2500 LinguisticsBibliography Annotated

Linguistics Bibliography

Jonathan M. Weber

14 December 2005

Contents

Introduction: The Collection 2

1 Encyclopediae and Subject Dictionaries 3

2 Dictionaries, Grammars, and Encyclopediae of English 10

3 Foreign-Language Dictionaries and Grammars 16

4 Indexing, Abstracting, and Citation Sources 19

5 Journals and Other Periodicals 23

6 Directories, Handbooks, and Guides 25

7 Statistical Resources and Atlases 28

8 Web Resources 30

9 Bibliographies and Bibliographic Reviews 37

10 Subject Works 39

Subject Index 44

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Introduction: The Collection

De Vries College1 is a small, private liberal arts college in the Midwest witha population of roughly 2,000 undergraduates and 150 faculty. The collegehas recently received an endowment for a professorship in linguistics, andhas hired a nationally renowned scholar in the field to fill the position. Theprofessor intends to set up an interdisciplinary program offering a “concen-tration” in linguistics. (De Vries’ concentrations are similar in requirementsto a minor, but fall outside or across the traditional disciplinary departmentsof the College.) The endowment includes seed money and a continuing ac-quisitions budget to develop a library collection in this area.

The Linguistics program builds on existing language programs in the ar-eas of Classics (Ancient Greek and Latin), Asian Studies (Japanese and Chi-nese), German, French, and Hispanic Languages (Spanish and Portuguese).These languages and their literatures are taught in the departments, and thelibrary currently has materials to support learning and scholarship in theselanguages.

In addition to the languages in the formal curriculum, there is facultyinterest in languages and linguistics in the following departments and researchareas:

• Religion (Hebrew language)

• History (German and Russian languages)

• French (Italian language)

• Sociology & Anthropology (sociolinguistics, dialect, fieldwork)

• Computer Science and Mathematics (natural language processing, statis-tics of language)

• Philosophy (philosophy of language)

1De Vries College is fictional. It is based in part on Kalamazoo College, and this scenarioin particular is based on the author’s experience in the development of an interdisciplinaryprogram there (although in a different subject field). The example is also based partly onMacalester College, which has a slightly larger student body and has a small linguisticsprogram.

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Part of the focus of the Linguistics program will be to consider these dis-parate interests and build a curriculum that will appeal to students majoringin other departments who are concentrating in Linguistics or interested intaking one or two classes. Additionally, the Linguistics program will include aLanguage Instruction Center which will offer courses in non-major languages(interest has been shown in Hebrew, Russian, and Italian), as well as one ormore courses on teaching English as a second language.

The items in this bibliography constitute the core of the new Linguisticsreference collection.

1 Encyclopediae and Subject Dictionaries

These encyclopediae and subject dictionaries cover linguistics in general, spe-cific areas of linguistics, or languages.

1.1. Asher, R. E., ed. Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Firstedn. (Pergamon Press, 1994). 10vv. 5644pp. index. illus. bibliog.

With more than 2,000 articles, this is by far the largestand most comprehensive encyclopedia of linguistics, intendedfor a wide audience including undergraduate students, al-though the accessibility varies considerably across articles.The articles cover linguistics, individual languages, and in-terdisciplinary and allied areas which sometimes range farafield (‘Bats, acoustic behavior’). Articles are all signed andinclude bibliographies, and a good number have examplesand illustrations. The final volume consists of a numberof useful features, including a glossary, with cross-referencesand indications of the fields of study in which the term isused; a directory of the world’s languages, based on the Eth-nologue—less comprehensive than that work but still useful(see 7.1); a list of major English-language linguistics jour-nals; lists of abbreviations, symbols, and the IPA Alphabet;a list of contributors with their affiliations and the articles au-thored; an index of names; and finally, an expansive subjectindex with cross-references including translations of foreign-language terms.

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1.2. Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (Lon-don: Routledge, 1997). 1v. 654pp. index. bibliog.

This encyclopedia covers an area of applied linguisticsand linguistics research that is not covered in great extentelsewhere. It is divided into two parts. The first is an ency-clopedia on translation studies generally, arranged alphabet-ically with signed articles with bibliographies. The secondpart covers the history and traditions of translation and in-terpretation across many languages and cultures, includingbiographies of important figures in each area. An index tonames and subjects is included.

1.3. Bussmann, Hadumod. Gregory P. Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi, trans.Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (London: Routledge,1996). 1v. 530pp. bibliog.

This work incorporates entries both for linguistic terms aswell as for individual languages, similar to Crystal’s The En-cyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages (see 1.10),but this work is more scholarly and assumes more familiaritywith the subject matter. It also includes highlighted head-words in definitions for cross-referencing, and further includesbibliographies for many entries, some extensive. A transla-tion of an original work in German, a team of editors andtranslators updated the terminology, examples, and bibli-ographies for North American audiences.

1.4. Byram, Michael, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching andLearning (London: Routledge, 2000). 1v. 714pp. index. bibliog.

This encyclopedia covers language teaching in detail, anarea of applied linguistics which is often somewhat neglectedin scholarly treatments of linguistics. It features signed ar-ticles which are accessible to a general audience, but de-tailed enough to be satisfying to serious students and schol-ars. Cross-references are copious and the layout is attractiveand readable. Extensive bibliographies and lists of furtherreading are included, as is an extensive index.

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1.5. Campbell, George L. Compendium of the World’s Languages. Secondedn. (London: Routledge, 2000). 2vv. 1854pp. bibliog.

This dictionary of languages contains entries on over 1,000languages, as well as several articles on language groups andwriting systems. Each entry includes information on the lan-guage and its speakers, writing system, phonology, morphol-ogy and syntax, and most include an example bible versein the language and its script. Although an index is notincluded, the alphabetical arrangement and a handy cross-referenced list of language names in the first volume ade-quately aid location.

1.6. Collins, Christopher, ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.Second edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). 4vv. 2502pp.index. illus. bibliog.

With approximately half the number of entries as the ten-volume work by Asher, this encyclopedia is somewhat lesscomprehensive in scope, but is more up-to-date and morerefined, being in its second edition. While still appropriatefor students and scholars, this work assumes more familiaritywith the vocabulary and subject matter. Articles cover notonly linguistics and related subject fields, but also a numberof entries on languages and language groups. All articles aresigned, longer articles include bibliographies, and there area generous number of illustrations and cross-references. Theintroduction to the set includes uncommonly helpful insightsinto the arrangement and intended use of the work. The finalvolume includes a list of entries separated into topic areas, adirectory of contributors, and an extensive index of personalnames, language names, and subjects.

1.7. Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky, eds. The At-las of Languages: The Origin and Development of Languages Through-out the World (New York: Facts on File, 1996). 1v. 224pp. index.illus. biblio.

Though titled an “atlas”, this work includes not onlymaps, but also gorgeous drawings, photographs, and illus-

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trations of scripts of languages from around the world. Or-ganized geographically, this work is for a general audienceand gives a nice introduction to the history and develop-ment of languages, and complements Findlay’s treatment ofcontemporary languages and cultures (1.14), also for generalaudiences.

1.8. ———, ed. The World’s Major Languages (New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1987). 1v. 1025pp. index. illus. bibliog.

Like other works (1.5, 1.11), this work contains descrip-tive articles on languages. Only fifty “major” languages areincluded in this work, but they are treated in great depth byauthorities, with lengthy descriptive articles and suggestionsfor further reading. Although what constitutes a “major”language is open to interpretation (some languages with rel-atively few speakers are included, even Latin, and coverageis generally heavy on European languages), the choices havebeen carefully considered, and the rich detail of articles iswonderful. Accessible to undergraduates but also valuablefor scholars.

1.9. Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Fourthedn. (Blackwell, 1997). 1v. 426pp.

This mature work is considered a standard dictionary oflinguistic terms. (It does not contain information on individ-ual languages or on allied fields.) It is extensive, incorporat-ing around 4,000 terms, but the definitions are accessible andcomplement the more technical dictionary by Bussmann (see1.3) and Crystal’s other dictionary focusing exclusively onlinguistic terminology (1.9). Headwords used in definitionsare typeset in small caps, providing exhaustive but unobtro-sive cross-references.

