25-1 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Skeletal System Mrs. Northeim Part 1 of 2 Anatomy & Physiology.

25-1

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Skeletal System

Mrs. Northeim

Part 1 of 2

Anatomy & Physiology

25-2

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Skeletal/Bone

Introduction Classification by shape Classification by division 3 main components of axial division Diagram bones

25-3

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Introduction

Bones provide the body with structure and support

206 bones with joints and connective tissue

25-4

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Bone Structure Classification by shape

Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone)

Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles

Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)

25-5

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Bone Structure (cont.)

Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone

Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle

25-6

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

How we will study the bones.

Divisions Axial – 80 bones

Skull Vertebral column Rib cage

Appendicular – 126 bones Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle

25-7

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

25-8

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Main parts of axial skeleton

Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

25-9

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Cranium - Skull1. Cranial bones

Frontal bone – forehead Parietal bone – top sides Temporal bones – hence the name “temples” Occipital bone – back of head Sphenoid bone – resembles a bat with wings.

Anchors the frontal, parietal, occipital and ethmoid bones

Ethmoid bone – medial walls of eye orbit.

25-10

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Facial bones

Maxillae – upper jaw Mandible – lower jaw Zygomatic bones – cheek bone Nasal bones – upper nose between eye

orbits, “bridge of nose” Lacrimal bone – fingernail shaped bones by

tear ducts (nasal lacrimal ducts) Palatine bones – forms hard (anterior)

portion of palate Vomer – inside bone of nose

25-11

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection

Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle

Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression

25-12

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Head An enlargement on the end of a bone

Process A prominent projection on a bone

Suture An interlocking line of union between bones

Trochanter A relatively large process

Tubercle A small, knoblike process

Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

25-13

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

25-14

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Hyoid Bone U shaped bone in the neck below the

mandible and above the larnyx “Adam’s apple”…..more defined in men

– determines the tone of the larynx

25-15

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

25-16

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Vertebral column 24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx It is flexible because it is segmented Vertebral anatomy

encases the spinal cord balances the head on top Serves as point of attachment for ribs and

lower extremities

25-17

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Vertebral column Cervical vertebra

7 in the neck. Called C1-C7. Top one holds the head on – called the atlas. The second one allows the head to “swivel” – called the axis

Thoracic vertebra 12 of them, called T1-T12

Lumbar vertebra 5 of them, called L1-L5

25-18

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Vertebral column Sacral vertebrae “sacrum”

A fusion of 5 bones, S1-S5 Coccyx – “tail bone”

A single bone. Fusion of 4 or 5.

25-19

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Spinal Column

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Vertebrae ComparedSuperior View of Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar VertebraePosterior View of the Sacrum

1. Body

2. Vertebral foramen

3. Anterior tubercle

4. Posterior tubercle

5. Foramen transversarium or transverse foramen

6. Demifacet for head of rib

7. Superior articular process

8. Pedicle

9. Lamina

10. Transverse process

11. Spinous process or spine

12. Lateral mass

13. Posterior sacral foramina

14. Coccyx

15. Sacral hiatus

25-21

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

25-22

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Sternum Dagger shaped bone, called “breastbone” Manubrium

Top part of sternum Body

Mid part of sternum bone below Manubrium and above Xiphoid process.

Xiphoid process Little point at the end of the sternum. Often breaks

during CPR if hands are not positioned correctly.

25-23

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Rib Cage (cont.)

12 pairs of ribs All are attached

posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

True First seven pairs of

ribs Attach to sternum by

costal cartilage

False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal

cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating

Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly

to any structure

25-24

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved