26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.

8/9/2019 26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.

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_drxwac Rg|kwrlg| Lg`xgrd` \kldac Ykrf

\kldacRg|garlm

Rg~krx| Earlm 2>1>

_kcweg 4

G}~grx ^rkjglx|# 2>1>


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\KLDAC RG\GARLM RG^KRX\

_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

2


D\\@: 2>??%?=?1 -~rd`x$# D\\@: 2>?9%7481 -gcglxrk`dl$

2?+11 AXXALF\: CKKFD@I D@XK XMG CGIAC QWG\XDK@\

\arkj Fwear Raxm

\kldac Rg|garlm Rg~krx|# 2>1># vkc. 4# ~~.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

~aig lmarig|mggx. Xmg OBD odcgh okwr Lmarig|mggx| d`

xmg |aeg la|g d` a W\ lkwrx. Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdvg eglma`d|e ahk~xgh bt xmg W\ a`h D`hda

okr 2?+11 axxalf| la|g d`|~drg hdoogrg`x hgirgg ko lkòdhg`lg. A| okr xmg xgrrkrd|x lrdeg#

ewlm d| |adh okr dx| ~rgvg`xdk`# a`h gvg` xmg Aoima` Yar aiad`|x Xacdba` d| |adh xk bg

owxwrg |glwrdxt ko xmg W\ a`h xmg ykrch. Bwx ~w`d|meg`x ydxmkwx oadc d| vgrt ewlm

de~krxa`x okr ~rgvg`xdk`. Xmg cgiac xrdac ko xmg Ewebad la|g d| hdoogrg`x a| cgiac

|xrwlxwrg ko lkw`x| ko d`hdlxeg`x ko |wlm a lrdeg ymdlm arg xmkwimx xk bg a~~cdgh d`

krhdàrt lrdeg ymdlm kllwr d` krhdàrt cdog# hkg| `kx a~~rk~rdaxgct rgocglx alxwac |kldac

rgacdxt ko xmg lrdeg# ko dx)| iravdxt# ko dx)| |xrwlxwrac ymkcg# ko galm lrdedàc)| rkcg. Mky

1 ^mH \arkj# Fwear Raxm d| Rg|garlm A||kldaxg# Mk|gd W`dvgr|dxt# Xkftk# Ja~a`. Ahhrg||d` Ja~a`: Hr. \arkj Fwear Raxm # L+k % ^rko. Lmdfafk XATA# ^k|x Lkhg: 1??%>>>8# Fkg`jd%edàed# \widàed%fw# Xkftk# Ja~a`. Ahhrg|| d` D`hda: Hr. \arkj FwearRaxm# 8>?9# D`hda#Geadc: |arkj1|arkjNieadc.lke.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

8

oar D`hda| a`h W\ d`vg|xdiaxdk` d` xmg Ewebad axxalf| la|g g|xabcd|mg| xmg hg|di`#

~ca` a`h ~wr~k|g ko xmg lrdeg; D| xmg ~k|x lrdeg cgiac ~rklghwrg ko D`hda a`h xmg W\ d|

hgxgrrg`lg okr xgrrkr axxalf kr kxmgryd|g; Xmg arxdlcg g}aed`g| xmg|g qwg|xdk`| bkxm

xmgkrgxdlacct a`h ge~drdlacct# ydxm |~gldodl aàct|d| ko xmg lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg

Ewebad ~kcdlg a`h OBD. Xmgkrgxdlacct D dhg`xdot vardkw| a|~glx| cgiac dòra|xrwlxwrg#

okrg`|dl haxa# gcglxrk`dl d`xgrlg~xdk`# d`xgccdig`lg d`~wx a`h lk`vg`xdkàc egxmkh ko

d`vg|xdiaxdk` a`h mt~kxmg|dzgh xmax xmgrg arg hdoogrg`x cgvgc ko lk`vdlxdk` okr xmg

|aeg lrdeg d` bkxm xmg|g lkw`xrdg|.

Fgtykrh|

Ickbac xgrrkrd|e# D`xgràc |glwrdxt# 2?+11 Ewebad axxalf|# Lmarig|mggx# D`vg|xdiaxdk`d` W\ a`h D`hda# Cay.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

7

Xabcg ko Lk`xg`x|

D`xrkhwlxdk`...............................................................................................................?

Xmg Hdoogrg`x A~~rkalmg| ko D`vg|xdiaxdk` ...............................................................9

D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko Ewebad ^kcdlg: A ^ggf d`xk xmg Eaxxgr.........................................1>

Xmg Lmarig|mggx ko Ewebad ^kcdlg.........................................................................1

Odà`ldì xmg Xgrrkr: Xamayywr Mw||gd` Raà ......................................................2


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

?

2?+11 AXXALF\: CKKFD@I D@XK XMG CGIACQWG\XDK@\

\arkj Fwear Raxm# ^m.H

D`xrkhwlxdk`

Xgrrkrd|e d| `ky k`g ko xmg ykr|x fd`h| ko ickbac ~rkbcge. Acc ~arx| ko xmg ykrch

bg dx @gy Tkrf kr @gy Hgcmd# Ck`hk` kr Camkrg# Eahrdh kr Ewebad# Bacd# Baimhah

kr Bg|ca` acc ~arx| ko xmg ykrch d| aooglxgh bt xmg egàlg ko xgrrkrd|e. Xmg alx| ko

xgrrkrd|e arg xafdì ~rgldkw| mwea` cdvg|# haeaidì ~rk~grxdg| a`h arrg|xdì glk`kedl

hgvgck~eg`x| alrk|| xmg ykrch. Ymg` 4+11 axxalf| ma~~g`gh ~gk~cg orke ekrg xma`

=8 àxdk`| ~grd|mgh d` xmg hgbrd| ko xmg axxalf|. \dedcarct ymg` 2?+11 Ewebad axxalf|

ma~~g`gh# ~gk~cg orke 18 lkw`xrdg| ~grd|mgh d` xmg hdabkcdl axxalf|. K` bkxm xmg

klla|dk`| xmg xgrrkrd|x| laeg orke bgtk`h xmg bkrhgr| a`h dòcdlxgh glk`kedl haeaig

a`h ck|| ko cdvg| xk a irgax `webgr ko lkw`xrdg|. Xgrrkrd|e `k ekrg rgead`gh a cklac

aooadr a`h `k lkw`xrt eat lcade deew`dxt orke xmg a||awcx ko d`xgràxdkàc xgrrkrd|e.

Xmg hgva|xaxdì axxalf| ko xmg \g~xgebgr 11 lk|x a` g|xdeaxgh ( bdccdk` hdrglx ck|| xk

xmg W\ glk`ket. ?> xmkw|a`h| ge~cktgg ko adrcd`g| |glxkr ack`g d` xmg W\ rghwlgh

w`ge~cktgh# ymdlm rd|g xk xmrgg cafg| d` xmg |wb|gqwg`x ~grdkh. G}lg~x xmg Hgog`|g

d`hw|xrt# acc xmg kxmgr d`hw|xrdg| arkw`h ykrch ydx`g||gh a laxalct|edl googlx ko xmg

\g~xgebgr 11 axxalf|. Xmg W\ glk`ket d| `kx k`ct xmg carig|x bwx ac|k dx d| xmg gìd`g


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

9

ko irkyxm okr xmg rg|x ko xmg ykrch glk`ket2. \dedcarct xmg 2?+11 axxalf| mah googlxgh

a mwig ck|| xk D`hda a| ygcc a| xk xmg ickbac glk`ket. Xmg eai`dxwhg ko |gxbalf# bkxm

d` xgre| ko xmg ek`gxart ck|| a`h lrghdbdcdxt d` xmg okrgdi` d`vg|xkr| lkeew`dxt# ya|

mwig aoxgr xmg axxalf|. Xmg D`hda` glk`ket |woogrgh a` g|xdeaxgh (=>.= edccdk` ck|| d`

xmg deeghdaxg aoxgreaxm ko 2?+11 axxalf|. A`h xmg xrgekr| orke xmg axxalf |dhg

xravgcgh alrk|| xmg ocax ykrch


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

=

a`h ~rgvg`xgh irgaxgr mare k` 2?+11 a`h 4+11.8 W`cdfg xmg W`dxgh \xaxg|# D`hda hdh

`kx lrgaxg xmg gqwdvacg`x ko a Mkegca`h \glwrdxt Hg~arxeg`x. Ymdcg a mdim%~rkodcg

bd~arxd|a` Aegrdla` lkeed||dk` ~wbcd|mgh a bg|x%|gccdì rg~krx k` xmg oadcwrg| xmax cgh

xk xmg 2>>1 axxalf|# D`hda` cayeafgr| mavg fg~x |glrgx a |dedcar rg~krx -Rg~krx ko xmg

Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11$ abkwx xmg Ewebad axxalf|. Acek|x acc xmg

~kcdxdlac koodldac| ymk rg|di`gh a| a rg|wcx ko xmg axxalf| gdxmgr arg balf d` xmgdr kch jkb|

kr mavg bgg` ~rkekxgh. @k |g`dkr egebgr| ko xmg ~kcdlg okrlg ygrg odrgh kr

rg~rdea`hgh.7

D` k`g ko xmg rglkeeg`haxdk`| xk xmg W\ ikvgrèg`x# xmg 4+11 lkeed||dk`

rglkeeg`hgh xmax xmg W\ ikvgrèg`x ew|x dhg`xdot a`h ~rdkrdxdzg alxwac a`h

~kxg`xdac xgrrkrd|x |a`lxwardg|. Okr galm dx |mkwch mavg a rgacd|xdl |xraxgit xk fgg~

~k||dbcg xgrrkrd|x d`|glwrg a`h k` xmg rw`# w|dì acc gcgeg`x| ko àxdkàc ~kygr. Yg

|mkwch rgalm kwx# cd|xg` xk# a`h ykrf ydxmkwx kxmgr lkw`xrdg| xmax la` mgc~.

?