1.10. ———. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages(Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). 1v. 428pp. illus.

Incorporating linguistic terms, language and country en-tries, and biographical and organization entries, this dictio-

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nary is intended for a wider, less scholarly audience thanBussmann’s (see 1.3). It is intended to be a “one-stop source”for answers to ready-reference linguistic and language ques-tions. The work includes extensive cross-references, someillustrations, and pronunciations.

1.11. Dalby, Andrew. Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Referenceto More Than 400 Languages (New York: Columbia University Press,1998). 1v. 734pp. index. illus.

This volume is an excellent beginning guide to the world’slanguages and language families. It covers a wide variety oflanguages in a user-friendly layout with articles of one to sev-eral pages, giving descriptions of the language and its speak-ers, illustrated with maps and samples of writing systems.Entries also include examples of passages or poetry in thelanguage and the numerals one to ten. For a more academictreatment of a dictionary of languages, see Campbell (1.5) orComrie (1.7).

1.12. Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright, eds. The World’s Writing Sys-tems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 1v. 920pp. index.illus. bibliog.

This comprehensive source details writing systems. Thework is arranged geographically and includes transcriptionsof writing systems into the Roman alphabet as well as intothe International Phonetic Alphabet and describes how thewriting system represents the languages to which it is ap-plied. It includes a number of illustrations of original scriptsin the writing systems. It also includes writing systems thathave not yet been deciphered or have only been partiallydeciphered and describes the research process for examiningthem. Articles are signed and include extensive bibliogra-phies. An index includes contributors, names, languages,and subjects.

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1.13. Ducrot, Oswald and Tzvetan Todorov. Catherine Porter, trans. Ency-clopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language (Baltimore: The JohnsHopkins University Press, 1979). 1v. 380pp. index. bibliog.

Although it is called a dictionary and provides defini-tions for about 800 terms, the arrangement of this work intothemed sections limits its use as a book of definitions. How-ever, this organization yields excellent overviews of schools,fields, methods, and concepts of linguistics and related dis-ciplines. Extensive, helpful bibliographies are included, andthe translator has commendably substituted English-languagepublications for the French where possible. Because of itsage, it does lack discussion of some current topics.

1.14. Findlay, Michael Shaw. Language and Communication: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Encyclopedias of the Human Experience (SantaBarbara: ABC-CLIO, 1998). 1v. 229pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This short work assumes no previous knowledge and ishighly accessible. It provides an excellent introductory overviewof a number of topics in languages and communication us-ing examples from cultures around the world. The shortarticles read much like a glossary with a few paragraphs ofexplanation, with a few longer articles, though no topics areexplored very deeply. The articles are all written by Findlayand some include short bibliographies. There are numerouscross-references and a surprisingly extensive and useful indexfor a work of this size and level.

1.15. Johnson, Keith and Helen Johnson, eds. Encyclopedic Dictionaryof Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching (Oxford:Blackwell, 1998). 1v. 389pp. index. bibliog.

Other dictionaries (see 1.3, 1.9) do not cover applied lin-guistics (e.g., language teaching, translation, etc.). This dic-tionary fills an important role in defining terms specific tothis field, providing definitions of several paragraphs to sev-eral pages, signed, with bibliographies, many cross-references,and an extensive index.

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1.16. Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Linguistics Encyclopedia (London: Rout-ledge, 1991). 1v. 575pp. index. bibliog.

This work fills a niche between Ducrot (1.13) and themore extensive encyclopediae by Asher (1.1) and Collins (1.6).Larger and more up-to-date than Ducrot, it is arranged al-phabetically and is more comprehensively indexed. Articlesare signed and provide bibliographies. It is less encompass-ing than the large multi-volume encyclopediae, but may bemore accessible for undergraduates for many purposes.

1.17. Stammerjohann, Harro, ed. Lexicon Grammaticorum: Who’s Whoin the History of World Linguistics (Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag,1996). 1v. 1047pp. bibliog.

This most comprehensive work of biographical descrip-tions of linguists and others in the history of linguistics coversonly deceased figures. Articles of one paragraph to severalcolumns are included on over 1,500 figures, arranged alpha-betically. Entries contain a short biography, description ofwork and its importance to the field, and a limited bibliog-raphy, and are signed by the author.

1.18. Woodard, Roger D., ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’sAncient Languages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).1v. 1162pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This encyclopedia of languages covers ancient languagesfrom across the world. It is similar in depth to Comrie (1.18)but Comrie, like other language encyclopediae (1.5, 1.11) cov-ers only modern languages (with a few exceptions, such asLatin). This works treats comprehensively all known lan-guages before the fall of the Roman Empire. Entries aresigned and include bibliographies, and indices are providedfor general subjects, for linguistics and grammar terms, andfor language names.

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2 Dictionaries, Grammars, and Encyclopediaeof English

The following items are dictionaries of English outside the standard desk andunabridged dictionaries of English the library collection already contains,including historical dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary. Anumber are aimed at learners of English as a second language, but severalof these will be useful to native English-speakers and scholars as well. Sinceundergraduate linguistics students are likely to know English and perhapsone or two other languages, English resources for the study of syntax, se-mantics, dialect, etc. are very important. Several cover regional variationsand idioms of English, although specific titles (focusing on specific regions orcultural groups) have been eschewed in favor of broad works to keep this listreasonably short. The grammars of English included here are scholarly de-scriptive grammars, rather than the prescriptive style guides found in everycollection.

2.1. Boehmer, Kathleen Sand, ed. The American Heritage English as a Sec-ond Language Dictionary (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998).1v. 991pp. illus.

This dictionary complements Spears (2.15) as a learner’sdictionary for English. More extensive at 40,000 entries, itusefully includes usage notes, synonyms, and homonyms fromThe American Heritage Dictionary, as well as many examplesentences (though not as thoroughly as Spears) and illustra-tions.

2.2. Cassidy, Frederic G., ed. Dictionary of American Regional English(Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1985– ). 3vv. 3005pp. (vv. 4–5 forthcoming) illus.

This massive work, compiling regional language across theUnited States, includes all manner of nonstandard words, ex-pressions, and metaphors. The data were collected using aquestionnaire of over 1,800 questions administered by field-workers to 2,777 informants in 1,000 communities across thecountry and are being compiled into an exhaustive dictio-nary. The first three volumes, issued in 1985, 1991, and 1997,

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cover A–O; the final two volumes are forthcoming. Entriesinclude careful notes on variants, usage, spellings, etymology,geographical location, historical quotes, and cross-references.The first volume includes extensive maps and statistical dataon the respondents.

2.3. Corbeil, Jean-Claude and Ariane Archambault, eds. The Firefly VisualDictionary (Buffalo: Firefly Books, 2002). 1v. 952pp. index. illus.

This gorgeous visual dictionary links 35,000 terms in En-glish to 6,000 four-color illustrations. Illustrations are ar-ranged thematically and an index to terms is included. Thiswork is more comprehensive than the Oxford Visual Dictio-nary (3.4), with which it shares an editor, but that workcontains terms in four languages.

2.4. Downing, David. NTC’s Dictionary of American Spelling (Lincol-nwood, IL: National Textbook Company, 1992). 1v. 316pp.

This dictionary contains entries for misspellings of wordsand gives their correct spelling. Entries also distinguish be-tween easily confused words. It includes over 7,000 commonlymisspelled words and 17,000 misspellings. An appendix thatindicates a few rules for usual and unusual spellings is helpful.

2.5. Greenbaum, Sidney. Oxford English Grammar (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1996). 1v. 652pp. index. bibliog.

A descriptive grammar of modern English usage inter-nationally, this work complements more prescriptive styleguides and other reference works typically found in libraries.It explores the grammar of English in much more detailthan such guides and gives numerous examples of standardand non-standard constructions. It is accessible for non-specialists and students. (For a more detailed treatmentbetter suited for serious students and scholars, see 2.8.) Thework includes an extensive bibliography and an excellent in-dex, as well as a generous glossary of grammar and linguisticsterms used throughout.

