa kriminaluri SeiaraRebuli formirebe-bisa da lamis savele meTaurebis doneze gaZlierebuli yofili liderebis _ ki-tovan-ioselianis neitralizeba. man 1995 wels miiRo qveynis konstitucia, safuZ-
veli Cauyara dasavleTTan da aSS-Tan urTierTobas. misi mmarTvelobis dros gadaidga pirveli nabijebi Crdilo-at-lantikur aliansTan partniorul Ta-namSromlobaSi. umniSvnelovanesi gaxl-daT stambolSi, euTos samitze miRebu-li gadawyvetileba _ saqarTvelodan ruseTis SeiaraRebuli bazebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, saqarTvelo gaxda araerTi saerTaSoriso organizaciis we-vri qveyana _ gaerosi, euTosi, evrosab-Wosi da sxv.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SevardnaZe axa-li drois demokratiul moTxovnebs una-rianad moergo, mainc sabWoTa mmarTveli iyo. mas arasodes ufiqria damoukidebe-li qveynis liderobaze. Mmis mmarTvelo-bas adreul xanaSic erTi ucnauroba axa-siaTebda: 1970-ian wlebSi sastiki brZo-la gamoucxada korufcias, magram male misma qmedebam korufciis ufro meti gaZliereba gamoiwvia. man ulmobeli omi gamoucxada 1970-ian wlebSi negatiur movlenebs, magaliTad proteqcionizms, magram amis Semdeg proteqcionizmma ufro magrad gaidga fesvebi qarTul sa-zogadoebaSi. 90-ian wlebSi man, piriqiT, TviTdinebaze miuSva procesebi, koruf-cias gasaqanic ki misca, raTa Tavisi xe-lisuflebisTvis dasayrdeni socialuri fena _ elitaruli inteligencia da yo-fili partiul-biurokratiuli zedafe-na gaeZlierebina. es misi Zveli gvardia iyo.
_ sainteresoa, rogor iwereba uaxlesi istoria da vin gansazRvravs mis obieqturobas? ra kriteriumebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos qarTulma is-toriografiam movlenebis miukerZoe-blad gaSuqebis da obieqturi Sefase-bis dros?
_ nebismieri movlenis gaazrebisT-vis bevri garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebe-li. bolo wlebia, qarTul saistorio mecnierebas SesaZlebloba mieca XX sau-kunis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi, maT Soris, 1991-1992 wlebis movlenebi erTi principiT, maqsimaluri miukerZoeblo-biT, realobasTan miaxloebiT gaaSuqos. am principis azri erTaderTia: dRevan-
del sazogadoebas rogorc arasdros, ise sWirdeba marTali istoria, cudi si-marTle lamaz da gamogonebul tyuils jobia.
istorikosTa mravali TaobisTvis da-mafiqrebeli da rTulad gadasawyvetia erTi problema _ rogor unda aRadginos istorikosma movlenebis miukerZoebeli, obieqturi suraTi, miT ufro, rom bevri specialistis azriT, aseTi ram TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. magram mcdeloba da masTan miaxloeba mainc SesaZlebelia. sxvanai-rad saistorio mecniereba azrs dakar-
gavda. magaliTad, erT dros CvenSi didi kamaTis sagani iyo, Tu vin isrola pir-velma 1991 wlis 22 dekembers. es faqti SeiZleba zustad ver dadgindes, an ne-bismieri versia arasarwmuno iyos, magram saqmis arsis gasarkvevad am faqts isto-rikosebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan SeiaraRebulma opozici-am mTavrobis sasaxles alya Semoartya da ori kvira esroda mas. ra mniSvnelobaRa hqonda pirvel gasrolas? ra Tqma unda, saistorio mecnierebam unda gaiTvalis-winos momxdari politikuri movlene-bis monawileTa poziciac, magram maTi mravalricxovnobisa Tu subieqturobis gamo SeuZlebelia ukritiko gaziare-ba. istorikosisTvis mTavari amosavali mainc dokumentia, an sayovelTaod dada-sturebuli faqti an istoriuli wyaros Semcveli masala.