Xmg W\ikvgrèg`x de~cgeg`xgh xmd| rglkeeg`haxdk` ackì ydxm kxmgr| d` cgxxgr a`h |~drdx xk

fgg~ xmg lkw`xrt kwx ko xmg rgalm ko xgrrkrd|x|. A `webgr ko ~ckx| lk`hwlxgh bt

d`hdvdhwac| mavg bgg` ~rgvg`xgh a| a rg|wcx ko xmg d`lrga|g d` googlxdvg lkw`xgrxgrrkrd|e

d`vg|xdiaxdk`| bt xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| d` lkk~graxdk` ydxm ordg`hct a`h accdgh

ikvgrèg`x|.9 A |dedcar lkeed||dk` d` D`hda d` dx| rg~krx xgcc| mky lacckw| d| D`hda`

~kcdlg a`h mky xmgt `gvgr cgar` a`t cg||k` orke xmgdr hgva|xaxdì ed|xafg|. Xmg

8 Mdccart lke~arg| Ewebad axxalf| ydxm 4+11 laràig# Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# Jwct 1=#2>>4.

7 ^kcirgg`# C.# / Bajaj# _.# D`hda| Iwarh D| W~# bwx Ygaf`g||g| Rgead`# Xmg @gy TkrfXdeg|# @kvgebgr 27# 2>>4.

? Xmg 4+11 Lkeed||dk` Rg~krx# 2>>8# Y.Y. @krxk` / Lk. ^wbcdlaxdk`# ~~. =7# @kvgebgr 1>9.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

4

lkeedxxgg |adh# xmg Eamara|mxra ~kcdlg mah `kx g}~grdg`lgh a hdrglx lkeea`hk

axxalf |wlm a| xmg cdfg ko 2>>1 ârcdaeg`x axxalf kr 2>>2 Af|marhmae xge~cg axxalf.

G}lg~x xmg 144< |grdac bkeb axxalf| xmrkwim mdhhg` xdegh g}~ck|dvg hgvdlg|# ymgrg d`

are|# aeew`dxdk`| a`h g}~ck|dvg| mah lkeg xmrkwim |ga rkwxg# acc kxmgr xgrrkrd|x

axxalf| d` Ewebad ldxt ygrg bt w|g ko DGH| -De~rkvd|gh G}~ck|dvg Hgvdlg|$. Xmd| mah

~grma~| cgh xk a ~kcdlg ed`h|gx ko xmd`fdì k`ct ko |xgacxm bkeb axxalf|.=

@kx k`ct xmd|# D`hda d| lkeedxxdì k`g aoxgr a`kxmgr lke~rked|g| ydxm mgr àxdkàc

|glwrdxt ymdlm d` xwr` d| g`lkwraidì xmg xgrrkrd|x| xk xafg k`g aoxgr a`kxmgr hgvdkw|

axxalf ~ca`. D` @kvgebgr 14=4# ymg` Rwbadta \atggh# hawimxgr ko W`dk` Mkeg

Ed`d|xgr Ewoxd Ekmaeegh \atggh ya| fdhà~~gh d` \rdàiar# ikvgrèg`x ko D`hda

|wllwebgh xk barxgr odvg JFCO edcdxa`x|. D` Hglgebgr 1444# g}xgràc aooadr| ed`d|xgr

Ja|ya`x \dìm ~gr|kàcct hgcdvgrgh xmrgg xgrrkrd|x| d` Aoima`d|xa`# d` g}lmaìg ko xmg

mdjalfgh D`hda` Adrcd`g| DL%=18. Xmg xgrrkrd|x| orggh d` Aoima`d|xa` d`lcwhgh EawcaàEa|kkh Azmar ymk yg`x balf a`h |gx w~ Jad|m%g%Ekmaeegh# a xgrrkr kria`dzaxdk`

xarigxdì D`hda. Aozac Iwrw# xmg lk%lk`|~draxkr ko ârcdaeg`x axxalf ko 2>>1# ya|

lk`vdlxgh a`h |g`xg`lgh xk hgaxm d` 2>>8 bwx mg d| |xdcc caìwd|mdì d` jadc a`h md|

egrlt ~gxdxdk` bgokrg xmg ^rg|dhg`x ko D`hda d| d` |w|~g`hgh a`deaxdk`.4

Xmg Koodlg ko D`xgccdig`lg a`h Aàct|d| ko xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla mah

aàctzgh xmg @kvgebgr 2?%2=# 2>>= Ewebad xgrrkr axxalf| a`h xkch xk xmg \gàxgLkeedxxgg k` xmg Mkegca`h \glwrdxt xmax Ewebad hray lke~ard|k` ydxm @gy Tkrf

bgdì xmg hg`|gct ~k~wcaxgh odà`ldac la~dxac# ewcxd%lwcxwrac egxrk~kcd| a`h a mwb ko

eghda a`h g`xgrxadèg`x d`hw|xrdg|. D` xmgdr aàct|d| xmg Koodlg ko D`xgccdig`lg a`h

=

Eamara|mxra Ikvgrèg`x# Rg~krx ko xmg Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11#Hglgebgr # 2>>=# ~%=.4 ^kkrdg# A.# ^cghig xk Yd` Xmd| Yar# D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

1>

Aàct|d| xkch xk xmg Lkeedxxgg xmax a ldvdc ~kcdlg cdfg Ewebad ^kcdlg ykwch `kx mavg

bgg` abcg xk oalg a ~rkog||dkàc a`h ygcc xrad`gh irkw~ ko mgavdct aregh lkeea`hk

xgrrkrd|x| w`cg|| xmgt mah a` gqwacct ~rkog||dkàc a`h ygcc xrad`gh |gx ko lkeea`hk|

ymk |mkwch mavg |w~grdkr yga~k`rt.1> @gy Tkrf ^kcdlg Lkeed||dk`gr Ratek`h

Fgcct hg~k|gh bgokrg xmg Lkeedxxgg a`h |adh# Xmg axxalfgr| hd|~catgh a |k~md|xdlaxgh

cgvgc ko xrad`dì# lkkrhdàxdk`# a`h |xaedà. Xmgt odrgh d` lk`xrkccgh# hd|ld~cd`gh

bwr|x|. Mg ac|k |adh# Okr g}ae~cg# xmgt w|gh ma`h |diàc| xk lkeew`dlaxg alrk||

ckwh a`h lrkyhgh |~alg|.11 Xmg|g arg xmg xg|xdek`t ko xmg d`xg`|dxt a`h ~rgld|dk` ko

xmg axxalf| Ewebad oalgh k` @kvgebgr 2?# 2>>=. Xmg Ewebad axxalfgr| g`xgrgh xmg

ldxt vda |ga rkwxg a| dx ya| xmg bg|x yat xk avkdh hgxglxdk`. \ga dòdcxraxdk` ~gredxxgh

xmg axxalfgr| xk lkeg a|mkrg ydxm a |wb|xa`xdac lalmg ko yga~k`| xmax edimx mavg bgg`

hgxglxgh hwrdì a ca`h g`xrt d`xk xmg ldxt.

D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko Ewebad ^kcdlg: A ^ggf d`xk xmg Eaxxgr

Xmg` Mkeg Ed`d|xgr ko D`hda Er. \mdvraj âxdc ya| hdvg|xgh orke md| jkb d` xmg

deeghdaxg aoxgreaxm ko xmg axxalf| a`h `gy d`lwebg`x xk xmg ~k|x Er. ^.

Lmdhaebarae eahg a |xaxgeg`x d` xmg Ckf \abma a`h dòkregh xmax la|g| mavg bgg`

rgid|xgrgh a`h xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk`| mavg bgg` g`xrw|xgh xk xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm ko xmg

Ewebad ^kcdlg. Xmg awxmkrdxdg| ko xmg Eamara|mxra ^kcdlg a`h xmg Lg`xrac aig`ldg|

mavg g}xg`hgh xmgdr owcc |w~~krx xk xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg d` xmg lk`hwlx ko xmg

1> Accg`# L.# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \gàxg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt a`hIkvgrèg`xac Aooadr|# "Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|"# Hdrf|g`# \gàxgKoodlg Bwdchdì# Ya|mdìxk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.

11

Fgcct# R.# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \gàxg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt /Ikvgrèg`xac Aooadr|# Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|# Hdrf|g`# \gàxgKoodlg Bwdchdì# Ya|mdìxk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

11

d`vg|xdiaxdk`|.12 Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk` xk xmg Ewebad axxalf| |xarxgh ydxmd` mkwr| ko xmg

axxalf.

K`g ko xmg 1> Ewebad axxalfgr|# Ekmaeegh Ajeac Ekmaeegh Aedr Fa|ab ya|

la~xwrgh acdvg k` xmg `dimx ko @kvgebgr 2?# 2>>= bt xmg HB Eari ^kcdlg ko Ewebad

a`h ma`hgh kvgr xk xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm k` @kvgebgr 29# 2>>=. K` @kvgebgr 2=# 2>>=#

xmg Lrdeg Bra`lm ~rkhwlgh mde bgokrg eaid|xraxg @.@. \mrdeaìacg# ax xmg >=.

Okcckydì xmg axxalf|# xmg |xaxg Ikvgrèg`x a`h Ewebad ^kcdlg mah a||wrgh ko

odcdì xmg lmarig|mggx ydxmd` ?> hat|. Mkygvgr# xmg hgahcd`g lkwch `kx bg egx a|

`glg||art |a`lxdk`| xk odcg a lmarig|mggx w`hgr hdoogrg`x |glxdk`| ko xmg D`hda` ^gàc

Lkhg# xmg Lrdedàc ^rklghwrg Lkhg -Lr^L$# xmg G}~ck|dvg| \wb|xa`lg| Alx# xmg Are|

Alx# xmg Lw|xke| Alx a`h xmg W`cayowc Alxdvdxdg| -^rgvg`xdk`$ Alx -WAÂ$ ygrg

~g`hdì bgokrg hdoogrg`x awxmkrdxdg| ko |xaxg a`h lg`xrac ikvgrèg`x. A |grdg| ko

mgardì| lkeg bgokrg xmg |g||dk` lkwrx k` vardkw| haxg| k`ct xk g}xg`h xmg lw|xkht ko

xmg xgrrkrd|x. K` Hglgebgr 11# 2>>= xmg |glk`h mgardì mgch a`h k` Hglgebgr 28#

2>>= xmg xmdrh. \wb|gqwg`xct okwr |dedcar mgardì| lkeg bgokrg xmg lkwrx k` Ja`wart ?#

Ja`wart 14# Ogbrwart 2 a`h k` Ogbrwart 1>4 bgokrg odcdì xmg vkcwed`kw|lmarig|mggx k` Ogbrwart 27# 2>>4.