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2.6. Hendrickson, Robert. The Facts on File Dictionary of American Re-gionalisms: Local Expressions from Coast to Coast (New York: Factson File, 2000). 1v. 786pp. index.

Far less complete and less detailed than the Dictionary ofAmerican Regional English (2.2), this work is more accessibleto non-scholars. Arranged into regional sections, then alpha-betically within the sections, the entries give simple defini-tions with some notations of usage. Many include examples.An index aids finding words across the regional sections.

2.7. Hobbs, James B. Homophones and Homographs: An American Dictio-nary. Second edn. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993). 1v. 302pp.

This dictionary contains over 7,000 homophones (wordsthat sound alike but are spelled differently) and nearly 1,500homographs (words spelled the same but with different sounds).It is the most comprehensive dictionary of this type, includ-ing near-homophones with slight differences in pronunciation(these are separated into separate groups to avoid confusion).Short definitions are provided to distinguish the homophonesand homographs, and pronunciations are provided for homo-graphs to distinguish them. Additionally, appendices list un-usual combinations (homophones of many syllables, groupsof three or more homophones, etc.). It is occasionally unclearwhat accent is used in pronunciations; to my Midwestern ear,sometimes the comparisons seem stretched. Still, this is anexcellent reference source.

2.8. Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Gram-mar of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2002). 1v. 1842pp.

This work is the definitive current descriptive grammarof modern English. It is more detailed and somewhat moreacademic than that of Greenbaum (2.5), although some efforthas been made throughout to separate technical discussionsmore appropriate for specialists from the running text. Nu-merous examples are provided throughout, and there is a

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subject index as well as an invaluable lexical index, listingthe usage of words or idiomatic expressions in examples ordiscussions of their usage.

2.9. Lighter, J. E., ed. Random House Historical Dictionary of AmericanSlang (New York: Random House, 1994– ). 2vv. 1742pp. (v. 3forthcoming) bibliog.

This slang dictionary for scholars is much like an OEDfor American slang. The arrangement of entries is obviouslyinspired by that of the OED, including copious notes andquotations of historical usages of slang. The first two volumescover A–O; the third volume will complete the dictionary andinclude a bibliography of all sources, which already runs to8,000 items for the first two volumes, according to the editors.

2.10. McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Guide to World English (New York:Oxford University Press, 2002). 1v. 501pp. index. bibliog.

This work compares the use of the English language acrossthe countries of the world and their regions. Arranged ge-ographically, entries discuss the introduction of and majorinfluences on English in the region or country and its pro-nunciation, grammar, and vocabularity specific to that area.An introductory article on the use of English worldwide anda timeline are included, as are a bibliography and index.

2.11. Muthmann, Gustav. Reverse English Dictionary, Based on Phonologi-cal and Morphological Principles, v. 29 of Topics in English Linguistics(Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999). 1v. 482pp. index. bibliog.

This is a dictionary of word endings, complementing reg-ular and phonetic dictionaries in which words can be locatedby their beginning spellings or sounds. Location aids are in-cluded for finding words either by spelling or by sound usingthe IPA, in standardized British and American English.

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2.12. Pickett, Joseph P., ed. American Heritage Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage. Fourth edn. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000).1v. 2074pp.

Although this is likely a standard reference work in mostlibraries, the American Heritage deserves special mention forthe study of linguistics for its highly useful appendix of Indo-European roots (Appendix I, pp. 2016–2059).

2.13. Rawson, Hugh. Rawson’s Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Dou-bletalk: Being a Compilation of Linguistic Fig Leaves and Verbal Flour-ishes for Artful Users of the English Language. Revised edn. (NewYork: Crown Publishers, 1995). 1v. 463pp.

Useful for linguistics scholars, interested non-specialists,and learners of English, this dictionary of euphemisms givesdefinitions and examples, comparisons with other terms andeuphemisms, origins, and copious cross-references. Also in-cluded are humorous notations of the “FOP (fog or pompos-ity) Index”, which compares the length of a circumlocutionto the word it replaces.

2.14. Spears, Richard A., ed. Everyday American English Dictionary: A Ba-sic Dictionary for English Language Learning. Second edn. (Columbus,OH: McGraw-Hill, 2000). 1v. 406pp.

The vast majority of dictionaries for learners of English asa second language are for intermediate-level students. Thisvery basic dictionary is for beginners, including only themost commonly used words and stripped of abbreviations,geographical and biographical entries, and other features of-ten included in dictionaries. The approsimately 5,500 entriesinclude pronunciation, part of speech, and very clear, sim-ple definitions. Most entries include only a single definition,rather than a number of subtly different senses, and simpleexample sentences are included for more complicated words.Also included is a list of irregular verbs.

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2.15. ———. NTC’s American English Learner’s Dictionary (Chicago:NTC Publishing Group, 1998). 1v. 1090pp. index.

This learner’s dictionary is aimed at intermediate stu-dents, containing over 22,000 words. Its most valuable fea-ture is that every sense is illustrated with at least one ex-ample sentence, for a total of over 72,000 example sentences.American pronunciations are included, as is an index to id-ioms and phrases pointing to the headwords under whichthese phrases are defined.

2.16. ———. NTC’s American Idioms Dictionary. Third edn. (Lincol-nwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group, 2000). 1v. 625pp.

Although idiom dictionaries like this one overlap with dic-tionaries of phrasal verbs like Spears’ other work in 2.18,idiom dictionaries contain additional phrases not found else-where. (Additionally, the arrangement in 2.18 is superior forphrasal verbs.) Like Spears’ other works, this one is invalu-able because of its comprehensive examples and exhaustiveindex. Additionally, this work includes an appendix of “fixedorder sequences” that cannot be reversed, such as “bread andbutter”.

2.17. ———. NTC’s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Ex-pressions. Third edn. (NTC Publishing Group, 2000). 1v. 560pp.index.

Print slang dictionaries are instantly outdated, but canstill be useful. This one is especially nice because of its com-prehensive example sentences, exhaustive index, and notesof caution on slang that may be offensive, valuable tools forlanguage learners.

2.18. ———. NTC’s Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs and Other Idiomatic Ver-bal Phrases (Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company, 1993). 1v.873pp.

This dictionary of phrasal verbs expands the coverage ofphrasal verbs (verbs with particles such as “give up” or “take

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on”) beyond that of regular dictionaries. It is arranged al-phabetically by verb and particle. Entries denote the typesof objects that may be used with the phrasal verb, as well asproviding at least two examples.

2.19. “Urban Dictionary”, 2005. URL http://www.urbandictionary.com/.

Urban Dictionary is a web dictionary of slang with user-contributed definitions. Since anyone can contribute, thequality is less than that of a traditionally published dictio-nary, but site visitors can give a “thumbs up” or “thumbsdown” to any definition, or contribute their own, so it func-tions well as a living, up-to-the-minute resource to capturethe zeitgeist of slang, especially expressions popular on theinternet. Coverage is largely American, but British and otherworld-wide English slang can also be found.

3 Foreign-Language Dictionaries and Gram-mars

The dictionaries and grammars chosen here cover modern Hebrew, Italian,and Russian, as well as one multilingual dictionary useful for learners ofESL. An attempt has been made to choose resources appropriate both forbeginners and for intermediate and advanced students of the languages, andto also be valuable for students of linguistics.

3.1. Baltsan, Hayim. Webster’s New World Hebrew Dictionary (New York:Prentice Hall, 1992). 1v. 827pp.

A Hebrew-English, English-Hebrew dictionary, primarilyintended for those whose more familiar language is English.Hebrew entries are romanized and presented in usual alpha-betical order, which aids those less familiar with the Hebrewscript to find words.

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3.2. Bareggi, Maria Cristina, ed. Oxford-Paravia: Il dizionario Inglese-Italiano, Italiano-Inglese (Turin: Paravia, 2001). 1v. 2651pp.