istoriis umTavresi daniSnuleba ki erTaderTia _ ar gavimeoroT warsulis Secdomebi.
moamzades: SurTxia beroSvilmada nino kakuliam
1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave saqarTvelos demokra-tiulma respublikam mudmivi neitra-liteti gamoacxada da amiT gansazRvra Tavisi damokidebuleba im periodSi mim-dinare da SemdgomSi mosalodneli ome-bisadmi. mudmivi neitralitetis Taoba-ze qarTuli politikuri elitis gadawy-vetileba iyo arsebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis swori analizis Sedegi.
inglisis pozicia kargad gamoxa-ta sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lordma kerzonma. misi azriT, Tu saqarTvelos mtruli damokidebuleba eqneba ru-seTTan, inglisi ver cnobda saqarTve-los. amdenad, antantis qveynebi saqarT-velos, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa ruseTTan pirispir tovebdnen.
sabWoTa ruseTis mier general anton denikis TeTri armiis damarcxebis Sem-
istoria meordeba?!
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 20 wlisTavis aRniSvna isto-riuli warsulis analizisa da gadafasebis erTgvari aucileblobis winaSe gvayenebs. is, rom dasavleTi sityviTa da fuliT gvexmareba demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi, xSirad aras-akmarisad gveCveneba. mkveTr politikur mxardaWeras da kompro-misebs, Tundac natosa da evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gasawevri-aneblad, arc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da arc evropa ar uSvebs. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo politi-kuri viTareba, magram isic cxadia, rom amerika da evropa ruseTs an-gariSs uweven da misi interesebis sawinaaRmdegod saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi xist nabijebs ar dgamen. istoria meordeba... ase iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) arsebobis drosac, roca erTa liga ,,qolgad” migvaCnda, magram masSi gawevri-anebis saSveli, isev da isev, ruseTis faqtoris gamo ar dagvadga. swored am warsuli realobis SexsenebiTaa SesaZlebeli swori nabi-jebis gadadgma, raTa `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnodes~ da mxolod sxvisi imedis molodinSi ar viyoT. ai, ra mware simarTles gvaxsen-ebs Cveni istoria...
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ase dawerili damoukideblobis20-wliani istoriis mTavari Strixebi
germaniis pirvel msoflio omSi da-marcxebis Semdeg saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda ga-marjvebuli saxelmwifoebis (inglisi, safrangeTi da sxv.) pozicias, romle-bic parizis konferenciaze Seikribnen (gaixsna 1919 wlis ianvarSi). es saxelmwi-foebi mzad iyvnen saqarTvelo de faqto eRiarebinaT, xolo misi de iure aRiareba SesaZleblad miaCndaT mxolod da mxo-lod ruseTis mier saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis Semdeg. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars inglisma, safrangeTma da italiam, xolo 1920 wlis 7 Tebervals iaponiam de faqto cnes saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samar-Tal subieqtad cnoba iTvaliswinebs mis de iure aRiarebas. am mimarTulebiT garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, TviT germaniasTanac ki war-moiSva. germania mzad iyo saqarTvelo de iure eRiarebina mxolod da mxolod ru-seTis imperiis samarTalmemkvidris (anu sabWoTa ruseTis) mier yofili koloniis (anu saqarTvelos) de iure aRiarebis Semdeg. amdenad, aSkarad gamoxatuli progermanuli orientaciis miuxedavad, saqarTvelom germaniis mxridanac ki ver miaRwia de iure aRiarebas ruseTis mier mis de iure cnobamde. amasTan, sabWoTa ruseTTan urTierTobis garkveva sxva mxrivac iyo sasicocxlo mniSvnelobi-sa saqarTvelosTvis. sabWoTa ruseTis meTerTmete wiTelma armiam 1920 wlis 2 maiss azerbaijanis mxridan gadmolaxa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari (sab-WoTa ruseTma azerbaijani daipyro 1920 wlis aprilSi) da Tbilisisaken aiRo gezi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTulma Seiara-Rebulma Zalebma medgari winaaRmdego-ba gauwies `daupatiJebel stumrebs~ da maT ukan daaxevines, magram sabWoTa ru-seTTan omis warmoeba saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas sabolood daasamarebda. amitomac, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mesveurebma jer kidev 1920 wlis 16 da 22 aprils saTanado nota gaugzavnes sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas da samSvidobo molaparakebis dawyeba Se-sTavazes.
