Product Type Small Molecules cGMP Small Molecules Peptides Aptamers Chemogenetics Controlled Substances Compound Libraries Fluorescent Imaging Ligand Sets Optopharmacology Targeted Protein Degradation Reagents Toxins Research Area Cancer Cardiovascular System Cell and Gene Therapy Endocrinology Immunology Neuroscience Pain & Inflammation Respiratory System Pharmacology 7-TM Receptors Enzyme-Linked Receptors Enzymes Ion Channels Nuclear Receptors Transporters Cell Biology Angiogenesis Cell Cycle Cell Metabolism Cytoskeleton & Motor Proteins ECM & Adhesion Molecules Epigenetics Regulated Cell Death Signal Transduction Stem Cells For more details on each discovery and to request or download your free poster visit Tocris.com/25-years Tyr Tyr Gly Gly Gly Glu Glu Lys Lys Lys COOH Lys Lys Ser Gln Asn Asn Ala Ala lle lle Thr Pro Leu Leu Val Thr Phe Phe Met Thr Ser NH 2 hPSCs Somatic cells What’s next? Screening Lead enzyme Mutagenesis 1927 Big Bang Theory Lemaître 1929 Discovery of Penicillin Fleming 1933+ X Ray Crystallography of Biological Molecules Advances Hodgkin 1951 Protein Amino Acid Sequence Sanger 1859 Theory of Evolution Darwin and Wallace 1869 Periodic Table Mendeleev 1861 Germ Theory Pasteur 2003 Human Genome Project Completed 2006 Adult Human Cells are Reprogrammed into PSCs Takahashi and Yamanaka 2012 Immune Checkpoint Therapy Allison and Honjo 2014 Robotic Limb Controlled by the Brain Ortiz-Catalan et al. 2012 Discovery of CRISPR Doudna and Charpentier 2012 Higgs Boson discovered ATLAS and CMS collaboration 1952 Polio Vaccine Salk 1953 DNA Structure Resolved Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin 1971 Discovery of Place Cells Moser, Moser and O’Keefe 1985 PCR Invented Mullis 1985 DNA Profiling Jeffrey et al. 1990 Cryo-Electron Microscopy Dubochet, Frank and Henderson 1993 The Directed Evolution of Enzymes Arnold 1996 Dolly the Sheep Cloned Campbell et al. 1998 RNA Interference Fire and Mello 1977 MRI Used on First Live Person 1954 First Kidney Transplant Murray 1898 Discovery of Radium Curie 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 25 years ago Tocris Neuramin and Cookson Chemicals merged to become Tocris Cookson, and ever since then we have been supplying researchers with high quality innovative life science reagents to help them make new discoveries. To celebrate our quarter century we have selected our 25 favorite scientific breakthroughs. How do they compare with yours? Did we miss your favorite? Let us know on social media. www.tocris.com 25 Major Scientific Breakthroughs