This quite comprehensive bilingual dictionary is equallyuseful for native speakers of Italian and of English and trans-lates in both directions. Pronunciations and parts of speechare included, and many headwords have separations by senseand additional uses of the word in phrases. There are abun-dant notes on usage.

3.3. Coffin, Edna Amir and Shmuel Bolozky. A Reference Grammar ofModern Hebrew (Cambridge University Press, 2005). 1v. 447pp. in-dex.

This is a clear and accessible guide to modern Hebrewgrammar appropriate for beginners to intermediate learnersof the language. Grammar terms are listed with their Hebrewequivalents to aid in the use of Hebrew-language referencebooks. An index is included.

3.4. Corbeil, Jean-Claude, ed. Oxford Visual Dictionary (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1996). 1v. 959pp. index. illus.

This four-language visual dictionary contains terms inEnglish, French, Spanish, and German linked to beatiful four-color illustrations, arranged thematically. The over 20,000terms for each language were separately prepared by special-ists, rather than translated. Separate indices are included forterms in each language.

3.5. Glinert, Lewis. Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1989). 1v. 580pp. index. bibliog.

This comprehensive, technical grammar of the Hebrew ofmodern Israel is for scholars or students with some knowledgeof linguistics. An extensive bibliography and an index areincluded. (For a grammar more appropriate for learners, see3.3.)

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3.6. Maiden, Martin and Cecilia Robustelli. Reference Grammar of ModernItalian (Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group, 2000). 1v. 466pp.index. bibliog.

This comprehensive grammar of Italian is oriented towardthe scholar or serious learner. (See 3.7 for a grammar ofItalian for learners of the language.)

3.7. Proudfoot, Anna and Francesco Cardo. Modern Italian Grammar: APractical Guide (London: Routledge, 1997). 1v. 408pp. index.

This grammar of Italian is aimed at learners of the lan-guage and is organized in two parts. The first covers theareas of a traditional grammar: parts of speech, word order,etc.; the second emphasizes practical usage and function inlearning to speak and write the language. Extensive cross-references between the sections are included, as is an index.

3.8. Wade, Terence. A Comprehensive Russian Grammar. Second edn.(Oxford: Blackwell, 2000). 1v. 596pp. index. bibliog.

This is the comprehensive grammar of Russian for English-speakers. It includes the common syntactic and morpholog-ical components of a traditional grammar, as well as an in-troduction to the orthography and pronunciation of Russian,immensely useful for those unused to the Cyrillic alphabet.Subject and word indices are included.

3.9. Wheeler, Marcus, Boris Unbegaun, Paul Falla, and Colin Howlett, eds.The Oxford Russian Dictionary. Revised edn. (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1997). 1v. 1340pp.

This Russian-English, English-Russian dictionary is themost comprehensive and authoritative available. Pronuncia-tions and parts of speech are included, and many headwordshave separations by sense and additional uses of the word inphrases.

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3.10. Zilka, Avraham. Modern English-Hebrew Dictionary (New Haven:Yale University Press, 2002). 1v. 457pp.

This dictionary includes one-way glosses from English toHebrew. To aid students, definitions of English words arepresented separately when there are different Hebrew glosses,a feature lacking from many bilingual dictionaries.

4 Indexing, Abstracting, and Citation Sources

The following indexing, abstracting, and citation sources have been chosenas those that most closely focus on linguistics and applied linguistics. Manyother sources are appropriate for allied fields and related research, such asPsycInfo, Philosopher’s Index, Sociological Abstracts, and arXiv (for com-putational linguistics).

Most of these sources are available as online databases with backfilesreaching back significant numbers of years, making them cost-effective forstarting a new library. However, most are also available in paper, some formany decades before the database coverage begins. Backfiles of these titlecould sought for purchase to fill out the collection in the future.

4.1. ACL Anthology: A Digital Archive of Research Papers in Computa-tional Linguistics, 1965– (dates vary by publication). Association forComputational Linguistics (database). URL http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/.

This archive of research papers in computational linguis-tics includes scanned articles and “born digital” materials inpublications of the Association of Computational Linguisticsand its special interest groups, which include several ma-jor journals, many conference proceedings, workshops, andother materials, including in-progress papers. The papersare browsable by date and publication or searchable on thefull text.

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4.2. BLonline, 1993– . URL http://www.kb.nl/blonline/. Amsterdam:National Library of the Netherlands (database; also available in paperas Linguistic Bibliography for the year . . . and supplement for previ-ous years (Bibliographie Linguistique del l’annee . . . et complement desannees precedentes) in annual volumes 1949– , published by Kluwer).

Linguistic Bibliography is one of the oldest and most im-portant indexing sources for linguistics. It indexes compre-hensively worldwide publications on linguistics and relatedfields and on individual languages, including conference pro-ceedings, festschriften, and other materials not elsewhere in-dexed. (Applied linguistics literature is covered only forworks with theoretical implications.) Because of its com-prehensive scope, appearance in the index lags publicationby several years.

4.3. Communication and Mass Media Complete, 1986– (dates vary by pub-lication). URL http://www.epnet.com/titleLists/ug-complete.htm.EBSCO (database; integrates former databases CommSearch and MassMedia Articles Index ).

While the stated focus of this index is mass media andcommunications, the subject matter overlaps with linguisticsand over 100 linguistics journals are indexed in the 400 total.Coverage varies by title; some include full text and citations,others are indexed comprehensively including abstracts (butnot full text), and some are indexed only selectively. Thefull text of a number of key linguistics journals is available,although availability is often delayed 6–12 months from pub-lication.

4.4. ERIC, 1966– . URL http://www.eric.ed.gov/. U.S. Departmentof Education (database).

ERIC, the education database from the Department ofEducation, includes coverage of bilingualism, language ac-quisition, language teaching, and language policy. Over 1.1million citations are included. Over 100 thousand documentsare available full-text, while journal articles are indexed forabout 775 periodicals.

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4.5. ISI Citation Indices, 1945– (dates vary by index).URL http://scientific.thomson.com/products/categories/citation/.Thomson/ISI (database).

These indices provide citation information in various fields.Social Science Citation Index covers applied linguistics thor-oughly, as well as related fields such as sociology, psychology,etc. Arts and Humanities Citation Index covers topics in the-oretical linguistics and languages, as well as philosophy andother fields. Science Citation Index includes computationallinguistics and related topics.

4.6. Language Teaching, 1967– . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press(formerly Language Teaching and Linguistics Abstracts).

This quarterly journal abstracts about 700 articles eachyear. Each issue includes an index by subject and author, anda cumulative index is included in the final issue of the year,which also indexes all the periodicals cited. Topics cover lan-guage teaching and learning, literacy, language testing, bilin-gualism and bilingual education, and sociolinguistics; articlesare drawn from journals worldwide, but all abstracts are inEnglish. Abstracts appear six months to a year after pub-lication. Each issue also includes a survey article about thestate of the art in some aspect of the discipline, and everytwo years there is a review of the research and trends in theentire field.

4.7. Linguistics Abstracts Online, 1985– .URL http://www.linguisticsabstracts.com. Oxford: Blackwell(database; also available in paper as Linguistics Abstracts in quarterlyissues, 1985– ).

This database competes with LLBA (see 4.8) but coversonly 400 journals, with a total of about 30,000 abstracts.It includes abstracts from the print serial Linguistics Ab-stracts. The coverage is mostly European, and may includesome journals not included in LLBA. Abstracts appear sixmonths to a year after publication. Unique search features

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include the ability to search for translated titles and to limitsearches by subdiscipline. Also included are profiles of thejournals indexed.

4.8. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, 1973– .URL http://www.csa.com/factsheets/llba-set-c.php. Cambridge:CSA (database; also available in paper in five issues annually, 1966– ).

This database is the premier indexing and abstracting ser-vice for linguistics publications. It covers about 1,500 serialsfrom over 50 countries, as well as some books, book chapters,and dissertations. Over 250,000 records are included, and14,000 are added annually. The database allows advancedsearching features; browsing by journal, author, language,and publication type; saved records and searches; and anemail alert system. Records are indexed using a linguisticsthesaurus of about 3,000 terms, which is also available forbrowsing. Thesauri in Spanish and French are currently be-ing added.