marTalia, sabWoTa ruseTi saqarT-velos dasapyrobad emzadeboda, magram 1920 wlis gazafxulisaTvis sabWoTa ru-seTsa da poloneTs Soris mimdinare omma da general petre vrangelis jarebis Tavmoyram yirimSi gaarTula ruseTis samxedro-politikuri mdgomareoba. ami-tomac, ruseTma mizanSewonilad CaTvala diplomatiuri molaparakebebis dawy-eba. molaparakeba dasrulda 1920 wlis 7 maiss xelSekrulebis dadebiT. saqarT-velo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis pirveli muxliT ruseTma upirobod de iure cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. ruseTi nebayoflobiT ambobda uars yovelgvar suverenul uflebebze, romlebic ki mas gaaCnda qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis terito-riis mimarT. didi miRweva iyo isic, rom ruseTma demokratiuli respublikis ganuyofel nawilad cno Tbilisis, quTa-isis guberniebi da baTumis olqi maTSi Semavali okrugiTa da mazrebiT, aseve _ zaqaTalisa da soxumis okrugebi. gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom ru-seTi saqarTvelos nawilad miiCnevda Savi zRvis guberniis nawilsac md. fsoudan aRmosavleTiT. miuRebeli iyo saqarT-velosaTvis 1920 wlis 12 maiss moskovSi dadebuli damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, ro-melic xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi xelSe-krulebis ganuyofel nawilad iTvlebo-da. damatebiTi SeTanxmebis ZaliT, zaqa-Talis okrugis (saingilos) teritoriis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi gansaxilvelad unda gadascemoda qarTul-azerbaija-nul komisias, romlis Tavmjdomarec ruseTis warmomadgeneli iqneboda, cxa-dia, teritoriul davas saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da sabWoTa azerbaijans Soris ruseTi am ukanaskne-lis sasargeblod gadawyvetda.
marTalia, 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSe-
kruleba Seicavda saqarTvelosaTvis Zalze saxifaTo muxlebs, magram, mTava-ri iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTma de faqto da de iure cno saqarTvelos damouki-debloba. es garemoeba ki, Tavis mxriv, qmnida wanamZRvrebs msoflios saxelm-wifoebis mxridan saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebisaTvis. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xel-Sekrulebas Sedegad moyva or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyareba.
ruseTSi myofi qarTveli bolSevikebi i. stalini da s. orjonikiZe kategoriuli winaaRmdegebi iyvnen saqarTvelosTan raime tipis xelSekrulebis dadebisa. xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg grigol urataZe Sexvda ioseb stalins. i. stalin-ma gr. urataZes cinikurad uTxra: ̀ griSa! biWo, Sen marTla ggonia rom ruseTi ase advilad daTmobs baTums?!~
qarTveli politikosebi kargad iTva-liswinebdnen im garemoebas, rom sabWoTa ruseTi, de faqto da de iure aRiarebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos dasapyrobad emzadeboda da, amitomac, qarTveli di-plomatebis umTavres mizans Seadgenda sa-qarTvelos gawevrianeba erTa ligaSi, ro-melic daicavda mas ruseTis agresiisagan.
bis sakiTxi farTo debatebis sagani gaxda saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebaSi. depu-tatebi didxans msjelobdnen erTa liga-Si saqarTvelos miRebis mniSvnelobaze. erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis winaaRmdeg gamovida socialist-revolu-cionerTa fraqcia. am fraqciis warmomad-genelma leo Sengelaiam moiTxova erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis sakiTxi gataniliyo referendumze da uSualod xalxs gaerkvia gawevrianeba-argawevria-nebis sakiTxi. socialist-revolucio-nerTa fraqcia umciresobaSi aRmoCnda. deputatebis umravlesoba (social-de-mokratebi, erovnul-demokratebi, socia-list-federalistebi) mxars uWerda erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebas.
ra pirobebi unda daekmayofilebina
saqarTvelos?
