265433780 Campbell Test Bank Chapter 47

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)

Chapter 47 Animal Development

This chapter emphasizes the shared features of animal development, uniting diverse organisms anddiverse vocabulary in search of common understanding of milestones in development. It includes an

updated discussion of research findings in the field of evolutionary development, highlighting studies of

model organisms.

Multiple-Choice Questions

1 The structure of the Drosophila gene called Tinman is similar to a gene in humans that also! promotes ear development.

" specifies the location of the heart.

C determines structures in the eyes.# specifies limb elongation points.

$ filters lymphatic fluid.

!ns%er& "Topic& Concept '(.1

)*ill& !pplication+!nalysis

!s an embryo develops, ne% cells are produced as the result of ! differentiation.

" preformation.

C cell division.# morphogenesis.

$ epigenesis.

!ns%er& CTopic& Concept '(.1

)*ill& no%ledge+Comprehension

/ertilization of an egg %ithout activation is most li*e

! placing the *ey in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine.

" resting during halftime of a bas*etball game.

C preparing a pie from scratch and ba*ing it in the oven.# %al*ing to the cafeteria and eating lunch.

$ dropping a roc* off a cliff and %atching it land in the valley belo%.

!ns%er& !Topic& Concept '(.1


' Contact of a sperm %ith signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo! mitosis.

" depolarization.

C apoptosis.# vitellogenesis.

$ the acrosomal reaction.

!ns%er& $Topic& Concept '(.1


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3 $ven in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by

! abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol." abnormally lo% levels of e4tracellular o4ygen.

C in5ection of calcium ions into the cytosol.

# e4posure to the lo% p6 of the uterus.$ depletion of its !T2 supplies.

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1


7 The formation of the fertilization membrane re8uires an increase in the availability of

! bicarbonate ions." calcium ions.

C hydrogen ions.

# potassium ions.$ sodium ions.

!ns%er& "

Topic& Concept '(.1)*ill& no%ledge+Comprehension

( ! sea urchin zygote undergoes its first cell division

! 3 seconds after fertilization." minutes after fertilization.

C 9 minutes after fertilization.

# ' hours after fertilization.$ ' hours after fertilization.

!ns%er& C


: ! human zygote undergoes its first cell division! 3 seconds after fertilization.

" minutes after fertilization.

C 9 minutes after fertilization.

# ' hours after fertilization.$ ' hours after fertilization.

!ns%er& $


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9 ! reproductive difference bet%een sea urchins and humans is

! the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed afterfertilization.

" sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs are produced by mitosis.

C sea urchin eggs and sperm are of e8ual size, but human eggs are much bigger than human sperm.# sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to bloc* polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there

be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs.

$ sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but human zygotes get their mitochondria

from the egg.!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.1


1 Contact of a sea urchin egg %ith signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief

! mitosis." membrane depolarization.

C apoptosis.

# vitellogenesis.$ acrosomal reaction.



11 #uring fertilization, the acrosomal contents

! bloc* polyspermy." help propel more sperm to%ard the egg.

C digest the protective 5elly coat on the surface of the egg.

# nourish the mitochondria of the sperm.$ trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm.

!ns%er& C


1 The vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg

! is outside of the fertilization membrane." releases calcium, %hich initiates the cortical reaction.

C has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins.

# is first visible only %hen organogenesis is nearly completed.$ is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg.

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1





1 In a ne%ly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer

! opens the egg;s nuclear membrane to allo% haploid sperm #<! to enter." hardens to form a protective cover.

C secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary.

# reduces the loss of %ater from the egg and prevents desiccation.$ provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote.

!ns%er& "

Topic& Concept '(.1


1' /rom earliest to latest, the overall se8uence of early development proceeds in %hich of the follo%ing

se8uences=! first cell division > synthesis of embryo;s #<! begins > acrosomal reaction > cortical reaction

" cortical reaction > synthesis of embryo;s #<! begins > acrosomal reaction > first cell division

C cortical reaction > acrosomal reaction > first cell division > synthesis of embryo;s #<! begins# first cell division > synthesis of embryo;s #<! begins > acrosomal reaction > cortical reaction

$ acrosomal reaction > cortical reaction > synthesis of embryo;s #<! begins > first cell division



13 The cortical reaction functions directly in the! formation of a fertilization envelope.

" production of a fast bloc* to polyspermy.

C release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell.# generation of a nerve-li*e impulse by the egg cell.

$ fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.



17 In sea urchins, the ?fast bloc*? and the longer lasting ?slo% bloc*? to polyspermy, respectively, are

! the acrosomal reaction and the formation of egg %hite.

" the cortical reaction and the formation of yol* protein.

C the 5elly coat of the egg and the vitelline membrane.# membrane depolarization and the cortical reaction.

$ inactivation of the sperm acrosome.

!ns%er& #Topic& Concept '(.1


1( In an egg cell treated %ith $#T!, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the! acrosomal reaction %ould be bloc*ed.

" fusion of sperm and egg nuclei %ould be bloc*ed.C fast bloc* to polyspermy %ould not occur.

# fertilization envelope %ould not be formed.

$ zygote %ould not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes.!ns%er& #

Topic& Concept '(.1


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1: In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid atthe end of the

! acrosomal reaction.

" completion of spermatogenesis.C initial cleavage.

# activation of the egg.

$ completion of gastrulation.



19 /ertilization normally

! reinstates diploidy.

" follo%s gastrulation.C is re8uired for parthenogenesis.

# merges t%o diploid cells into one haploid cell.

$ precedes ovulation.!ns%er& !


In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the

! fertilization membrane.

" zona pellucida.C cytosol of the egg.

# nucleus of the egg.

$ mitochondria of the egg.!ns%er& "

Topic& Concept '(.1


1 Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

! complete the fertilization process more rapidly." have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation.

C have a more distinct animal pole.

# have a more distinct vegetal pole.$ have no re8uirement for the cortical reaction.

!ns%er& "





! human blastomere is

! an embryonic cell that is much smaller than the ovum." an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity.

C that part of the acrosome that opens the egg;s membrane.

# a component of the zona pellucida.$ a cell that contains a @degenerating second polar body.

!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.1


!t the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs

! have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct." accept as many sperm as possible in order to select the one %ith the highest fertility.

C are still located %ithin the ovary.

# have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation.$ are still surrounded by follicular cells.

!ns%er& $

Topic& Concept '(.1)*ill& !pplication+!nalysis

' In a developing frog embryo, most of the yol* is

! located near the animal pole." located near the vegetal pole.

C found %ithin the cleavage furro%.

# found %ithin the blastocoels.$ distributed e8ually throughout the embryo.

!ns%er& "


3 !mong these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is! the spermatozoon.

" the ovum.

C a blastomere in the vegetal pole.# a blastomere in the animal pole.

$ one of the products of the first cleavage.



7 The pattern of embryonic development in %hich only the cells lac*ing yol* subse8uently undergo

cleavage is called! arcadian development, %hich is typical of insects.

" holoblastic development, %hich is typical of marsupial mammals.C meroblastic development, %hich is typical of humans.

# holoblastic development, %hich is typical of amphibians.

$ meroblastic development, %hich is typical of birds.!ns%er& $

Topic& Concept '(.1





( !s cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres! increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases.

" increases as the number of the blastomeres increases.

C decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases.# decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases.

$ increases as the number of the blastomeres stays the same.

!ns%er& C


: #uring the early part of the cleavage stage in frog development, the rapidly developing cells! s*ip the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.

" s*ip the ) phase of the cell cycle.

C s*ip the A1 and A phases of the cell cycle.

# rapidly increase the volume and mass of the embryo.$ s*ip the cyto*inesis phase of the cell cycle.

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1


9 The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

! the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yol*.

" the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.

C the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.# the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cyto*inesis.

$ the polar bodies bud from this region.



The small portion of the embryo that %ill become its dorsal side develops from the

! morula.

" primitive strea*.

C archenteron.# gray crescent.

$ blastocoel.



1 The yol* of the frog egg! prevents gastrulation.

" is concentrated at the animal pole.C is homogeneously arranged in the egg.

# impedes the formation of a primitive strea*.

$ supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole.



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!n embryo %ith meroblastic cleavage, e4traembryonic membranes, and a primitive strea* must bethat of

! an insect.

" a fish.C an amphibian.

# a bird.

$ a sea urchin.



Meroblastic cleavage occurs in

! sea urchins, but not humans or birds." humans, but not sea urchins or birds.

C birds, but not sea urchins or humans.

# both sea urchins and birds, but not humans.$ both humans and birds, but not sea urchins.

!ns%er& C


' Bhich of the follo%ing correctly displays the se8uence of developmental milestones=

! cleavage > blastula > gastrula > morula" cleavage > gastrula > morula > blastula

C cleavage > morula > blastula > gastrula

# gastrula > morula > blastula > cleavage$ morula > cleavage > gastrula > blastula

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1


3 Cells move to ne% positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during

! determination." cleavage.

C fertilization.

# induction.$ gastrulation.

!ns%er& $


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7 The outer-to-inner se8uence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

! endoderm > ectoderm > mesoderm." mesoderm > endoderm > ectoderm.

C ectoderm > mesoderm > endoderm.

# ectoderm > endoderm > mesoderm.$ endoderm > mesoderm > ectoderm.

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1


( If gastrulation %as bloc*ed by an environmental to4in, then! cleavage %ould not occur in the zygote.

" embryonic germ layers %ould not form.

C fertilization %ould be bloc*ed.# the blastula %ould not be formed.

$ the blastopore %ould form above the gray crescent in the animal pole.



: The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the! reproductive organs.

" blastocoel.

C heart and lungs.# digestive tract.

$ brain and spinal cord.



9 The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the! nervous system.

" liver.

C pancreas.# heart.

$ *idneys.



' In frog embryos, the blastopore becomes the

! anus." ears.

C eyes.# nose.

$ mouth.






'1 In a frog embryo, gastrulation

! produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere." occurs along the primitive strea* in the animal hemisphere.

C is impossible because of the large amount of yol* in the ovum.

# proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.$ occurs %ithin the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yol*.

!ns%er& #

Topic& Concept '(.1


' The earliest developmental stage among these choices is

! germ layers." morula.

C blastopore.

# gastrulation.$ invagination.

!ns%er& "


' Bhich of the follo%ing is a correct description of an anatomical relationship=

! The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord." The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles.

C The ectoderm gives rise to the liver.

# The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs.!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.1


'' !n open space %ithin the gastrula is the

! ectoderm." mesoderm.

C archenteron.

# endoderm.

$ neural crest cells.!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1


'3 !lthough it contributes no cells to the embryo, the formation of the primitive strea* is guided by thestructure *no%n as the

! endoderm." mesoderm.

C ectoderm.# neural crest.

$ hypoblast.






'7 The primitive strea* in a bird is the functional e8uivalent of

! the lip of the blastopore in the frog." the archenteron in a frog.

C polar bodies in a sea urchin.

# the notochord in a mammal.$ neural crest cells in a mammal.

!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.1


'( In all vertebrate animals, development re8uires

! a large supply of yol*." an a8ueous environment.

C e4traembryonic membranes.

# an amnion.$ a primitive strea*.

!ns%er& "


': The least amount of yol* %ould be found in the egg of a

! bird." fish.

C frog.

# eutherian @placental mammal.$ reptile.

!ns%er& #


'9 ! primitive strea* forms during the early embryonic development of ! birds, but not frogs or humans.

" frogs, but not birds or humans.

C humans, but not birds or frogs.# birds and frogs, but not humans.

$ humans and birds, but not frogs.



3 $4traembryonic membranes develop in

! mammals, but not birds or lizards." birds, but not mammals or lizards.

C lizards, but not mammals or birds.# mammals and birds, but not lizards.

$ mammals, birds, and lizards.






31 !t the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a

! blastocyst." gastrula.

C fetus.

# somite.$ zygote.

!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.1


3 terine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the

! inner cell mass." endoderm.

C chorion.

# mesoderm.$ trophoblast.

!ns%er& $


3 In placental mammals, the yol* sac! transfers nutrients from the yol* to the embryo.

" differentiates into the placenta.

C becomes a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo.# produces blood cells that then migrate into the embryo.

$ stores %aste products from the embryo until the placenta develops.



3' Aases are e4changed in a mammalian embryo in the! amnion.

" hypoblast.

C chorion.# trophoblast.

$ yol* sac.






33 Thalidomide, no% banned for use as a sedative in pregnancy, %as used in the early 197s by many

%omen in their first trimester of pregnancy. )ome of these %omen gave birth to children %ith arm andleg deformities, suggesting that the drug most li*ely influenced

! early cleavage divisions.

" determination of the polarity of the zygote.C differentiation of bone tissue.

# morphogenesis.

$ organogenesis.



37 The migratory neural crest cells

! form most of the central nervous system.

" serve as precursor cells for the notochord.C form the spinal cord in the frog.

# form neural and non-neural structures in the periphery.

$ form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract.!ns%er& #


3( /rom earliest to latest, the overall se8uence of early development proceeds in %hich of the follo%ing

se8uences=! gastrulation > organogenesis > cleavage

" ovulation > gastrulation > fertilization

C cleavage > gastrulation > organogenesis# gastrulation > blastulation > neurulation

$ preformation > morphogenesis > neurulation

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.)*ill& no%ledge+Comprehension

3: Changes in both cell shape and cell position occur e4tensively during! gastrulation, but not organogenesis or cleavage.

" organogenesis, but not gastrulation or cleavage.

C cleavage, but not gastrulation or organogenesis.# gastrulation and organogenesis, but not cleavage.

$ gastrulation, organogenesis, and cleavage.

!ns%er& $Topic& Concept '(.





39 Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the

! nucleus." cytos*eleton.

C e4tracellular matri4.

# transport proteins.$ nucleolus.

!ns%er& "

Topic& Concept '(.


7 !nimal development compares to plant development in that

! plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate during morphogenesis." animal cells, but not plant cells, migrate during morphogenesis.

C plant cells and animal cells migrate e4tensively during morphogenesis.

# neither plant cells nor animal cells migrate during morphogenesis.$ plant cells, but not animal cells, undergo convergent e4tension.

!ns%er& "

Topic& Concept '(.)*ill& !pplication+!nalysis

71 Cadherins and other cell-adhesion molecules that guide cell migration are! steroid hormones.

" glycoproteins.

C fatty acids.# prostacyclins.

$ ribonucleic acids.

!ns%er& "Topic& Concept '(.


7 To meet a zygote;s metabolic and developmental re8uirements,! maternal D<! and maternal proteins must be present.

" paternal D<! and maternal proteins must be present.

C the haploid #<! in the nucleus must be transcribed.# the nucleus must have hundreds of copies of every gene, allo%ing a high rate of gene e4pression.

$ the zygote must continuously undergo endocytosis of proteins to ta*e them from its environment.

!ns%er& !Topic& Concept '(.


7 )elect the choice that correctly associates the organ %ith its embryonic sources.

! anterior pituitary gland

mesoderm and endoderm" thyroid glandmesoderm and ectoderm

C adrenal glandectoderm and mesoderm

# s*inendoderm and mesoderm

$ brainmesoderm and endoderm

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.


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7' The first cavity formed during sea urchin development is the

! blastopore." mouth.

C blastocoel.

# anus.!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.


73 6uman trophoblasts

! form the inner cell mass." form from ectoderm.

C are the precursors of the mesoderm.

# are of embryonic origin and function in embryo nutrition.$ are of maternal origin and function in embryo gas e4change.

!ns%er& #


77 The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the! notochord." neural tube.

C mesoderm.

# archenteron.$ set of bilateral somites.

!ns%er& "


7( !nimal cells that are present only for a brief developmental phase %ill, follo%ing completion of that

phase, undergo! diapause.

" apoptosis

C meiosis.# o4idative phosphorylation.

$ re-differentiation.



7: The term applied to a morphogenetic process %hereby cells e4tend themselves, ma*ing the mass of

the cells narro%er and longer, is! convergent e4tension.

" induction.C elongational streaming.

# bi-a4ial elongation.

$ blastomere formation.!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.





79 #uring gastrulation in frog embryos, fibronectin

! provides an e4tracellular anchorage for migrating cells." regulates actin-myosin interactions in the cytosol of migrating cells.

C reduces the entry of calcium ions into migrating cells.

# regulates mD<! movement out of the nucleus of a moving cell.$ provides the pigment that accumulates in the primitive strea*.

!ns%er& !

Topic& Concept '(.


( Bhich of the follo%ing is the anatomical a4is that is largely symmetrical in both frogs and humans=

! medial to lateral" dorsal to ventral

C anterior to posterior

# animal to vegetal$ rostral to caudal

!ns%er& !


(1 If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane fails to divide the gray

crescent, then! the daughter cell %ith the entire gray crescent %ill die.

" both daughter cells %ill develop normally because amphibians are totipotent at this stage.

C only the daughter cell %ith the gray crescent %ill develop normally.# both daughter cells %ill develop abnormally.

$ both daughter cells %ill die immediately.

!ns%er& CTopic& Concept '(.


( In humans, identical t%ins are possible because

! of the heterogeneous distribution of cytoplasmic determinants in unfertilized eggs.

" of interactions bet%een e4traembryonic cells and the zygote nucleus.

C of convergent e4tension.# early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.

$ the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral a4is into ne% cells.

!ns%er& #Topic& Concept '(.





( 6ans )pemann and colleagues developed the concept of the primary organizer in amphibian

embryos %hile studying the! medial cells bet%een the optic cups.

" anterior terminus of the notochord.

C lateral margins of the neural tube.# posterior edge of the dorsal ectoderm.

$ dorsal lip of the blastopore.

!ns%er& $


(' In frogs, formation of the eye lens is induced by chemical signals from! cells that %ill become the neural plate.

" cells that are forming the inner ear.

C an outgro%th of the developing brain.# both cells that %ill become the neural plate and cells that are forming the inner ear.

$ both cells that %ill become the neural plate and an outgro%th of the developing brain.



(3 Bhich of the follo%ing is an adult organism that has fe%er than 1, cells=! chic*ens, Gallus domesticus

" !frican cla%ed frogs, Xenopus laevis

C humans, Homo sapiens# fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster

$ nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans



(7 The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of C. elegans uni8uely contain

! proteins of maternal origin.

" high concentrations of potassium ions.

C haploid proteins.# T tubules for the propagation of action potentials.

$ 2 granules of mD<! and protein.



(( T%o primary factors in shaping the polarity of the body a4es in chic* embryos are! light and temperature.

" salt gradients and membrane potentials.C gravity and p6.

# moisture and mucus.

$ location of sperm penetration and cortical reaction.!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.


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(: The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in -# space defines! pattern formation.

" induction.

C differentiation.# determination.

$ organogenesis.

!ns%er& !


(9 If the apical ectodermal ridge is surgically removed from an embryo, it %ill lose! positional information for limb-bud pattern formation.

" guidance signals needed for correct gastrulation.

C une8ual cyto*inesis of blastomeres.# the developmental substrate for the gonads.

$ the developmental substrate for the *idneys.

!ns%er& !Topic& Concept '(.


: The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans! is composed of a single cell, in %hich the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped.

" is composed of about 1, cells, in %hich the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped.

C has only a single chromosome, %hich has been fully se8uenced.# has about 1, genes, each of %hich has been fully se8uenced.

$ uni8uely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development.



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!rt Questions

se the follo%ing information to ans%er the ne4t fe% 8uestions.

In a study of the development of frog embryos, researchers stained several early gastrulas %ith vital dyesand noted the locations of the dyes after gastrulation. The results are sho%n in the follo%ing table.

Tissue Stain

"rain red <otochord yello%

Eiver green

Eens of the eye blue

Eining of the digestive tract purple

:1 The ectoderm should give rise to tissues containing

! yello% and purple colors.

" purple and green colors.

C green and red colors.# red and blue colors.

$ red and yello% colors.!ns%er& #Topic& Concept '(.1


: The mesoderm %as probably stained %ith a

! blue color.

" yello% color.C red color.

# purple color.

$ green color.



: The endoderm %as probably stained %ith

! red and yello% colors.

" yello% and green colors.C green and purple colors.

# blue and yello% colors.

$ purple and red colors.

!ns%er& C





)cenario Questions

:' Bhen you slice up a pie that contains a s%irled mi4ture of chocolate and vanilla filling, you notice

that some slices have more chocolate than vanilla and that other slices have more vanilla than chocolate.

This uneven distribution of chocolate and vanilla is most li*e the uneven distribution of ! nuclei in a zygote.

" nuclei in an early embryo.

C nuclei in an egg prior to fertilization.

# cytoplasmic determinants in a ne%ly formed zygote.$ cytoplasmic determinants in a baby 5ust prior to birth.

!ns%er& #


:3 !ssume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, %herein all individuals arefemales, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the

resulting embryos sho% no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear

to be used only for ! morphogenesis.

" epigenesis.C egg activation.

# cell differentiation.$ the creation of a diploid cell.

!ns%er& C

Topic& Concept '(.1)*ill& )ynthesis+$valuation

$nd-of-Chapter Questions

The follo%ing 8uestions are from the end-of-chapter FTest Gour nderstandingH section in Chapter '( of

the te4tboo*.

:7 The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in

! the formation of a fertilization envelope.

" the production of a fast bloc* to polyspermy.C the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm.

# the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg.

$ the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.!ns%er& !

Topic& $nd-of-Chapter Questions





:( Bhich of the follo%ing is common to the development of both birds and mammals=

! holoblastic cleavage" epiblast and hypoblast

C trophoblast

# yol* plug$ gray crescent

!ns%er& "



:: The archenteron develops into! the mesoderm.

" the blastocoel.

C the endoderm.# the placenta.

$ the lumen of the digestive tract.

!ns%er& $Topic& $nd-of-Chapter Questions


:9 Bhat structural adaptation in chic*ens allo%s them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather thanin %ater=

! e4traembryonic membranes

" yol* C cleavage

# gastrulation

$ development of the brain from ectoderm!ns%er& !



9 In an egg cell treated %ith $#T!, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions,

! the acrosomal reaction %ould be bloc*ed.

" the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei %ould be bloc*ed.C the fast bloc* to polyspermy %ould not occur.

# the fertilization envelope %ould not form.

$ the zygote %ould not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes.!ns%er& #



91 In humans, identical t%ins are possible because! cytoplasmic determinants are distributed unevenly in unfertilized eggs.

" e4traembryonic cells interact %ith the zygote nucleus.C convergent e4tension occurs.

# early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.

$ the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral a4is into ne% cells.!ns%er& #






9 Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo

develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells %ere! totipotent.

" determined.

C differentiated.# mesenchymal.

$ apoptotic.

!ns%er& "

Topic& $nd-of-Chapter Questions)*ill& !pplication+!nalysis

265433780 Campbell Test Bank Chapter 47

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