4.9. MLA International Bibliography, 1963– .URL http://www.mla.org/bibliography. Modern Language Asso-ciation (database; also available in print annually 1921– , as AmericanBibliography until 1955, MLA International Bibliography thereafter).

MLA covers scholarly writing on literature, modern lan-guages, linguistics, and folklore worldwide. Linguistics cover-age includes theoretical topics, especially grammar and syn-tax and comparative linguistics, as well as applied topics suchas translation, and has included language teaching coveragesince 1998. The database contains 1.7 million citations from1963 onward, from approximately 4,400 periodicals. Full textfor many of the titles is available, depending on the vendor.

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5 Journals and Other Periodicals

These journals, magazines, and news sources have been chosen to give abroad overview of scholarship and news in linguistics and applied linguistics(including language teaching, translation, etc.).

5.1. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 1980– . Rowley, MA: NewburyHouse (annual).

Volumes of this annual review focus on a particular theme,and every four to five years a broad overview of the field of ap-plied linguistics is undertaken. About a dozen articles appearin each volume, written by scholars in the field to representcurrent research and subsequently widely cited.

5.2. Computational Linguistics, 1974– . Association for Computation Lin-guistics (quarterly).

The journal of the Association for Computational Lin-guistics is the best-known journal in computational linguis-tics and natural language processing and brings together re-search from scholars in the academy and practitioners in in-dustry in peer-reviewed articles.

5.3. Essential Teacher, 2003– . TESOL (quarterly).

A trade magazine for language teachers in K–12 and highereducation published by TESOL (Teachers of English to Speak-ers of Other Languages).

5.4. Folia Linguistica and Folia Linguistica Historica, 1967– (1980– forFolia Linguistica Historica). Societas Linguistica Europaea (semian-nually).

The journals of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, FoliaLinguistica covers all non-historical linguistics topics in twoannual double issues, while Folia Linguistica Historica cov-ers historical and comparative linguistics in a single annualdouble-issue supplement. They include peer-reviewed origi-nal research and review articles, book reviews, and occasionalspecial theme issues.

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5.5. Journal of Linguistics, 1965– . Linguistics Association of Great Britain(quarterly).

The journal of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain,this journal covers original research in all areas of theoreticallinguistics and also includes a large number of review articlesand book reviews.

5.6. Language, 1925– . Linguistic Society of America (quarterly).

Many of the key developments in linguistics in the Twen-tieth Century have been recorded in Language, the journalof the Linguistic Society of America and one of the mostimportant journals in the field. The journal publishes peer-reviewed articles, notes, and review articles as well as booknotices and book reviews.

5.7. Linguistic Inquiry, 1970– . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (quarterly).

This journal focuses on current topics in linguistic theory,and also encourages lively debate among scholars in a numberof accepted formats for squibs, dicussions, and remarks andreplies.

5.8. LSA Bulletin, 1926– . Linguistic Society of America (monthly).

The news journal of the Linguistic Society of America, theLSA Bulletin contains the proceedings of LSA meetings andother records, special reports, membership lists, and othernews.

5.9. TESOL Quarterly, 1967– . TESOL (quarterly).

This peer-reviewed journal publishes research on Englishteaching and learning, standard English as a second dialector language, and papers addressing the implications or ap-plications of research in other fields to English teaching andlearning.

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5.10. VERBATIM: The Language Quarterly, 1974– . Chicago: Word, Inc.(quarterly).

This is a quarterly, non-scholarly magazine for language-lovers and linguistics enthusiasts. Perhaps this excerpt fromthe editorial policy says it best: “I am frequently asked how Ichoose what appears in VERBATIM. I refrain from answer-ing ‘by Magic Eight Ball’ . . . . I look for articles that explainand illuminate without condescending; that are funny; thatare moving; that are fascinating; that are less than 3,000words; that are all of the above. I sometimes strong-armlearned professors into writing about their areas of expertise,and I accept unsolicited manuscripts from people with noacademic credentials at all. . . . There are some kinds of arti-cles that I am always interested in, that in many cases I haveasked for, and that have not yet come into my hands: Articleson the insider jargons of professions: best boys, dental hy-gienists, taxidermists, sous-chefs, prison wardens. . . Articlesabout the history of grammar ‘rules’. . . Articles about bygonelanguage theories.”

6 Directories, Handbooks, and Guides

The following resources are practical guides and directories of information.

6.1. Barry, Randall K., ed. ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Second edn.(Library of Congress, 1997).URL http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html. 1v. 239pp.index. (accessed 8 December 2005).

This guide presents romanization, capitalization, and worddivision schemes for languages in non-Roman scripts for cat-aloguing. It is an authoritative source both to librarians andlibrary users who wish to search for original-language titles,authors, and other information that has been romanized forcataloguing purposes. A more academic treatment of scriptsand romanization can be found in Daniels and Bright (1.12).The full text of this work is available online, for free.

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6.2. Bouquiaux, Luc and Jacqueline M. C. Thomas. Studying and De-scribing Unwritten Languages (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics,1992). 1v. 725pp. illus. bibliog.

This handbook provides methodological information forfieldwork and sample questionnaires for studying spoken lan-guages.

6.3. Edwards, J. A. and A. G. Kingscott, eds. Language Industries Atlas.Second edn. (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1997). 1v. 440pp. index.

This work complements Wertsman (6.9) as a directory ofinstitutions, organizations, and businesses dealing with thelanguage industries. This work is centered on Europe, whileWertsman is more U.S.-focused, though both have worldwidecoverage. An index by country is included.

6.4. IPA. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (CambridgeUniversity Press, 1999). 1v. 204pp. bibliog.

This handbook contains a practical tutorial to phoneticdescription and the use of the International Phonetic Alpha-bet (IPA), a number of examples of languages transcribedusing the IPA, and reference materials including informa-tion about the principles and organization of the association,computer coding of the IPA, and reference charts.

6.5. Kretzschmar, William A. , Jr. and Edgar W. Schneider. Introductionto Quantitative Analysis of Linguistics Survey Data: An Atlas by theNumbers. Empirical Linguistics Series (Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications, 1996). 1v. 212pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This work is a pragmatic handbook for using statistics inlinguistic research, especially in interpreting and using surveydata and representing geographical distinctions in such data.It provides numerous examples and explanation of tools.

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6.6. Ladefoged, Peter and Ian Maddieson. The Sounds of the World’sLanguages (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). 1v. 425pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This work comprehensively explains the sounds that makeup language. It differs from the IPA Handbook or PhoneticSymbol Guide (6.4, 6.8) in that its focus is upon how soundsare made, including illustrations of mouth and tongue po-sitions for various sounds, spectrogram charts, etc. (It alsocomplements recordings of sounds found in 8.15.) It includesextensive analyses of the differences in sounds within andbetween languages.

6.7. “Linguistic Society of America”, 2005. URL http://www.lsadc.org/.

This recently redesigned website is the official site of theLinguistic Society of America, and includes three importantdirectories: a listing of members and contact information(access restricted to members for this list, however); a listingof academic programs and departments at higher educationinstitutions in the U.S. in linguistics or closely related areas;and a list of grants and fellowships. Also valuable is a listof publishers of linguistics materials, as well as informationon the association, its meetings and conferences, and othernews.

6.8. Pullum, Geoffrey K. and William A. Ladusaw, eds. Phonetic SymbolGuide. Second edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). 1v.320pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This guide gives usages of IPA (International PhoneticAlphabet) symbols as well as other symbols and historicalusages that are no longer common. The second edition cov-ers extensive revisions to the IPA. The guide is arranged bysymbol shape and cross-references are included where theremay be confusion. An extensive bibliography and an indexare included.

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6.9. Wertsman, Vladimir F. Career Opportunities for Bilinguals and Multi-linguals: a directory of resources in education, employment, and busi-ness. Second edn. (Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1994). 1v.333pp. index.

This extensive directory includes information on educa-tional programs, publishers and suppliers of educational ma-terials for languages, professional organizations, and employ-ment and business resources in the U.S. and worldwide. Al-though the work is becoming somewhat dated, it is still valu-able for obtaining the names of institutions, organizations, orbusinesses even where addresses or contact information havechanged. Indices by language, educational and occupationalbackground, and geography are included.

7 Statistical Resources and Atlases

The following sources contain statistical data about languages. (Much ofthis statistical data is geographic; hence the inclusion of atlases in this cate-gory.) U.S. Census data on languages is also available, of course, but severalresources listed below have created dynamic visualizations and useful tabu-lations of this data; they have been included in lieu of the Census.

7.1. Gordon, Raymond R. , Jr., ed. Ethnologue: Languages of the World.Fifteenth edn. (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 2005). URLhttp://www.ethnologue.com. (database; also available in paper, 20051v. 1272pp. index. illus. bibliog.).

The comprehensive listing of contemporary world lan-guages for more than 50 years, this database includes thenearly 7,300 living languages in the world. Arranged bycountry, each language entry includes data on the numberof speakers in that country and worldwide, brief descrip-tive comments and other information, and a reference tothe source of the data from an accompanying bibliography.Comprehensive indices are included for countries, languages(including nearly 40,000 different names for the 7,300 lan-guages), and language families (hierarchical listings of lan-guages in families). Also included are maps and statistical

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summaries. The print and online version are identical andrepresent the most current version of the Ethnologue (Fif-teenth edition, 2005). The online edition is freely available.

7.2. Mazel, Christopher and R. E. Asher, eds. Atlas of the World’s Lan-guage (London: Routledge, 1994). 1v. 372pp. index. illus. bibliog.

Although some encyclopediae give maps of the world’slanguages, this atlas provides gorgeous double-folio four-colormaps in great detail. The maps cover the entire world andattempts to include all living languages, no matter how smallthe number of speakers. Copious notes and bibliographiesaccompany the maps, and an index of language names aids inlocation. Since it was published in 1994, political boundariesare certainly out of date, and some shifts may have occurredin language usage, especially among small populations.

7.3. “MLA Language Map”, 2005. URL http://www.mla.org/census map.

Using data from the 2000 Census, the MLA offers an in-teractive map and statistical summaries of languages spokenin the United States. Links are provided to related Censuspublications and other resources.

7.4. Parker, Philip M. Linguistic Cultures of the World: A Statistical Refer-ence, v. 2 of Cross-Cultural Statistical Encyclopedia of the World (West-port, CT: Greeenwood Press, 1997). 1v. 435pp. index. bibliog.

This work includes statistical information on linguisticcultures, comparing economics, demography and sociology,and control of various kinds of resources in short summariesand detailed tables of data. Also included is an extensivesection on the methodologies employed, notes on the carethat must be taken in cross-cultural studies, and discussionof the limitations of the data. Indices by country, linguisticgroup, and subjects are provided.

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7.5. U.S. ENGLISH Foundation. “Many Languages, One America”, 2005.URL http://www.usefoundation.org/foundation/research/lia/.

This site presents the 2000 U.S. Census data about lan-guage use in highly useful tables and reports and offers theability to search and sort the data by location and language.

8 Web Resources

Most of these resources are listed by title because they are institutionallyauthored or the author information is unavailable, although for a few a per-sonal author is provided. All sites were last checked between 12–14 December2005. The date given in the citations in the date the site was last updated.

Web Resources also appear in a number of other sections of this bibliog-raphy; see 2.19, 6.7, 7.1, 7.3, 7.5.

8.1. “American Dialect Society”, 2005. URL http://www.americandialect.org.

The official site of the American Dialect Society, the schol-arly society for the study of regional and cultural dialects ofEnglish in the U.S. The site includes the usual informationabout the society, membership, conferences, publication, etc.,and also includes a large collection of annotated links to othermaterial on the internet. Also available are the American Di-alect Society Words of the Year, an annual celebration of newor newly prominent words in a number of categories.

8.2. “Association for Computational Linguistics”, 2005.URL http://www.aclweb.org/.

The Association for Computational Linguistics brings to-gether linguists and computer scientists. The website fea-tures information about conferences and publications of theACL and its special interest groups, and links to online re-sources for computational linguistics.

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8.3. “British National Corpus”, 2005. URL http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/.

This is the website for the British National Corpus (BNC),the largest corpus of English, incorporating over 100 millionspoken and written words. It is of central importance in sta-tistical and computational linguistics. The website includes aguide to uses of the BNC and a list of papers and conferencereports about it. Also included is a very useful directory ofwebsites for other corpora (mainly English).

8.4. Bogart, Chris. “Constructed Human Languages”, 2005.URL http://www.quetzal.com/conlang.html

This site provides a list of websites and documents avail-able on the Internet about constructed languages (that is,“made up” languages not naturally occurring), ranging fromEsperanto to languages that appear in works of fiction.

8.5. Breyer, Yvonne. “Gateway to Corpus Linguistics on the Internet”,2005. URL http://www.corpus-linguistics.info/.

This attractive site by a doctoral student provides listingsof corpora, software, research centers, and other resourcesfor corpus linguistics on the internet, as well as an extensivebibliography.

8.6. “Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition”, 2005. URLhttp://carla.acad.umn.edu/.

CARLA is a U.S. Department of Education research cen-ter at the University of Minnesota focusing on language ac-quisition. Their website details research in many areas ofESL teaching and evaluation and includes information onpublications and other resources for researchers and ESLprofessionals. Also included is a directory of courses andresources for less-commonly-taught languages.

8.7. “Center for Applied Linguistics”, 2005. URL http://www.cal.org.

The website of the Center for Applied Linguistics, a pri-vate non-profit group of scholars and educators in the field

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of applied linguistics. The site provides information and re-sources for a wide variety of applied linguistics topic areas,and includes information about CAL research and publica-tions. One especially valuable resource a database of onlineESL materials created jointly by CAL’s National Clearing-house for English Language Acquisition and Language In-struction Educational Programs (NCELA) and the ERICClearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics.

8.8. Dillon, George L. “Resources for English Syntax Online”, 2005. URLhttp://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/GramResources/.

This website, from a member of the faculty at the Uni-versity of Washington, is a directory of online resources andartificial intelligence tools applicable to the study of Englishsyntax and usage. Resources are divided into categories andbriefly described and illustrated.

8.9. ———. “Resources for Studying English Lexicon, Semantics, and TextStructures Online”, 2001. URL http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/LexSemTextResources/LexSemTextResources.html.

Online resources and software tools for studying lexiconand semantics of English. This site differs from directoriesof corpora (8.5) in that it also includes tools for semanticanalysis. Resources are divided into thematic groups anddescribed in detail.

8.10. ———. “Resources for Studying Spoken English”, 2004. URLhttp://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/PhonResources/PhonResources.html.

A directory of online resources and software tools forstudying English phonetics. Many practical tools and ex-amples are divided into thematic categories and described indetail.

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8.11. Esling, John H. “IPA Handbook Audio Samples”, 2005.URL http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/handbook.htm.

This website from the University of Victoria (British Columbia)contains digital audio samples of the languages transcribed inthe IPA Handbook (6.4). They are available for free down-load for classroom teaching, for use in laboratories, or forprivate study.

8.12. “iLoveLanguages.com”, 2005. URL http://www.ilovelanguages.com.

This site is similar to yourDictionary.com (8.27), but goesbeyond language resources to include directories of schools,companies, reviews, and jobs in linguistics, languages, andrelated fields. The scholarly quality of the sites listed varies,but many are good, and the listings are quite comprehensive.

8.13. “International Phonetic Association”, 2005.URL http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html.

The official website of the International Phonetic Associ-ation, this site contains information about the membershipand history of the association, publication and conference in-formation, and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),including the IPA chart and information about fonts for theIPA.