Ega`ymdcg# okcckydì a cgxxgr |g`x bt xmg Jkd`x Lkeed||dk`gr ko ^kcdlg -Lrdeg$#

Rafg|m Earda rgqwg|xdì okr xmg |gx w~ ko a |~gldac lkwrx# xmg Rgid|xrar Ig`grac ko xmg

12 Lmdhaebarae# ^.# ârcdaeg`x Hgbaxg# \wk%Ekxw \xaxgeg`x ko xmg Mkeg Ed`d|xgr d`ârcdaeg`x# Hglgebgr 11# 2>>=.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

12

Bkebat Mdim Lkwrx mah d||wgh a `kxdodlaxdk` k` Ogbrwart 11# 2>>4 xk xmg ~rd`ld~ac

jwhig ko xmg |g||dk`| lkwrx# X _ @acavahg# ldxt ^kcdlg Lkeed||dk`gr Ma|a` Iaokkr

a`h Jwhig E C Xamdcda`d# ymk ma| bgg` a~~kd`xgh xk lk`hwlx xmg xrdac d` xmg xgrrkr

axxalf la|g hdrglxdì xmg deeghdaxg |gx w~ ko a |~gldac lkwrx d` xmg Arxmwr Rkah jadc

~rged|g| d` Ewebad.

Xmg |a`lxdk` okr \glxdk` 121 ko xmg D^L rgcaxdì xk yaidì yar aiad`|x xmg àxdk` d|

ira`xgh bt xmg \xaxg Ikvgrèg`x bwx xmg |a`lxdk` xk w|g \glxdk` 1== ko xmg Lr^L#

ymdlm hgac| ydxm a` koog`lg lkeedxxgh bt a okrgdi` àxdkàc d` a okrgdi` lkw`xrt a`h

xmg` a~~ctdì dx xk a rg|wcxdì lrdeg d` D`hda# ya| xk bg rglgdvgh orke xmg Lg`xrac

Ikvgrèg`x. K` Ogbrwart 11# 2>>4 bgokrg xmg 4>%hat hgahcd`g# xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg

rglgdvgh xmg rgqwd|dxg |a`lxdk` xk odcg xmg lmarig|mggx a`h xk lmarig Ajeac Aedr Fa|ab

a| ygcc a| md| allke~cdlg| ydxm yaidì yar aiad`|x xmg àxdk`.

A` w`~rglghg`xgh |lacg ko d`vg|xdiaxdk`| ya| larrdgh okr xmrgg ek`xm| bt xmg

Ewebad ^kcdlg bgokrg odcdì xmg 11#2=> ~aig lmarig|mggx bgokrg egxrk~kcdxa`

eaid|xraxg E. J. Edrza ax xmg Qdca Lkwrx# G|~caàhg# a`h Ewebad. Lmarig| mavg bgg`

odcgh aiad`|x Ajeac Aedr Fa|ab a`h 88 kxmgr âfd|xa`d| d`lcwhdì 2 ydx`g|| |xaxgeg`x|# d`lcwhdì xmk|g ko koodlgr| ko xmg

W.\. Oghgrac Bwrgaw ko D`vg|xdiaxdk`. Dx d`lkr~kraxg| okrg`|dl gvdhg`lg# odìgr~rd`x

rg~krx|# a`h hklweg`xart a`h krac gvdhg`lg lkccglxgh d` D`hda a`h abrkah. Xra`|lrd~x|

ko lkeew`dlaxdk` aekì xmg xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmgdr ma`hcgr|# Lacc ^mk`g} a`h Ickbac

^k|dxdk`dì \t|xge -I^\$ rglkrh|# a`h ~wrlma|g a`h |acg hgxadc| ko xmg Taeama

kwxbkarh ekxkr acc w|gh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x| ac|k lk`|xdxwxg xmg gvdhg`lg.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

1>= xk @kvgebgr # 2>>=. Xmg od`ac lmarig|mggx ya| odcgh bt

lkebd`d`i acc xmg O.D.R| ymdlm ya| ~rkhwlgh bgokrg xmg >=# >4# ~%1.


14/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

18

gcglxrk`dl gqwd~eg`x acc w`hkwbxghct a`h lk`lcw|dvgct ~kd`x xk xrad`d`i bt

~rkog||dk`ac| d` afd|xa`.18

Dx d| owrxmgr |xaxgh xmax


15/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

17

Xmg d`vg|xdiaxdvg aig`ldg| mavg lkeeg`habct ge~cktgh Okrg`|dl \ldg`lg

Cabkraxkrt ko Ewebad okr hgxadcgh g}aedàxdk` a`h rg~krx k` xmg H@A |ae~cg| ko

`d`g hglga|gh xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmg arrg|xgh xgrrkrd|x a`h dx| eaxlmdì ydxm xmax ko xmg

arxdlcg| |gdzgh orke xmg od|mdì xraycgr E._. Fwbgr vdz. Jalfgx|# Ma`hfgrlmdgo# \fwcc

la~# Bca`fgx| a`h D|ragcd la~. Xmg rg~krx ko okrg`|dl g}~grx haxgh Ogbrwart 2# 2>>4

g|xabcd|mgh xmg oalx xmax xmg H@A |ae~cg| ko xmg odvg hglga|gh a`h k`g arrg|xgh

allw|gh ma| eaxlmgh ydxm xmg H@A rgeà`x| k` xmg arxdlcg| |gdzgh k` E._. Fwbgr

ymdlm ya| mdjalfgh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x xk xravgc xk D`hda. Xmd| d| a xgccdì gvdhg`lg ko xmg

d`vkcvgeg`x ko âfd|xa`d ldxdzg` a`h xmgdr krdid` xk ymdlm `k k`g la` hg`t. Okrg`|dl

gvdhg`lg| larrt ekrg vacwg xma` a`t kxmgr gvdhg`lg a| dx d| |ldg`xdodlacct ~rkvgh a`h

xmrkwim xmg ~rk~gr w|g ko dx xmg |kwrlg ko lrdeg la` ga|dct bg g|xabcd|mgh ydxmkwx oadc.

Ymdcg xmg aig kch cgiac ~rklghwrg| ko g|xabcd|mdì a lrdeg xmrkwim krac |xaxgeg`x d|

lrghwckw|# lrdeg g|xabcd|mgh xmrkwim okrg`|dl gvdhg`lg| la``kx bg hg`dgh. Ewebad

d`vg|xdiaxdk` d| carigct rgcdgh k` xmg krac gvdhg`lg| a| xmgrg arg 22>2 ydx`g||g| ygrg

g}aed`gh a`h Fa|ab| lkòg||dkàc |xaxgeg`x d| xafg` a| ik|~gc xrwxm xk gebarra||

âfd|xa`.

Ek|x ko xmg lkeew`dlaxdk` iahigx| w|gh bt xmg xgrrkrd|x| ygrg alqwdrgh orke

vardkw| lke~a`dg| k~graxgh orke kr ba|gh d` xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla. \k xk |kcvg

xmg et|xgrt ko Ewebad axxalf|# xmg Lmdgo D`vg|xdiaxdì Koodlgr rgqwg|xgh xmg Mk`bcg

\g||dk` Lkwrx rgiarhdì d||wa`lg ko Cgxxgr Rkiaxkrt w`hgr xmg Xrgaxt ko Ewxwac

Cgiac A||d|xa`lg xk xmg lk`lgr`gh Jwhdldac Awxmkrdxt d` xmg W.\.A. rgqwd|dxdk`dì

a||d|xa`lg d` d`vg|xdiaxdk`. Xmg W\ Hg~arxeg`x ko Jw|xdlg ~rkvdhgh xmg ~gr|kàc hgxadc|

ko xmg ~gk~cg ymk oaldcdxaxgh xmg lkeew`dlaxdk` bgxygg` xmg hglga|gh allw|gh a`h xmg

ya`xgh allw|gh hwrdì xmg lkwr|g ko xmg koog`lg. Xmgdr àeg| a`h ahhrg||g| ko xmg

~gr|k`| d` ymk|g àeg xmk|g iahigx| alqwdrgh rgvgac xmg oalx xmax xmgt arg orke xmg

âfd|xa`d ldxdg| ko Camkrg a`h Rayac~d`hd. Hwrdì xmg lkwr|g ko lkeew`dlaxdkàekì|x xmg xgrrkrd|x| a`h xmgdr ma`hcgr| d` âfd|xa` ogy àeg| a~~gargh orke xmg


16/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

1?

lrdeg |dhg. Xmg àeg| a~~gargh orke @ardea` Mkw|g arg xmax ko d$ Ya||d# dd$ Zarar#

ddd$ Jw`hac# dv$ Bwzwri a`h v$ Eajkr Ig`grac. \dedcarct orke Mkxgc Kbgrkd xmg àeg ko

d$ Faoa# dd$ Ya||d a`h ddd$ Zarar a~~gargh a`h orke Xaj Mkxgc xmax ko d$ Ya||d

a~~gargh.1?

Ymdcg eafdì xmg odàc lmarig| aiad`|x xmg xmrgg arrg|xgh allw|gh# `d`g hgah

allw|gh a`h >9 a`h @kvgebgr 2>>= ygrg ~arxt xk a lrdedàc lk`|~dralt xk

yaig yar aiad`|x xmg Ikvgrèg`x ko D`hda a`h xk lkeedx xmg koog`lg| ~w`d|mabcg

w`hgr |glxdk`| 2# 9#


17/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

19

Xmg odàc hraox lmarig| oraegh bt xmg lkwrx aiad`|x acc xmg allw|gh d`lcwhg| a

irgaxgr `webgr ko lmarig| ymdlm ya| abkwx >9 a`h @kvgebgr 2>>= g`xgr d`xk a lrdedàc lk`|~dralt

a`h+kr ygrg egebgr| ko xmg |adh lrdedàc lk`|~dralt ymk|g kbjglx ya| xk yaig yar

aiad`|x xmg Ikvgrèg`x ko D`hda a`h xmax tkw acc airggh xk lkeedx xmg okcckydì dccgiac

alx|# xk ydx xk kvgrayg xmg Ikvgrèg`x# |xrdfg xgrrkr# kria`dzg xrad`dì lae~| d`

âfd|xa` okr axxalfdì Ldxdg| ko D`hda# xk axxalf xgrrdxkrdac d`xgirdxt ko D`hda a`h+kr xk

la~xwrg Fa|medr.1=

Xmg lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg Ewebad ^kcdlg hdh `kx |at a`txmdì abkwx xmg

d`vkcvgeg`x ko D`xgr \grvdlg D`xgccdig`lg ko âfd|xa` abkwx ymk|g d`vkcvgeg`x acc

|g`dkr ikvgrèg`x koodldac| a`h ed`d|xgr| ahedxxgh ~wbcdlct. Ac|k xmgrg ya| `k

eg`xdk` ko xmg âfd|xa`d Aret# ymk|g ma`h bgmd`h xmg axxalf ya| ydhgct |w|~glxgha`h xmgrg ya| xacf ko xmg ~rg|g`lg ko |xrkì gvdhg`lg aiad`|x xmg |aeg. A carig ~arx ko

xmg ~rkbg ya| k` xmg lrdeg a`h a |eacc ~krxdk` k`ct hghdlaxgh xk xmg g|xabcd|meg`x ko a

okrgdi` ma`h. Xmg a||d|xa`lg ko OBD d` xmg d`vg|xdiaxdk` ~rkvgh vdxac xk g|xabcd|m xmg

|kwrlg ko vardkw| gcglxrk`dl iahigx| xk âfd|xa` ymdlm ya| w|gh d` xmg lrdeg. Bwx xmg

d`hdlxeg`x `gvgr d`hdlxgh a`t ko xmg âfd|xa`d ikvgrèg`x| g|xabcd|meg`x raxmgr xmg

d`vg|xdiaxdk`| d`hdlxgh Ca|mfar%g%Xadba# a xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk` ymdlm d| acrgaht

kwxcaygh bt âfd|xa`. Xmgrg d| `k xgccdì gvdhg`lg ymdlm xgcc| abkwx xmg d`vkcvgeg`x

ko a`t ikvgrèg`x aig`lt ko âfd|xa`. Xmd| d| ymax idvdì âfd|xa` xmg gcbky rkke xk

lcade xmax xmgrg d| `k gvdhg`lg ko d`vkcvgeg`x ko âfd|xa` d` xmg xgrrkrd|x lrdeg. D` a`

axxge~x xk ~aldot d`xgràxdkàc lkeew`dxt âfd|xa` d| kwxcaydì vardkw| xgrrkrd|x

kria`dzaxdk`| a`h xafdì lk|egxdl alxdk` aiad`|x xmge. ^rkbabct D`hda d| `kx gqwd~~gh

1= Dbdh.


18/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

1=

xk lk`hwlx a` d`xgràxdkàc cgvgc ko d`vg|xdiaxdk` ymgrg d`xgràxdkàc ~catgr| arg

d`vkcvgh. Dx eafg| D`hda vwc`grabcg xk okrgdi` axxalfgr| a`h |xdcc vwc`grabcg xk |g`h a

|diàc xk xmg ~gr~gxraxkr| ko xmg okrgdi` axxalfgr| xmax xmgt la` |xat ayat orke xmg

~grd~mgrt ko xmg D`hda` cay gvg` do xmgdr dhg`xdxdg| arg g|xabcd|mgh bt d`vg|xdiaxdvg

aig`ldg| d` D`hda.

K` Ogbrwart 2># 2>>4# xmg la~xwrgh xgrrkrd|x Fa|ab eahg md| lkòg||dkàc

|xaxgeg`x bgokrg a eaid|xraxg ymdlm d| ahed||dbcg bgokrg xmg lkwrx ko cay a| gvdhg`lg.

D` md| |xaxgeg`x Fa|ab hg|lrdbgh ed`wxg|x hgxadc| ko xmg lrdeg |xkrt abkwx xmg Ewebad

axxalf. Xmg |xkrt àrraxgh bt Fa|ab ma| bgg` ~dlfgh w~ bt xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg xk

g|xabcd|m xmg ekhw| k~gra`hd ko xmg k~graxdk`. Cd`g| arg ~dlfgh w~ orke md|

lkòg||dkàc |xaxgeg`x a`h xmg carigr hg|di` ko âfd|xa` d| g|xabcd|mgh bt xmg Ewebad

~kcdlg ymdlm d| |gg` bt xmg lt`dl| a| a` alx ko kvgr |de~cdodlaxdk`. @k yk`hgr xmg

âfd|xa`d awxmkrdxt d| hglcd`dì xk ky` w~ xmg gvdhg`lg| |atdì xmax xmg|g acc argcdxgraxwrg `kx gvdhg`lg! D` xmg ab|g`lg ko a eglma`d|e xk xralg xmg ma`hcgr| a`h eaxlm

xmg vkdlg |ae~cg rglkrhgh hwrdì xmg lrdeg# xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg arg lkòrk`xdì a `gy

fd`h ko ldrlwe|xa`lg ymgrg àxdkàc cay| arg d`googlxdvg.

D`vg|xdiaxdk` ko OBD

K` Klxkbgr >4# xmg OBD| Jkd`x Xgrrkrd|e Xa|f Okrlg arrg|xgh a ea` àegh

Havdh L. Mgahcgt ax KMarg D`xgràxdkàc Adr~krx bgokrg bkarhdì a ocdimx xk

^mdcahgc~mda# d`xg`hdì xk xravgc xk âfd|xa`. D` xmg |wb|gqwg`x lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg

OBD aiad`|x Mgahcgt ax xmg @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx ko Dccd`kd|# Mgahcgt ya| lmarigh

ydxm ~arxdld~axgh ydxm kxmgr| d` a lk`|~dralt xk lkeedx xgrrkrd|x alx| d`vkcvdì ewrhgr

a`h eadedì kwx|dhg xmg W`dxgh \xaxg|# a`h xmax Mgahcgt a`h kxmgr| lk`|~drgh xk


19/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

14

~rkvdhg eaxgrdac |w~~krx xk xmax lk`|~dralt.14 Xmg lkwrx lmarigh mde ydxm aekì

kxmgr xmdì ko lk`hwlxdì g}xg`|dvg |wrvgdcca`lg okr oaldcdxaxdì axxalf|# ykrfdì ydxm

a` d`hdvdhwac laccgh D`hdvdhwac A2># Dcta| Fa|medrd -a cgahgr ko Marfax%wc Jdmah D|caed$#

a`kxmgr âfd|xa` ba|gh xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk`6 a`h kxmgr|. Xdcc Klxkbgr 11# 2>>4 ymg`

xmg OBD odcgh xmg lmarig|mggx# D`hda ya| wàyarg ko xmd| oalx xmax a âfd|xa`d krdid` W\

ldxdzg` ya| d`vkcvgh d` xmg ~ca``dì a`h g}glwxdk` ko xmg Ewebad axxalf|.

OBD| egxdlwckw|ct ~rg~argh lmarig|mggx ~rkvdhg| wòcd`lmdì hgxadc| abkwx xmg

d`vkcvgeg`x ko Havdh Mgahcgt d` xmg Ewebad axxalf| a`h a` de~g`hdì axxalf k` xmg

oaldcdxdg| ko Ha`d|m `gy|~a~gr Jtcca`h|%^k|xg . @kx k`ct Mgahcgt mah hk`g md|

|wrvgdcca`lg ykrf d` D`hda |wllg||owcct bwx ac|k mg ya| lk`hwlxdì ea`t ekrg |wlm

|wrvgdcca`lg okr ea`t |wlm owxwrg axxalf| ymg` Ewebad ^kcdlg ya| d`vg|xdiaxdì xmg

Ewebad lrdeg. Xmg OBD ~a~gr rgvgac| xmax xmgrg ya| a`kxmgr kìkdì xgrrkr ~ca` ko

ymdlm Mgahcgt ya| ~arx ko xmg lk`|~dralt. Xmg d`vg|xdiaxkr| d`xgrlg~xgh a lkhghlkeew`dlaxdk` ymgrg Mgahcgt lkeew`dlaxgh ydxm D`hdvdhwac A a`hCa|mfarEgebgr

A ymdlm eg`xdk`gh abkwx a ~ca` laccgh xmg Edlfgt Ekw|g ^rkjglx a`h xmg `krxmgr`

~rkjglx. Xmg ~rkjglx ya| ega`x okr axxalf| ax Ekrigàvd|g` Jtcca`h|%^k|gxg # a

Ha`d|m `gy|~a~gr ymdlm d` 2>>7 ~wbcd|mgh larxkk`| hg~dlxdì xmg ^rk~mgx

Ewmaeegh# xk ymdlm ea`t Ew|cde| xkkf irgax koog`|g.

14 La|g @webgr >4 LR = W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~.

D`hdvdhwac A| dhg`xdxt d| f`ky` xk xmg OBD ymdlm dòkregh xmg lkwrx xmax egebgr A d| aCgX egebgr ydxm |wb|xa`xdac dòcwg`lg a`h rg|~k`|dbdcdxt ydxmd` CgX# W`dxgh \xaxg| koAegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# ~%4.


20/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

2>

Ca|mfar| Ewebad Axxalf ^ca`

A| xmg d`xg`|dk` ko Mgahcgt ya| `k |glrgx xk xmg OBD ewlm bgokrg xmg Ewebad

axxalf|# xmg aig`lt ya| fgg~dì a` gtg k` xmg vd|dx| ko Mgahcgt ymk eahg a |grdg| ko

xrd~| xk dhg`xdot ~calg| xk bg axxalfgh d` Hgèarf a`h d` D`hda. Mg xravgcgh xk Ewebad

hwrdì \g~xgebgr 2>>?# Ogbrwart 2>>9# \g~xgebgr 2>>9# A~rdc 2>>=# a`h Jwct 2>>=

okr g}xg`hgh ~grdkh| okr xmg ~wr~k|g ko lk`hwlxdì |wrvgdcca`lg ko ~k||dbcg xarigx| ko

axxalf| btCa|mfar# w|dì md| a||kldaxdk` ydxm Odr|x Ykrch Deediraxdk` a| lkvgr okr md|

xravgc|. Xmg ~ca` d`vkcvgh xyk ~gr|k`| aekì kxmgr| ymk arg Egebgr A a`h

D`hdvdhwac A. Egebgr A w|g xk idvg hgcdbgraxdk`| xk Mgahcgt abkwx xmg ~calg| xk bg

|wrvgtgh galm xdeg bgokrg md| xrd~ xk D`hda. D` rgxwr` aoxgr gvgrt vd|dx xk D`hda# Mgahcgt

xravgcgh xk âfd|xa` xk a~~rad|g Ca|mfar Egebgr A abkwx md| ykrf. Xmg OBD

lmarig|mggx eahg |~gldodl eg`xdk` abkwx xmg ykrf hk`g bt Mgahcgt d` \g~xgebgr

2>>? ymg` mg xafg` xmg ~dlxwrg| ko Xaj Mkxgc a`h kxmgr ~calg| d` Ewebad.

Xmg lmarig|mggx rgvgacgh mky xmg hg|di` ko Ewebad axxalf ya| ~ca``gh a`h mky

ek`gt lmaìgh ma`h| okr rglk`àd||a`lg alxdvdxdg|. Hwrdì 2>>9# Mgahcgt vd|dxgh

âfd|xa` ymgrg mg egx Ca|mfar Egebgr A a`h rglgdvgh (2>>> ykrxm ko D`hda`

lwrrg`lt okr g}~g`|g| d` lk``glxdk` ydxm md| vd|dx xk D`hda.21 Dx ya| hwrdì xmd| vd|dx# xmg

lmarig|mggx |adh# xmax Ca|mfar Egebgr A |mkygh a \xtrkokae eklfw~ ko xmg Xaj

Eamac Mkxgc xk Mgahcgt a`h Mgahcgt dòkreaxdk` abkwx xmg ~calg| ko Ewebad mg

|wrvgtgh. D` Earlm 2>>= a| a ~rglwr|kr xk xmg Ewebad axxalf# Mgahcgt rglgdvgh (1>>>

ykrxm ko D`hda` lwrrg`lt orke Ca|mfar Egebgr A a`h ya| a|fgh bt Ca|mfar

21 La|g @k. >4 lr =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Dcta| Fa|medrd# Abhwr Rgmea`

Ma|mde \tgh# a+f+a Eajkr Abhwr Rgmea`# a+f+a â|ma# Havdh Lkcgea` Mgahcgt# a+f+aHakkh Idca`d# Xamayywr Mw||ad` Raà# W`dxgh \xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlxko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%=.


21/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

21

Egebgr| A a`h B a`h kxmgr| xk xafg bkax xrd~| d` a`h arkw`h xmg Ewebad marbkr a`h

vdhgkxa~g xmg |aeg. W`garxmdì xmg ymkcg ~ca``dì ko Ewebad axxalf# xmg lmarig|mggx

|adh# dx ya| hwrdì xmg A~rdc 2>>=# Ca|mfar Egebgr| A a`h B ~rkvdhgh Mgahcgt a

Ickbac ^k|dxdk`dì \t|xge -hgvdlg$ a`h xawimx mky xk g`xgr cklaxdk`| d`xk xmg I^\

hgvdlg a`h d`|xrwlxgh mde xk w|g dx xk rglkrh xmg cklaxdk`| ko ~k||dbcg ca`hdì |dxg|22. A|

~gr xmg ~ca` Mgahcgt vd|dxgh Ewebad a`h a~~cdgh md| I^\ hgvdlg. Mg g`xgrgh acc xmg

~kxg`xdac xarigx| d`xk xmg I^\ hgvdlg d`lcwhdì xmg ca`hdì ~calg okr xgrrkrd|x| ymk arg

|w~~k|gh xk lkeg xk Ewebad okr xmg axxalf. Aoxgr xmg |wrvgdcca`lg mg xravgcgh xk

âfd|xa` a`h ~rkvdhgh xmg I^\ hgvdlg a`h vdhgk| xkCa|mfarEgebgr A. D` Jw`g 2>>=

Ca|mfarEgebgr A aiad` ~rkvdhgh a` aekw`x ko (1#7>> ykrxm ko D`hda` lwrrg`lt xk

Mgahcgt# ymk aiad` xravgcgh xk Ewebad a`h |wrvgtgh Lmabah Mkw|g aekì kxmgr

~calg|.

Xmg aàct|d| ko xmg gvdhg`lg| lkccglxgh bt xmg OBD rgvgac| xmg oalx xmax xgrrkrd|x|bgckì xk hdoogrg`x ba``gr okr xmgdr ~gr|kàc dhg`xdxt a`h dòcwg`lg bwx xmgt arg

lkeedxxgh xk a lkeek` ~wr~k|g ko yrglfdì xgrrkr d` xmg ed`h ko ~gk~cg. Ymdcg

~dlfdì w~ a xarigx xmg xgrrkrd|x| arg `kreacct dòcwg`lgh bt a |gx ko rga|k`| ymdlm

d`lcwhg| bwx cdedxgh xk ~gr|kàc aiira`hdzgeg`x# a rg~cdlaxdk` ko a 9xm lg`xwrt Arabda#

rgcdidk`| maxrgh# |xaxg ~kcdlt a`h ed|d`xgr~rgxaxdk` ko xmg mkct Qwra`. Xmg gvdhg`lg|

|wiig|x xk xmg oalx xmax xmgrg d| lcgar hdvd|dk` ko cabkwr okr hdoogrg`x ~gr|k`| d`|dhg a

xgrrkr irkw~ kr ko hdoogrg`x xgrrkr irkw~| allkrhdì xk xmgdr la~abdcdxdg|. Ymax d|

aeazdì k` xmg ~arx ko xmg OBD lmarig|mggx d| xmg |~gldodl eg`xdk` ko xmg xrad`dì ko xmg

axxalfgr| ymdlm ya| hk`g hwrdì xmg ek`xm ko Jwct a`h Awiw|x 2>>= bt Ca|mfar

Egebgr B a`h kxmgr| xk a `webgr ko tkwì eg` d` âfd|xa` d` vardkw| |fdcc| a`h

22 Dbdh# ~%=.


22/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

22

xalxdl| xk bg w|gh d` larrtdì kwx xgrrkrd|x axxalf| d` Ewebad# d`lcwhdì lkebax xalxdl|#

rkke g`xrt# mk|xaig rg|lwg# àwxdlac xrad`dì a`h |ydeedì.

Xmg d`vkcvgeg`x ko âfd|xa`d àxdkàc| arg eg`xdk`gh a| xmg lmarig|mggx |adh

hwrdì axxalf| k` Ewebad# xmg axxalfgr| ygrg d` xgcg~mk`dl lk`xalx ydxm Ca|mfar

Egebgr| A# B a`h L# acc ko ymke ygrg xmg` cklaxgh d` âfd|xa`. Ekrg |~gldodlacct#

hwrdì xmg lkwr|g ko xmg axxalf|# xmg axxalfgr| ygrg ahvd|gh xk# aekì kxmgr alxdk`|#

fdcc mk|xaig| a`h xmrky irgàhg|. Ca|mfar Egebgr A ac|k |kwimx xk arraìg xmg

rgcga|g ko a mk|xaig d` g}lmaìg okr xmg rgcga|g ko a la~xwrgh axxalfgr.2>=# Mgahcgt ya| bw|t lk`hwlxdì a`kxmgr

|gx ko |wrvgdcca`lg ko vardkw| xarigx| d` D`hda# d`lcwhdì bwx `kx cdedxgh xk# xmg @axdkàc

Hgog`|g Lkccgig d` Hgcmd a`h Lmabah Mkw|g| d` |gvgrac ldxdg| d` D`hda hwrdì Earlm

2>>4 bargct xmrgg ek`xm aoxgr xmg Ewebad axxalf|. Lmarig| aiad`|x Mgahcgt d`lcwhg|

vdkcaxdk` ko Xdxcg 1=# W`dxgh \xaxg| Lkhg# \glxdk` 2?

mg ykrfgh ax vardkw| xdeg| ydxm Ca|mfar%g%Xadba a`h xmax mg rglgdvgh xrad`dì orke

2< Dbdh# ~%11.


23/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

2>4. Xmg H_H rglkvgrgh orke Raà ya| ~rg~argh bt A| \amab Eghda# xmg

eghda ydì ko ac Qagha ymgrg xyk Ac Qagha k~graxdvg| ~rked`g xct ogaxwrgh. Xmg xyk

k~graxdvg| arg Ac Qagha |~kfg|ea` Abw Tamta ac%Cdbd# ymk rg~krxghct g|la~gh orke

Aegrdla` lw|xkht d` Aoima`d|xa` a`h Ew|xaoa Abw ac%Tadh# xmg xmdrh ra`fdì ac Qagha

egebgr. Xmg 78 ed`wxg| ckì vdhgk ya| ~rdeardct eahg xk d`ldxg rgcdidkw| ~a||dk` a`h

vdkcg`lg aiad`|x Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` a`h Hgèarf. K`lg xmg larxkk`| ygrg ~wbcd|mgh bt

xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` d` 2>>7# vdkcg`x ~rkxg|x| okcckygh alrk|| vardkw| ~arx| ko xmg

Ew|cde ykrch ~rdeardct d` @digrda# Cdbta# âfd|xa` a`h Aoima`d|xa` law|dì a hgaxm

28 La|g @webgr >4 LR =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh

\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~.9.


24/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

28

xkcc ko 1>> ~gr|k`|. D` Dra`# \trda a`h Cgba`k` ~rkxg|xkr| |gx xmg Ha`d|m Geba||dg| k`

odrg a`h Ha`d|m ocai ya| hd|mk`krgh d` kxmgr lkw`xrdg|. A ~ca` xk fdcc xmg larxkk`d|x a`h

md| ghdxkr ya| okdcgh bt xmg Hgèarf ~kcdlg d` Ogbrwart 2>>=. Xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg

rg~wbcd|mgh xmg larxkk` aoxgr xmg oadcgh bdh xk xmg cdog ko xmg larxkk`d|x xk g}~rg||

orgghke ko |~gglm. Aoxgr xmax xmg ac Qagha a~~gargh d` A| \abab Eghda d` A~rdc 2>>=

a`h d` Jw`g 2>>= a |wdldhg bkebdì rklfgh xmg Ha`d|m Geba||t d` D|caeabah fdccdì ?

~gr|k`|. D` Klxkbgr 2>>=# xmg Xacdba` a``kw`lgh xmax Ha`d|m xrkk~| d` Aoima`d|xa`

ykwch bg xmgdr ~rdeart xarigx bglaw|g ko xmg larxkk`|. Dx ya| w`hgr xmd| balfirkw`h ko

ewcxd~cg oadcgh bdh| xk xmg cdog ko xmg larxkk`d|x a`h xmg `gy| aig`lt# Raà bgia`

|w~~krxdì a lk`|~dralt d` âfd|xa` d` caxg 2>>= aiad`|x xmgJtcca`h|%^k|xg .

Ymdcg Raà a`h Mgahcgt bkxm arg ~rkhwlx ko CgX |lmkkc# aoxgr xrad`dì xmgt ygrg

|g~araxgh orke CgX d` xmgdr alxdk` xk rw` xmgdr ky` |cgg~gr lgcc. Ymg` bkxm ko xmge arg

lkeedxxgh xk xmg CgX# xmgt `gvgr |mt ko lkccabkraxdk` ydxm MwJD a`h kxmgr| xk lk`hwlxxgrrkr axxalf|. Raà a`h Mgahcgt lk`hwlxgh |wrvgdcca`lg ko Ewebad okr xmg Ca|mfar

balfgh Ewebad axxalf# a| Ca|mfar d| alxdvg a`h la~abcg d` D`hda# xmg |aeg hwk

lk`hwlxgh |wrvgdcca`lg koJtcca`h|%^k|xg` d` Hgèarf okr MwJD# a| MwJD d| la~abcg ko

a` axxalf d` Gwrk~g. D` md| lkhgh lkeew`dlaxdk` Mgahcgt |adh xmax D hk`x larg xmax do

D ae ykrfdì okr Edlrk|kox kr D ae ykrfdì okr a...a`t...IG kr ^mdcd~|. A largowc

rgvdgy ko xmg lkhgh lkeew`dlaxdk` rgvgac| xmg oalx xmax Mgahcgt d| d`hdlaxdì xmax mg

hkg| `kx larg ymgxmgr mg ykrf| okr Dcta| Fa|medrd| irkw~ MwJD kr Maodz \atggh|

CgX# a| ckì a| mg mgc~| larrt kwx axxalf|.

Xayammwr Raà ya| lmarigh ydxm ~rkvdhdì eaxgrdac |w~~krx a`h rg|kwrlg|# a`h xk

lk`lgac a`h hd|iwd|g xmg àxwrg# cklaxdk`# |kwrlg a`h ky`gr|md~ ko |wlm eaxgrdac

|w~~krx a`h rg|kwrlg|# f`kydì a`h d`xg`hdì xmax xmgt ygrg xk bg w|gh d` ~rg~araxdk`

okr# a`h d` larrtdì kwx# a lk`|~dralt xk lkeedx xgrrkrd|x alx| d`vkcvdì ewrhgr a`h

eadedì kwx|dhg xmg W dxgh \xaxg|. Xmg lmarig|mggx aiad`|x Raà |adh xmax Raà ya|


25/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

27

bkr` d` âfd|xa` a`h d| a Laàhda` ldxdzg` ymk ~rdeardct rg|dhg| d` Lmdlaik# Dccd`kd|

ydxm bw|d`g|| d`xgrg|x d` Lmdlaik# @gy Tkrf a`h Laàha. Mg irahwaxgh orke a

edcdxart |lmkkc cklaxgh d` xmg âfd|xa`d xky` ko Ma|a` Abhac.27

Xmg OBD d`xgrlg~xgh mky Mgahcgt ~grokregh a Ikkicg |garlm okr Dcta| Fa|medrd

ax a~~rk}deaxgct 9.24 ~.e k` \g~xgebgr 1?# 2>>4 a| dx ya| k` xmax hat a ~rg|| rg~krx

a~~gargh k`cd`g d`hdlaxdì xmax Dcta| Fa|medrd mah bgg` fdccgh k` \g~xgebgr 18# 2>>4

d` a hrk`g axxalf. Aoxgr xmd| `gy| xmgdr ~ca` ya| hd|xwrbgh a| xmgdr |w~~ct |xrwlxwrg d|

hgva|xaxgh ydxm xmg hgaxm ko Fa|medrd.

\glwrdxt aig`ldg| d` D`hda arg hglgdvgh ea`t xdeg| bt xmg xgrrkrd|x|. D` caxg 1448# a

~kcdlg radh `gar Hgcmd rg|lwgh |gvgrac okrgdi` mk|xaig| bgdì mgch bt a irkw~ ko

xgrrkrd|x|# |ggfdì xmg rgcga|g ko |keg arrg|xgh edcdxa`x cgahgr| d`lcwhdì Eawcaà

Ea|kkh Azmar. Azmar mah bgg` arrg|xgh d` Ogbrwart xmax tgar. Xmg lkeea`hgr ko xmg

xgrrkrd|x irkw~ Marfax%wc Jdmah%ac%D|caed# Dcta| Fa|medrd a`h md| xrw|xgh cdgwxgà`x

Kear \aggh \mgdfm lkòrk`xgh xmg ~kcdlg a`h d` xmg iw` baxxcg xmax g`|wgh# \mgdfm ya|

d`jwrgh a`h arrg|xgh bwx Fa|medrd g|la~gh. Kear \mgdfm ya| caxgr rgcga|gh d`

g}lmaìg okr ~a||gìgr| abkarh xmg mdjalfgh DL%=18 ax Fa`hamar.2? Xmdì| ykwch

mavg hdoogrg`x mah xmg |glwrdxt aig`ldg| ma`hcgh xmg aooadr ydxm |xggct rg|kcvg.

Xk maxlm a bdi lk`|~dralt a`h xk |mdox Mgahcgt xk âfd|xa` okr odvg tgar| Raà

|xarxgh eafdì arraìgeg`x k` 27 \g~xgebgr 2>>4. Raà lk`xalxgh xmg Lk`|wc

Ig`grac ax xmg âfd|xa`d Lk`|wcaxg d` Lmdlaik d` a` gookrx xk igx a 7%tgar vd|a okr

27 @k. >4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Raà# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%=.

2? Hmacc# ^# Kear \madfm| âf ma`hcgr Dcta| Fa|medrd ac|k Ma`hcgh Mgahcgt# Xmg D`hda`G}~rg||# @kvgebgr 1?# 2>>4.


26/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

2?

Mgahcgt xk xravgc xk âfd|xa`. Xmg OBD mah a|lgrxad`gh xmg oalx xmax xmg Lk`|wc Ig`grac

f`ky| Raà a`h Mgahcgt ~gr|kàcct a| acc xmg xmrgg axxg`hgh xmg |aeg mdim |lmkkc bwx

xmg Lk`|wc Ig`grac f`ky| Mgahcgt bt a hdoogrg`x àeg Hakkh Idca`d. Raà oabrdlaxgh

a |xkrt xmax mg ya`xgh xmg vd|a okr a ymdxg Aegrdla` Mgahcgt ymk d| kwx ko Lmdlaik

k` bw|d`g|| ~wr~k|g mg`lg la``kx lkeg xk eggx mde bwx mg la` |g`h |kegk`g gc|g xk

lkccglx xmg vd|a. Xmg OBD ~rkvgh xmg oalx xmax Raà ya`xgh xk hglgdvg xmg Lk`|wc

Ig`grac d`xk ira`xdì a vd|a okr Mgahcgt.29 Dx ya| xmd| xdeg xmg OBD |w|~glxgh xmax

Mgahcgt eat `kx rgxwr` xk xmg W\ okr a ckì xdeg a`h arrg|xgh mde ax xmg KMarg

D`xgràxdkàc Adr~krx.

Xmg Rgxdrgh âfd|xa`d Eajkr

OBD odcgh a`kxmgr lmarig|mggx aiad`|x a ea` àegh Abhwr Rgmea` d` xmg |aeg

lk`|~dralt la|g. Xmg W\ cay gòkrldì aig`lt egxdlwckw|ct d`vg|xdiaxgh a`h okw`h

xmax aoxgr vd|dxdì Hgèarf d` Ja`wart 2>>4# D`hdvdhwac A xravgcgh xk âfd|xa` xk eggx

ydxm Abhwr Rgmea`. Hwrdì xmd| xrd~# Abhwr Rgmea` xkkf D`hdvdhwac A xk xmg

Oghgracct Ahed`d|xgrgh Xrdbac Arga -OAXA$ rgidk` d` `krxmyg|xgr` âfd|xa` d` krhgr

xk eggx ydxm Fa|medrd a`h |kcdldx xmg ~arxdld~axdk` ko Fa|medrd a`h md| kria`dzaxdk` d`

xmg ~ca``gh axxalf k` xmg Jtcca`h|%^k|xg . D`hdvdhwac A rgxwr`gh xk Lmdlaik d` edh%

Jw`g 2>>4.2= A| D`hdvdhwac A vd|dxgh Lmdlaik# md| dhg`xdxt d| vgrt ewlm f`ky` xk xmg

OBD a`h xmg dhg`xdxt ko D`hdvdhwac A la` bg xralgh xk Havdh Mgahcgt orke xmg

rgvgcaxdk` ko xmg OBD lmarig|mggx ymdlm |at| D`hdvdhwac A ya| arrg|xgh bt OBD aig`x|

29 La|g @k. >4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Raà# W`dxgh\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`# ~%8


27/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

29

k` Klxkbgr >4 a| mg ~rg~argh xk bkarh a ocdimx orke Lmdlaik xk ^mdcahgc~mda.

Hwrdì a |garlm ko xmg cwiiaig ko D`hdvdhwac A# a egekrt |xdlf ya| rglkvgrgh xmax

lk`xad`gh xg` vdhgk| ko Lk~g`maig`# Hgèarf# d`lcwhdì vdhgk oklw|gh k` xmg

Jtcca`h|%^k|xg` bwdchdì a| ygcc a| vdhgk ko a `garbt Ha`d|m edcdxart barralf|# a`h a

ea~ ko Lk~g`maig`.24 Xmg hg|lrd~xdk` odx d`xk xmg arrg|x ko Havdh Mgahcgt.

Xmg ocaycg|| d`vg|xdiaxdk` ko OBD ac|k cgah| xk xmg dhg`xdodlaxdk` ko xmg rgxdrgh

âfd|xa`d edcdxart koodlgr. Dx ya| Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde \tgh# ymk rg|dhg| d` Camkrg

a`h mg d| rgxdrgh Eajkr d` xmg âfd|xa`d edcdxart ymk ya| arrg|xgh bt xmg âfd|xa`d

awxmkrdxdg| d` |weegr 2>>4 a`h rgcga|gh caxgr. Xmg d`hdlxeg`x |at| Abhwr Rgmea` ma|

ac|k w|gh xmg àeg| Eajkr a`h â|ma a`h mg d| a||kldaxgh ydxm xmgCa|mfar%g%Xadba

xgrrkrd|x kria`dzaxdk`. Ymdcg dhg`xdotdì D`hdvdhwac B# xmg OBD lmarig|mggx |at|#

D`hdvdhwac B ya| bkr` d` âfd|xa` a`h d| `ky a Laàhda` ldxdzg` ymk ~rdeardct

rg|dhg| d` Lmdlaik# Dccd`kd|. D`hdvdhwac B# ymk ma| rglgdvgh eghdlac xrad`dì# d| xmgky`gr ko |gvgrac bw|d`g||g|# d`lcwhdì Odr|x Ykrch# ymdlm ma| koodlg| d` Lmdlaik# @gy

Tkrf# a`h Laàha#


28/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

2=

\xaxg| Lkhg# \glxdk` 47? -a$ -1$ -lk`|~dralt xk fdcc# fdhà~# eade kr d`jwrg ~gr|k`| d` a

okrgdi` lkw`xrt$.

Lmarig|mggx| ko Ewebad ^kcdlg a`h OBD: A Lke~ard|k`

Xmg Md%Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11 a~~kd`xgh bt xmg Eamara|mxra

Ikvgrèg`x d` xmg aoxgreaxm ko xmg 2?+11 xgrrkr axxalf|# d` dx| rg~krx lk`lcw|dvgct

~rkvgh xmax xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg |de~ct hdh `kx mah xmg g}~grxd|g# xrad`dì# ea`~kygr

a`h yga~k`rt xk hgac ydxm |wlm a |~gldacdzgh xgrrkr axxalf. Xmg dàbdcdxt ko Ewebad

~kcdlg lk`xd`wgh gvg` aoxgr xmg axxalf ymg` xmg lmarig|mggx ya| odcgh. Xmg vkcwed`kw|

lmarig|mggx ko xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg ~rkvdhdì ~ad`|xafdì hgxadc| abkwx xmg axxalf| a`h

xmg haeaig| law|g| bt xmg axxalf d| a xmkrkwim hklweg`x xk f`ky abkwx xmg axxalfgr|

ymk ygrg fdccgh kr la~xwrgh a`h ymk mah lkeedxxgh xmg lrdeg. Dx eafg| xmg xa|f ko xmg

lkwrx ga|t xk ~gàcdzg xmg arrg|xgh allw|gh. Bwx ymax dx ed||gh d| xmg ahgqwaxg

gvdhg`lg| xmax arg rgqwdrgh xk bkkf xmg lk`|~draxkr| ymk arg rg|dhdì bgtk`h D`hda`

bkrhgr|.

Xmg OBD k` xmg kxmgr ma`h rgcdgh mgavdct k` xmg gvdhg`lg| dx iaxmgrgh xmrkwim

vardkw| ega`| g|~gldacct bt w|dì xglm`kckit a`h okrg`|dl cabkraxkrdg| xk g|xabcd|m xmgxrwxm. Xmg dhg`xdxdg| ko xmg ~gk~cg d`vkcvgh d` xmg lk`|~dralt# a| w`ravgcgh bt xmg OBD#

d| rgahdct ~rkvdhgh a`h xmgdr ymgrg abkwx d| eg`xdk`gh d` xmg lmarig|mggx. Ymk arg

bgmd`h xmg axxalf# mky ewlm ow`hdì ya| ~we~gh d`xk xmg lk`|~dralt# orke ymgrg xmg

ek`gt lkeg a`h ymg` xmg ek`gt d| lmaìgh ma`h| arg ac|k a`|ygrgh d` xmg

lmarig|mggx odcgh bt xmg OBD.

Ewebad ~kcdlg lmarig|mggx |adh xmax xmg xgrrkrd|x axxalf d| a ~rk}t yar bwx dx ya|

oar orke g|xabcd|mdì xmg oalx xmax ymdlm aig`lt ko âfd|xa` yaidì xmg ~rk}t yar. Xmg


29/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

24

lmarig |mggx ~rkvgh xmg oalx xmaxCa|mfar%g%Xadba d| bgmd`h xmg axxalf# ymdlm d| acrgaht

kwxcaygh bt xmg âfd|xa`d ikvgrèg`x. D` a` d`xgrvdgy xk xmg Igrea` Eaiazd`g

\~dgigc| rg~krxgr \w|a``g Fkgcbc# xmg D`xgr%\grvdlg| D`xgccdig`lg Lmdgo ko âfd|xa`#

Cdgwxgà`x%Ig`grac Amegh \mwjaa â|ma ma| ead`xad`gh xmax Xmgt mavg idvg` w|

`kxmdì# `k `webgr|# `k lk``glxdk`|# `k àeg|. Xmd| d| rgirgxxabcg. Xmg lmarig|mggx

ac|k `gvgr eg`xdk`gh a`txmdì abkwx xmg d`vkcvgeg`x ko D\D kr âfd|xa`d edcdxart.

Lke~argh xk xmax xmg OBD lmarig|mggx ~rkvdhgh acc xmg hgxadc| ko xravgc ~ca` ko k`g

âfd|xa`d rgxdrgh Eajkr ymk|g àeg d| Abhwr Rgmea`. Aoxgr ymdlm# xmg rgxdrgh Eajkr

ya| arrg|xgh hwrdì xmg |weegr ko 2>>4 bt âfd|xa`. D\D k` xmg kxmgr ma`h xafg

ahgqwaxg ~rglawxdk`# ymdcg hdrglxdì a xgrrkr axxalf| aiad`|x D`hda# xmax dx| ge~cktgg

ew|x `kx igx lawimx d` xmg alx.

Xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg `gvgr a`|ygrgh lk`vd`ldìct ymt Ewebad ya| axxalfgh#

acxmkwim vardkw| vgr|dk`| ko xmg rga|k` ko axxalf| arg avadcabcg d` xmg eghda. XmgEwebad ~kcdlg lmarig|mggx idvg| acek|x `k g}~caàxdk` abkwx xmg ~wr~k|g ko xmd|

xgrrkrd|x axxalf g}lg~x a brdgo hg|lrd~xdk` k` CgX. Xmg lmarig|mggx eg`xdk`gh >=. Bwx xmgt ygrg `kx d`lcwhgh a| lk`|~draxkr|! Dx d| ydhgct bgcdgvgh

a`h ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg ~k~wcar eghda xmax xmg ~wr~k|g ko xmg axxalf d| xk hd|xralx xmg


30/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

axxg`xdk` ko âfd|xa`d ikvgrèg`x orke xmg Aoima` yar xk xmg lk`vg`xdkàc okg D`hda

g|~gldacct xmg ~rkbcge ko Fa|medr. Dx d| bgcdgvgh xmax xmgrg arg a qwdxg `webgr ko

~gr|k`| d` D\D dx|gco ymk arg hd|airggdì xk odimx ydxm xmg W\ a`h kxmgr @AXK

lkw`xrdg| d` Aoima`d|xa`. Bgokrg odcdì xmg lmarig|mggx |g`dkr koodldac| ko Ewebad

~kcdlg d`lcwhdì xmg ~wbcdl ~rk|glwxkr w|g xk |at xmax xmg g`xdrg d`xgràxdkàc

lkeew`dxt d| okcckydì xmg la|g a`h mg`lg xmg lmarig|mggx ew|x bg ~rg~argh ydxm hwg

hdcdig`lg. Bwx xmgrg d| ab|g`lg ko xmg balfirkw`h dòkreaxdk` ymt xmg axxalf ma~~g`gh

ymdlm d| eafdì dx hdoodlwcx xk xafg xmd| eaxxgr xk d`xgràxdkàc okrwe. Dx ya| k`ct k`

Ogbrwart 27# 2>1># okr xmg odr|x xdeg# D`hda a|fgh okr xyk |grvdì âfd|xa`d Aret

koodlgr|# Eajkr Dqbac a`h Eajkr \aedr Acd xk bg ma`hgh kvgr xk D`hda d` lk``glxdk`

ydxm xmg Ewebad xgrrkr axxalf|. Lk`xrart xk xmd|# xmg OBD lmarig|mggx hgac ydxm galm ko

xmg gvg`x ydxm deealwcaxg eaxwrdxt a`h g|xabcd|mgh xmg ymkcg |xrwlxwrg a`h ekxdvg

bgmd`h xmg axxalf ~ca`# bkxm k` Ewebad a`h k`Jtcca`h|%^k|xg .

Xmg mdim ~kygr lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11 d` dx| rg~krx# kb|grvgh mky rgh xa~g ma| mgch

w~ a`t ~kcdlg ekhgr`dzaxdk` ~ca`| a| ygcc a| ~wrlma|g ko are| / aeew`dxdk` okr xmg

Eamara|mxra ~kcdlg# ymdlm d| a htdì `glg||dxt ko xmg Ewebad ~kcdlg. Xk qwkxg xmg

rg~krx ko xmg lkeedxxgg ymdlm |adh# xmg HI^ ma| |xaxgh xmax xmg ~wrlma|g d`vkcvg| a

cgìxmt ~rklghwrg ko 1< |xaig|. Xmgrg arg kxmgr hdoodlwcxdg| cdfg ab|g`lg ko a~~rkvgh

xg|xdì cabkraxkrdg|# `k`%avadcabdcdxt ko |~gldac gqwd~eg`x| d` xmg earfgx ymdlm mavg xk

bg ea`woalxwrgh kr de~krxgh# hgcat d` igxxdì ab|xralx bdcc ~gred||dk` orke Ikvx.#

gxl.=# ~%98%97.


31/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

>4 rg~krx |adh# dx ya| bglaw|g ko

calf ko lkkrhdàxdk` aekì hdoogrg`x d`xgccdig`lg iaxmgrdì aig`ldg| d`lcwhdì xmk|g ko

edcdxart d`xgccdig`lg rg|wcxdì d` ck|| ko ~rgldkw| cdvg| ko hgog`|g |grvdlg| a`h ~kcdlg

okrlg ~gr|k``gc a| ygcc a| xmk|g ko ldvdcda`|.=%2>>4$# Ed`d|xrt ko Hgog`lg# Ckf \abma \glrgxardax#@gy Hgcmd# Ogbrwart# 2>>4# ~%28.


32/36


_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

>2# xmg W\ lrgaxgh a |dìcg# w`dodgh Hg~arxeg`x ko Mkegca`h \glwrdxt xk

~rkxglx Aegrdla. \wb|gqwg`xct# ek|x ko xmg àxdk`| d`lcwhdì WF# Ora`lg# Igrea`t

a`h Aw|xracda rgvae~gh xmgdr |glwrdxt cay|. D`hda| Ed`d|xrt ko Mkeg Aooadr| ma| xkk

ea`t |glwrdxt aig`ldg| xk hgac ydxm eafdì dx mdimct w`ydgcht a`h d`googlxdvg aiad`|x

xgrrkr |xrdfg|. Xmg deeghdaxg `ggh okr D`hda d| a |xrkì ~kcdlt ydxm `k lcgeg`lt okrxgrrkr# a` d`xgiraxgh |glwrdxt hg~arxeg`x# xkwim xgrrkr cay# oa|x xralf |~gldac lkwrx okr

xgrrkrd|x lrdeg a`h |~gldac egia ldxt ~kcdldì. Lrdxdld|e| ko ~k|x%4+11 gookrx| xk ~rkxglx

xmg W`dxgh \xaxg| orke axxalf a`h xmg lcade xmax Aegrdla d| ekrg vwc`grabcg xma` gvgr

xk xmg xra`|àxdkàc xgrrkrd|x haìgr d| va|xct kvgr%mt~gh. Ymg` xmg W\ ~rgvg`xgh

a`kxmgr 4+11 |d`lg 2>>1 hwg xk dx| gcabkraxg ega|wrg| aiad`|x xgrrkrd|x lrdeg6 ydxm ?8

xgrrkr axxalf| alrk|| D`hda d` 2>>= k`ct# D`hda d| a| vwc`grabcg a| bgokrg bglaw|g ko dx|

cg|| xalxowc ma`hcdì ko xgrrkrd|e k` dx| |kdc.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

>>1#Hd||grxaxdk`# Jayamarcac @gmrw W`dvgr|dxt# @gy Hgcmd# ~~%=?%=9.

@dvghdxa Ewfmgrjgg# Orke Bah xk Baxxgrgh#D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.

Mdccart lke~arg| Ewebad axxalf| ydxm 4+11 laràig# Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# Jwct 1=# 2>>4.

Cthda ^kcirgg` a`h _dfa| Bajaj# D`hda| Iwarh D| W~# bwx Ygaf`g||g| Rgead`# Xmg @gyTkrf Xdeg|# @kvgebgr 27# 2>>4.

Xmg 4+11 Lkeed||dk` Rg~krx.

Jaeg| Jat Laraoa`k# W\ Xmyarx 14 Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf| aiad`|x Aegrdla \d`lg 4+11#Balfirkw`hgr# @k. 2>=7# @kvgebgr 1>9.

Eamara|mxra Ikvgrèg`x# Rg~krx ko xmg Md Cgvgc G`qwdrt Lkeedxxgg k` 2?+11#Hglgebgr # 2>>=.

Arw` ^kkrdg# ^cghig xk Yd` Xmd| Yar#D`hda Xkhat# Hglgebgr 17# 2>>=.Lmarcg| Accg`# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \gàxg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt a`h

Ikvgrèg`xac Aooadr|# " Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|"# Hdrf|g`#\gàxg Koodlg Bwdchdì# Ya|mdìxk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.

Ratek`h Y. Fgcct# Xg|xdek`t bgokrg xmg \gàxg Lkeedxxgg k` Mkegca`h \glwrdxt /Ikvgrèg`xac Aooadr|# Cg||k`| orke xmg Ewebad Xgrrkrd|x Axxalf|# Hdrf|g`#\gàxg Koodlg Bwdchdì# Ya|mdìxk` HL# Ja`wart =# 2>>4.

Lmdhaebarae# ^.# ârcdaeg`x Hgbaxg# \wk%Ekxw \xaxgeg`x ko xmg Mkeg Ed`d|xgr d`ârcdaeg`x# Hglgebgr 11# 2>>=.

Ewebad ^kcdlg# Odàc Rg~krx Ewebad Xgrrkr Axxalf La|g| 2?xm @kvgebgr 2>>=# 4# Lmarig# Eat ?# 2>>4.

La|g @webgr >4 LR = W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla _. Havdh L. Mgahcgt# W`dxgh\xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.

La|g @k. >4 lr =# W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Dcta| Fa|medrd# Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde\tgh# a+f+a Eajkr Abhwr Rgmea`# a+f+a â|ma# Havdh Lkcgea` Mgahcgt# a+f+a


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

4 LR =84# W`dxgh \xaxg| Ko Aegrdla _. Xamayywr Mw||ad` Raà# W`dxgh \xaxg|Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|# Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.

^raàb \aea`x Hmacc# Kear \madfm| âf ma`hcgr Dcta| Fa|medrd ac|k Ma`hcgh Mgahcgt#Xmg D`hda` G}~rg||# @kvgebgr 1?# 2>>4.

W`dxgh \xaxg| ko Aegrdla v. Abhwr Rgmea` Ma|mde \tgh# ac|k f`ky` a| â|ma# Eajkr#a`h Abhwr Ramea`# W`dxgh \xaxg| Hd|xrdlx Lkwrx# @krxmgr` Hd|xrdlx ko Dccd`kd|#

Ga|xgr` Hdvd|dk`.

Xmdrxt \d}xm Rg~krx# \xaxw| ko De~cgeg`xaxdk` ko W`dodgh Lkeea`h okr Aregh Okrlg|\xa`hdì Lkeedxxgg k` Hgog`lg -2>>=%2>>4$# Ed`d|xrt ko Hgog`lg# # Ckf \abma\glrgxardax# @gy Hgcmd# Ogbrwart# 2>>4.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

1>$# @gy Hgcmd.

â~gr ~wbcd|mgh:

Cwrfdì Axxalf| k` D`hda: Ega|wrdì a`h Lkw`xgrdì Xgrrkrd|x|# allg~xgh okr

~wbcdlaxdk` d` xmg Ickbac A|da xk bg ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg \~rdì D||wg -Earlm 2>1>$.

D`hda%Ja~a` ârx`gr aiad`|x Xgrrkrd|e# allg~xgh okr ~wbcdlaxdk` d` Ykrch Aooadr|

Jkwràc# @gy Hgcmd# -Earlm 2>1>$.

Yg|xgr` A~~rkalm xk Xgrrkrd|e# ~wbcd|mgh d` xmg ghdxgh bkkf Xra`|àxdkàc

Xgrrkrd|e: ^gr|~glxdvg| k` Ekxdvg|# Ega|wrg| a`h De~alx| bt Hr. Lmd`xaea`d

Eama~axra# Rgogrg`lg ^rg||# @gy Hgcmd# 2>>9.

^k|x Bw|m%Bcadr: W\ Xdg| \gx xk Lmaìg# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg

Accda`lg"# @k. 1# vkc. }}ddd# Jw`g 18# 2>>9# @gy Hgcmd.


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_kc. 4 + Earlm 2>1>

Xra`|axca`xdl Rgacdzaxdk` ko @gy Xgrrkrd|e# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "Axca`xdl Qwarxgrct

Jkwràc"# Ja`wart%Earlm 2>>?# @gy Hgcmd.

@gy Hky` d` \wha`# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg Accda`lg"# `k. 22>7# @gy Hgcmd.

Aoima`d|xa`: Yk` a`h Aba`hk`gh# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg

Accda`lg"# `k. 7> _kc. }}ddd# Earlm =# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.

\~glxgr Maw`x| A`}dkw| Aoima`d|xa`# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg

Accda`lg"# @k. 1# vkc. }}ddd# Jw`g 18# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.

Xgrrkr D` \rd Ca`fa: ^galg ^rklg|| \woogr a \gxbalf# ^wbcd|mgh d` "D`hda @gy| a`h

Ogaxwrg Accda`lg"# `k. 1?7# vkc. }}ddd# Jwct 2?# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.

Mkì Fkì: D`lmdì Xkyarh| Hgeklralt# ^wbcd|mgh d` xmg "D`hda @gy| a`h Ogaxwrg

Accda`lg "# `k. 22< vkc }}ddd# 8 Klxkbgr# 2>>8# @gy Hgcmd.

D`hda%W@ a`h Rgokre d` \glwrdxt Lkw`ldc# ^wbcd|mgh d` Xmg Axca`xdl Jkwràc ko

Ykrch Aooadr|# _kcweg 2 @webgr 1# Ja`wart%Earlm 2>>?.

26/11 Attacks: Looking into the Legal Questions (Saroj Kumar Rath). Social Research Reports, Volume 9, 2010.

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