1920 wlis 15 noembers JenevaSi gaixsna erTa ligis pirveli sesia. sesiaze unda ganxiluliyo ligaSi axali saxelmwi-foebis miRebis sakiTxi. axali wevrebis miRebis ganxilva mexuTe gansakuTrebul komisiis prerogativas Seadgenda. ligis wevrobis kandidat qveyanas unda daek-mayofilebina Semdegi moTxovnebi: 1. sa-xelmwifos unda Seesrulebina yvela in-ternacionaluri valdebuleba, romlis Sesrulebaze Tanxmoba hqonda micemu-li; 2. saxelmwifos unda hyoloda iseTi mTavroba, romelic Seasrulebda xalxis moTxovnebs; 3. erTa ligaSi miRebis msur-veli saxelmwifo mzad unda yofiliyo Seesrulebina erTa ligis wesdeba da or-ganizaciis mier miRebuli yvela dadge-nileba (gadawyvetileba); 4. saxelmwifos unda hqonoda dadgenili sazRvrebi da am sazRvrebSi mcxovrebni erTi eris warmo-madgenlebi unda yofiliyvnen.
saqarTvelos sakiTxi gansaxilvelad gadaeca azerbaijanTan, somxeTTan, ukrai-nasTan da kostarikasTan erTad mesame qvekomisias: Tavmjdomare _ fr. nanseni (norvegia), wevrebi: profesori ioanesku (rumineTi), mileni (avstria), palasiosi (espaneTi), politisi (saberZneTi), spalai-koviCi (serbia) da tsan-tsaifu (CineTi). mesame qvekomisiis amocanas Seadgenda, Tavis mxriv, gaerkvia Semdegi: a) sworadaa Tu ara warmodgenili Suamdgomloba li-gaSi miRebisaTvis; b) aRiarebulia Tu ara Suamdgomlobis warmomdgeni qveyana de faqtod an de iured da romeli saxelmwi-foebis mier; g) hyavs Tu ara qveyanas mt-kice mTavroba da aqvs Tu ara garkveuli sazRvrebi, rogoria misi farTobi da mo-saxleobis raodenoba; d) demokratiulia Tu ara saxelmwifos marTva-gamgebloba; e) ra pozicia aqvs SeiaraRebis sakiTxebze saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa da erTa ligis dadgenilebebis mimarT.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva, akmayofi-lebda Tu ara saqarTvelos demokra-tiuli respublika erTa ligis wevrobis kandidati qveynis moTxovnebs?
1. saqarTvelos demokratiul respu-blikas ar hqonda aRebuli gansakuTrebu-li saerTaSoriso valdebuleba da, aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, verc daarRvevda mas; 2. saqarTvelos xelisufleba arCeu-li iyo qarTveli xalxis mier da SeZlebis-dagvarad axorcielebda qarTveli xalxis interesebidan gamomdinare sxvadasxva re-formebs; 3. ligaSi gagzavnil memorandum-Si dawvrilebiT iyo aRwerili saqarTve-los saxelmwifo sazRvrebi; 4. marTalia, saqarTvelo metad Wreli iyo eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, magram, rac mTavaria, eT-nikuri umciresobebis uflebebi qveyana-Si ar irRveoda; 5. saqarTvelos saerTa-Soriso samarTalsubieqtad aRiarebis sakiTxi, am droisaTvis, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo xelis SemSleli faqtori erTa ligaSi gasawevrianeblad, vinaidan, 1920 wlis noembris mdgomareobiT, saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublika de faqto iyo aRiarebuli TurqeTis, germaniis, argentinis, italiis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis, iaponiis, belgiis, sabWoTa ruseTis, avstriis, Cexoslovakiis mier, xolo de iure _ TurqeTis, sabWoTa ru-seTis da germaniis mier.
amdenad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika yovelnairad akmayofilebda
erTa ligis wevrobis kandidati qveynis moTxovnebs.
sabolood, mesame qvekomisiam dade-biTad gadawyvita saqarTvelos sakiTxi da is daSvebul iqna mexuTe gansakuTre-buli komisiis sxdomaze.
amdenad, saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi gawevrianebas mxari dauWira 10 qveyanam (wevrobisaTvis saWiro iyo damatebiT ki-dev 6 xma), winaaRmdegi aRmoCnda aseve _ 10 da Tavi ki Seikava 4 qveyanam.
ase rom, kenWisyris Sedegebis mixed-viT, saqarTvelo erTa ligis wevri ver gaxda.
uari inglisis gavleniT
is garemoeba, rom inglisis yvela do-minioni (avstralia, kanada, zelandia) kenWisyris dros ligaSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdegi aRmoCnda, ganpirobebuli iyo isev da isev inglisis gavleniT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa ruseTTan `axlos mdebare~ saxemwifoebma (Ce-xoslovakia, poloneTi, Svecia, rumineTi) kenWisyraSi an Tavi Seikaves an saqarTve-los winaaRmdeg misces xma da amiT gamo-xates erTgvari loialoba ruseTisadmi.
sainteresoa, erTa ligaSi saqarTve-los miRebis mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifoe-bis argumentebi. ingliseli fiSeri amt-kicebda, rom `erTa liga jer axalgazrda organizaciaa da Tavidanve ar unda ikis-ros pasuxismgebloba ama Tu im qveynis damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli mT-lianobis SenarCunebazeo~. analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqva frangma vivianmac. misi TqmiT, `ligas metad gauZneldeba axali wevrebis teritoria, me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tavdasxmisagan uzrunvelyos~.
erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos miRebis sakiTxi uaryofiTad gadawyvita ingli-sisa da safrangeTis poziciam. Eevropis politikaSi swored es ori saxelmwifo TamaSobda gadamwyvet rols. inglisi da safrangeTi gavlenas axdenda iseTi qveynebis poziciaze, rogorebic iyvnen: avstralia, kanada, Cexoslovakia, polo-neTi, espaneTi da sxv. erTa ligis sesiis muSaobis periodSi (1920 wlis dekemberi) londonSi inglissa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris mimdinareobda molaparakeba. Mmo-laparakebis erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxs Seadgenda gavlenis sferoebis gamijvna samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi). Aam droisaTvis azerbaijani da somxeTi ukve dapyrobili iyo sabWoTa ruseTis mier. Llondonis molaparakebaze sabWoTa ru-seTma miaRwia imas, rom savaWro-ekono-mikuri urTierTobis (ingliss sabWoTa ruseTidan gahqonda navTobi, manganu-mi, xorbali da sxv.) sanacvlod ingliss daaTmobina amierkavkasia. aseT garigebas daeTanxma safrangeTic. Aamrigad, erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos miRebis Taobaze kenWisyris dRisaTvis (1920 wlis 16 dekem-beri) inglisis mier saqarTvelo aRiare-buli iyo ruseTis gavlenis sferod da, cxadia, inglisi mxars ar dauWerda sa-qarTvelos miRebas erTa ligaSi.
saqarTvelos ligaSi gawevrianebis sakiTxis CaSlis sakompensaciod evro-pis didma saxelmwifoebma 1921 wlis 27 ianvars (inglisi, safrangeTi) miiRes gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebisa.
magram erTa ligaSi miuReblobis gamo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-ka sabWoTa ruseTTan pirispir darCa da amiT misi bedi imTaviTve gansazRvruli aRmoCnda. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos da-pyroba mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo.
`plastikuri qirurgia es ar aris marto silamazis qirurgiaa, is moicavs rekonstruqciul da esTetikur qir-urgias, rac mas met mniSvnelobas sZens. msurs Cemi gamocdileba gavuziaro stu-dentebs da vuTxra maT, rom miRebuli codna da praqtika maTi warmatebis ga-ranti iqneba“, – aRniSna profesorma iva kuzanovma.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zust da sabunebismet yvelo mecni ereb-aTa fakultetis geologiis departamen-tis xelSewyobiT tradiciad iq ca mos-wavleTa respub likuri saswavlo-Semoq-medebiTi kon fer en ciis geologiis seq-ciis Semajame beli sxdomebis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cat ar eba.
seqciis Semajamebeli sxdoma 15 maiss Catarda. seqciis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes: Tbi li sis, WiaTuris, foTis, onis, quTaisis, ozurgeTis, xaSu ris, zugdi dis, siRnaRis, kaspis, rusTavis, aspinZisa da gurjaanis saSua lo sko lebis VIII-XI kla-sisis moswav leebma da pedagogebma.
warmodgenili moxsenebebi gamoir-Ceoda Tematikis mravalferovnebiT, rac aris dasturi imisa, Tu rogor dainte-resebas iCens Cveni moswavle-axal gaz-rdoba qveynis teritoriaze aRmoCenili mineraluri nedle ulis, katastr ofuli movlenebis, Cveni planetis geologi-uri ageb ul ebis, misi warsulis drosa da sivrceSi ganviTarebis istoriis Se-saxeb. konferenciaze mosmenili mox-sen ebebidan advilad vrwmundebiT, rom moswavleebi geologiis mimarT (miuxe-davad imisa, rom es dargi skolaSi calke disciplinad ar iswav leba) did interess iCenen. aseTi konfe renciis mo wyoba, ro-melSiac udidesi wvlili Seaqvs Tbili-sis moswavle axalgazrdobis erovnuli sasaxlis geologiis seqcias da skolis peda go gebs, mniSvnelovanwilad avsebs saskolo ganaTlebaSi am mimar Tu le biT arsebul xarvezs. geologiis departa-mentis akademiuri perso na li aqtiurad aris CarTuli aseTi xasiaTis konferen-ciebis mowyobaSi. isini yov elTvis mzad arian miscen moswavleebs praqtikuli xasiaTis rCevebi, rac kidev ufro me-tad gauRvivebs maT geologiis mecni-erebisadmi interess da amiT bevri maTga-ni geologias TavianT momaval pro fesias daukavSirebs.
rogorc moswavle axalgazrdobis erovnuli sasaxlis geologiuri seq ci-is xelmZRvanelma leila mebaRiSvilma ganac xada, wina wlebTan Seda re biT 2011 wlis konferenciaze gacil ebiT maRali donis namuS ev rebia wardgenili. konfe-renciis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes
da moswavle-axalgazrdebs sit yviT mi-marTes Tsu-is geologiis departamen-tis profesor-maswavleblebma: beJan TuTberiZem, guram RonRaZem da karlo aqi miZem.
kavkasiuri wignis gamofena parlamentSi
parlamentis diasporasa da kavkasiis sakiTxTa komitetisa da ivane javaxiS-vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iniciativiT parlament-Si kavkasiuri wignis gamofena moewyo. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo Tsu-is biblioTekaSi daculi kavkasiologiis mimarTulebis raritetuli gamocemebi, kavkasiologiis fuZemdebelTa -arnold Ciqobavasa da giorgi axvledianis, aseve, Tsu-is gamomcemlobis mier bolo dros gamoSvebuli saxelmZRvanelo da samec-niero-kvleviTi xasiaTis wignebi, rom-lebic kavkasieli xalxebis kulturis, enisa da tradiciebis Sesaxeb mogviTx-robs. agreTve, moewyo fotogamofena _ ,,kavkasieli xalxebis erovnuli samosi“.
ara marto am ganZis Segroveba, aramed misi sazogadoebamde mitana. moxaruli var, rom gamofenam didi daintereseba gamoiwvia, vfiqrob, yvelam unda vicodeT ras vflobT da rogori mravalferova-nia Cveni simdidre“, – ganacxada Tsu-is reqtorma.