8.14. “Inttranews”, 2005.URL http://inttranews.inttra.net/cgi-bin/news.cgi?action=aff.

This site is the free public web site of a newswire servicebased in France for news for translators, interpreters, and lin-guists. It aggregates news stories dealing with language andapplied linguistics from print and online news sources in mul-tiple languages around the world. Comprehensive archivesare available from 2004 forward, but some archived articlesmay require a subscription.

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8.15. “Language Varieties”, 2005. URL http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/.

Information about language varieties such as pidgins, cre-oles, and regional and minority dialects, including samplesof such varieties from around the world. Written and audiosamples are available for some varieties, and a bibliographyand list of links are included.

8.16. “The Linguist List”, 2005. Eastern Michigan University and WayneState University. URL http://www.linguistlist.org/.

The Linguist List is the indispensable website for linguis-tics students and professionals. It includes information aboutlinguistics organizations, jobs, teaching, conferences, publica-tions, mailing lists, and tools. It began (and continues) asa mailing list for academic professionals for announcementsand discussion, and grew to record those in a public, search-able database.

8.17. “Linguistic Data Consortium”, 2005. URL http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/

The Linguistic Data Consortium is a consortium of uni-versities and research organizations that gathers and dis-tributes linguistic data and tools, mainly written and spokencorpora in a variety of languages. Member institutions canuse these materials for free; others may need to pay fees togain access to data.

8.18. “Linguistics Working Papers Directory”, 2005. Cascadilla Press. URLhttp://www.lingref.com/lwpd/.

This web page, from a subsidiary of the publisher of Lin-guistics Abstracts, is an exhaustive list of web sites and seri-als of working papers in academic departments and researchgroups around the world. It includes URLs, email addresses,physical addresses, and ordering information wherever avail-able. This resource is invaluable to those seeking unpub-lished, in-progress papers in linguistics.

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8.19. “Literary Translation”, 2005. URL http://www.literarytranslation.com/.

This website from the British Arts Council is devoted totopics on the translation of literary works into and out ofEnglish. The site includes a lengthy discussion about thetheory of the art of translation and its history, excellent re-ports and exercises from workshops with professionals andscholars, and directories of resources including organizationsand publishers.

8.20. “The Rosetta Project”, 2005. URL http://www.rosettaproject.org/live.

The Rosetta Project, a project of the Long Now Founda-tion funded by the National Science Foundation and otherfunding agencies, aims to create descriptions of the world’sapproximately 7,000 languages (including descriptions of phonol-ogy, orthography, and grammar), a parallel text in each lan-guage (the first chapter of Genesis from the Bible, the mostwidely translated passage), as well as samples of originaltexts in the languages (usually native creation myths, andalso simple word lists). Language samples and descriptionsare contributed by language scholars and native speakers ortaken from scholarly sources with permission, and volunteersact as “curators” for languages and other materials.

8.21. “SIL International”, 2005. URL http://www.sil.org. (formerlySummer Institute of Linguistics)

SIL began as the Summer Institute of Linguistics, whichofferred training in linguistics fieldwork and lesser-known lan-guages. It has grown to become a large center of linguisticresearch. The SIL website includes information about thefieldwork and research done by SIL, courses and training,and publications and software. Included is an electronic ver-sion of the SIL bibliography, which is more up-to-date thanthe print version (9.1) but includes only the academic worksby SIL members; records for “vernacular” works are foundonly in the print index.

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8.22. “Speech Accent Archive”, 2005. George Mason University.URL http://accent.gmu.edu/.

This user-friendly and attractive site from George MasonUniversity features nearly 500 samples of English being spo-ken by people with varying native languages and birthplaces.Users can browse or search by speaker demographics, nativelanguage characteristics, geography, and how and when thespeaker learned English.

8.23. “Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages”, 2005.URL http://www.tesol.org/s tesol/index.asp.

A worldwide association for teachers of ESL, this websiteoffers news, a membership directory, conference and careerinformation, in-depth information about policy and issuesin ESL education, and a wealth of materials for teachers touse to develop curricula, meet standards, and apply in theirclassrooms.

8.24. “The Tower of Babel”, 2005.URL http://starling.rinet.ru/index2.php?lan=en.

This site is a directory of online databases for compara-tive linguistics. It also includes extensive information aboutsoftware and tools for using and creating such databases.Created and maintained by several Russian universities, theSanta Fe Institute, the City University of Hong Kong, andLeiden University, which also host many databases.

8.25. Wood, Alan. “Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources”, 2005.URL http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/.

The de facto standard web directory for locating com-puter font definitions for scripts from around the world. Foreach font, technical specifications are given along with in-formation about where the font can be acquired. The sitealso includes a great deal of information about making non-Roman fonts display and process correctly on computer sys-tems.

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8.26. “yourDictionary.com”, 2005. URL http://www.yourdictionary.com/.

This website contains directories of dictionaries (includ-ing multilingual, synonyms, etc.), grammars and languagecourses, and fun language and linguistics information online.While the scholarly quality of the resources listed varies, noother sites contain as much information about language re-sources on the web. Additionally, the grammars and lan-guage courses listed are not only online, but also includeCD-ROMs, books, tapes, and other media, which providesa valuable directory for users interested in finding materialsfor learning languages, especially obscure ones.

9 Bibliographies and Bibliographic Reviews

The following sources are lists of citations of linguistic and language re-sources. Some are annotated.

9.1. Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Dallas: SummerInstitute of Linguistics, 1992). 1v. 603pp. index.

This bibliography comprehensively covers the works ofmembers of the Summer Insitute of Linguistics (SIL) or worksby non-members published by SIL, from the institute’s incep-tion in 1942 until 1992. Over 20,000 works are listed, dividedinto academic works and “vernacular” works (i.e., transla-tions, stories, etc., in subject languages, and non-scholarlyarticles). Works are organized alphabetically by author. Asubject index to the academic works is provided, as is a lan-guage index to all works. (See also the electronic versionof this bibliography in 8.21; the electronic version does notcover vernacular works.

9.2. Dalby, Andrew. A Guide to World Language Dictionaries (Chicago:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998). 1v. 470pp. index. bibliog.

This guide, essentially a bibliography of language dic-tionaries, includes more than 1,600 dictionaries of variouskinds in about 275 languages. The dictionaries covered are

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only those with lasting academic value for language study,not generally including student-type bilingual dictionaries orsimple lists of words. Included are unabridged, etymological,and historical dictionaries, multilingual dictionaries that gobeyond simple glosses, regional or national dictionaries, andslang and other dictionaries where available. Language en-tries also include the standardized alphabetical order in thescript, if available. An index of names and titles is included.

9.3. DeMiller, Anna L. Linguistics: A Guide to the Reference Literature.Reference Sources in the Humanities, second edn. (Englewood, Col-orado: Libraries Unlimited, 2000). 1v. 396pp. index.

As nearly comprehensive a guide to linguistics referenceliterature 1957–1998 as possible, this bibliography includesover 1,000 entries, including nearly 500 new to the secondedition. (The first was published in 1991.) Arranged insections on traditional linguistics, allied fields, and specificlanguages, it is thoroughly indexed by subject, author, andtitle. The sources covered include those written in Englishas well as substantial numbers in other languages. A num-ber of online resources are covered, but many have movedor become defunct since the publication of this bibliography.The annotations are specific and extensive and provide help-ful recommendations for complementary or competing works.This is an indispensible tool for scholars and librarians in thefield of linguistics.

9.4. Kister, Kenneth F. Kister’s Best Dictionaries for Adults & YoungPeople (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1992). 1v. 438pp. index. bibliog.

This work contains about 300 evaluative reviews of dictio-naries for North American users, including students of ESL.Reviews are arranged by type and usage, with helpful sum-maries in comparison charts. It also includes extensive infor-mation about dictionaries in general and about how to eval-uate them. Appendices include a bibliography for furtherreading and directories of dictionary and language associa-

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tions and dictionary publishers and distributors. A compre-hensive index of authors, titles, and subjects is included.

10 Subject Works

The following works cover a variety of areas in linguistics and applied lin-guistics, mainly in monographs or essay collections.

10.1. Aronoff, Mark and Janie Rees-Miller, eds. The Handbook of Linguistics(Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). 1v. 824pp. index. bibliog.

This work is commonly used as a textbook. It provides abroad overview to linguistics and its subdisciplines and alliedfields in a series of essays by scholars accessible to undergrad-uates and interested general audiences. An bibliography anda comprehensive index are included.

10.2. Chambers, J. K., Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes, eds. TheHandbook of Language Variation and Change, v. 11 of Blackwell Hand-books in Linguistics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002). 1v. 807pp. index.bibliog.

This book, part of an excellent series of overviews of cur-rent research in various areas of linguistics, treats languagechange and variations, including topics from sociolinguistics,corpus research, dialectology, and methodologies for study-ing such phenomena. Accessible for advanced undergradu-ates, each topic is treated in a signed essay by a scholar inthe field, accompanied by a bibliography. A comprehensiveindex is also included.

10.3. Clapham, Caroline and David Corson, eds. Language Testing and As-sessment, v. 7 of Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997). 1v. 352pp. index. bibliog.

This work contains a series of essays by scholars on re-search in language testing, including testing for aptitude anddisorders and methods of validating tests. Bibliographies andand index are included. Accessible for undergraduates.

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10.4. Coulmas, Florian, ed. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. BlackwellHandbooks in Linguistics (Blackwell, 1997). 1v. 532pp. index. bibliog.

This collection of essays by scholars in sociolinguisticsprovides a survey of research and topics accessible to under-graduates and suitable as a textbook in sociolinguistics. Theessays are varied and digestible. A thorough bibliography isprovided, as is an index. (See also other books in this serieson other topics: 10.2, 10.7.)

10.5. Cummins, Jim and David Corson, eds. Bilingual Education, v. 5of Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Dordrecht: Kluwer Aca-demic Publishers, 1997). 1v. 319pp. index. bibliog.

Accessible for undergraduates, this series of essays byscholars focuses on research in bilingual education. Bibli-ographies and an index are included.

10.6. Fromkin, Victoria A., ed. Linguistics: An Introduction to LinguisticsTheory (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000). 1v. 747pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This work is intended for undergraduates and is appropri-ate as a textbook on linguistics theory, focusing on morphol-ogy and syntax, semantics, and phonology and phonetics.(For a broader introductory text, see 10.13.) The treatmentis complete and well-illustrated with examples. A glossary isincluded and glossary terms are highlighted in the main text.A comprehensive index is also included.

10.7. Goldsmith, John A., ed. The Handbook of Phonological Theory, v. 1of Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995). 1v.986pp. index. bibliog.

This work provides a comprehensive overview of researchin the field of phonetics and phonological theory appropriatefor advanced undergraduates or higher. A series of essaysby scholars is supported by an extensive bibliography andindices by name, subject, and language.

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10.8. Hale, Bob and Crispin Wright, eds. A Companion to the Philosophy ofLanguage. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell,1997). 1v. 721pp. index. bibliog.

Part of a series of books compiled to distill various fieldsof philosophy, this is a collection of essays intended for theadvanced undergraduate or higher, though no knowledge inthe area of philosophy of language is presupposed. Writtenby scholars in the field, the articles examine the importantthemes and trends in research on the philosophy of languageand serves as a gateway to the literature on the subject, withextensive lists of references and suggested further reading.An index and an extensive glossary are included.

10.9. Hornberger, Nancy H. and David Corson, eds. Research Methods inLanguage and Education, v. 8 of Encyclopedia of Language and Edu-cation (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997). 1v. 378pp.index. bibliog.

This work takes a comprehensive look at research meth-ods in language education in a series of essays written byscholars and appropriate for undergraduates. Bibliographiesand an index are included.

10.10. Kaplan, Robert B., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). 1v. 641pp. index. bibliog.

This collection of essays by applied linguistics scholars isintended as a broad introduction to the field and is appropri-ate for advanced undergraduates or higher. The essays covera wide range of the current research and collective knowl-edge in the field. An extensive bibliography and an index areincluded.

10.11. Koerner, E. F. K. and R. E. Asher, eds. Concise History of the Lan-guage Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists (Pergamon,1995). 1v. 497pp. index. illus. bibliog.

This work treats the history of linguistics and allied fieldsfrom their very earliest emergence to the present day in a

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series of essays by scholars in the field. It is especially note-worthy because it goes beyond the usual Eurocentric focusin such accounts and includes history in other parts of theworld. Accessible to upper-level undergraduates or higher.

10.12. Lier, Leo Van and David Corson, eds. Knowledge About Language,v. 4 of Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Dordrecht: KluwerAcademic Publishers, 1997). 1v. 286pp. index. bibliog.

In a series of essays accessible to undergraduates, schol-ars treat the role of metalinguistic knowledge in languageeducation. Bibliographies and an index are included.

10.13. O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Francis Katamba, eds.Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Learning About Lan-guage, third edn. (London: Longman, 1996). 1v. 755pp. index. illus.bibliog.

This is a broad introduction to the many sub-fields of lin-guistics, intended as a textbook appropriate for undergrad-uates; few other works cover so broad a ground. It covers awide variety of topics in fair depth, and provides extensivefurther reading. A glossary is included, and glossary wordsin the main text are highlighted. Comprehensive indices tolanguages and subjects are included.

10.14. Ritchie, William C. and Tej K. Bhatia, eds. Handbook of SecondLanguage Acquisition (San Diego: Academic Press, 1996). 1v. 758pp.index. bibliog.

This text is a compilation of essays by scholars in second-language acquisition and covers current research in the field,though it is beginning to be dated. The essays cover a widerange and are accompanied by extensive bibliographies. Aglossary and exhaustive index are included.

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10.15. Tucker, G. Richard and David Corson, eds. Second Language Ed-ucation, v. 4 of Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997). 1v. 255pp. index. bibliog.

This is a series of essays by scholars, accessible for under-graduates, on research topics in second-language education.Bibliographies and an index are included.

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Subject Index

applied linguistics, 1.15directories, 6.3, 6.9essay collections, 10.3, 10.5, 10.9,

10.10, 10.12, 10.14, 10.15indexes, 4.3–9journals, 5.1news, 8.14organizations, 8.6, 8.7, 8.23see also ESL, computational lin-

guistics, translationcomputational linguistics

indexes, 4.1, 4.5journals, 5.2organizations, 8.2

corpora, 8.3, 8.5, 8.17dialects and variations, 8.15, 10.2

of English, 2.2, 2.6, 2.10, 2.17,2.19

ESL (and language teaching andlearning)

dictionaries and word books, 2.1,2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 2.11, 2.13–19

encyclopediae, 1.4essay collections, 10.3, 10.5, 10.14,

10.15indexes, 4.4, 4.6journals, 5.3, 5.9organizations, 8.23

Hebrew, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.10Italian, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7languages, catalogues of, 1.1, 1.5,

1.8, 1.11, 7.1, 8.20ancient, 1.18

atlases, 1.7, 7.2, 7.3constructed, 8.4statistics, 7.4, 7.5

language teaching, see ESL, appliedlinguistics

linguistics, general, 10.6, 10.13biography, 1.17dictionaries, 1.3, 1.9encyclopediae, 1.1, 1.6, 1.10, 1.13,

1.14, 1.16essay collections, 10.1history, 1.17, 10.11indexes, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7–9, 8.18journals, 5.4–5.8, 5.10organizations, 6.7, 8.1, 8.13, 8.21

morphology, see linguistics, generalorthography, 1.12, 6.1philosophy of language, 10.8phonetics and phonology, 6.4–6.6,

6.8, 8.11, 8.22, 10.7Russian, 3.8, 3.9semantics, see linguistics, generalslang, see dialectssociolinguistics and fieldwork, 6.2,

10.2, 10.4, see also dialectssyntax, see linguistics, generaltranslation, 1.2, 8.19, see also ap-

plied linguisticswriting, see translation

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