24.1 Latin American 24.1 Latin American Peoples Win Peoples Win Independence Independence Spurred by discontent and Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fight in Latin America fight colonial rule. colonial rule.
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24.1 Latin American 24.1 Latin American Peoples Win IndependencePeoples Win Independence
Spurred by discontent and Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.Latin America fight colonial rule.
Colonial Society DividedColonial Society Divided
A Race and Class SystemA Race and Class System• Latin America has social classes that determine Latin America has social classes that determine
jobs and authorityjobs and authority PeninsularesPeninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial —born in Spain, they head colonial
government and societygovernment and society CreolesCreoles—American-born Spaniards who can become —American-born Spaniards who can become
army officersarmy officers MestizosMestizos—have both European and Native American —have both European and Native American
ancestryancestry MulattosMulattos—have both European and African ancestry—have both European and African ancestry Slaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of Slaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of
societysociety
Revolutions in the AmericasRevolutions in the Americas
Revolution in HaitiRevolution in Haiti• Haiti is the first Latin American Haiti is the first Latin American
territory to gain freedomterritory to gain freedom• Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture leads leads
slave revolt against the French slave revolt against the French (1791)(1791)
• Toussaint eventually dies in a Toussaint eventually dies in a French prison in 1803.French prison in 1803.
Revolutions in HaitiRevolutions in Haiti Haiti’s IndependenceHaiti’s Independence
• Jean-Jacques Dessalines Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804country in 1804
• Saint Domingue becomes Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win first black colony to win independenceindependence
• Renames Haiti, means Renames Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the “mountainous land” in the Arawak languageArawak language
• Emperor Jacques is Emperor Jacques is assassinated in 1806 by assassinated in 1806 by disaffected members of his disaffected members of his administration.administration.
Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence
The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasThe Spread of Enlightenment Ideas• Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin
American revolutionariesAmerican revolutionaries Creole LeadersCreole Leaders
• Simón BolívarSimón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads —wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolutionVenezuela in revolution
• José de San MartínJosé de San Martín—leader of —leader of Argentinean revolutionary forcesArgentinean revolutionary forces
1. Bolivar’s 1807 return from Europe by way of the United States allowed him to study the American system of government.
2. In 1810, Bolivar went to London to seek support for the revolution in Latin America. At the same time, he studied British institutions of government.
Portraits of Bolivar and San MartinPortraits of Bolivar and San Martin
Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence
Bolívar’s Route to VictoryBolívar’s Route to Victory• Venezuela declares independence in Venezuela declares independence in
1811; Bolivar wins war by 18211811; Bolivar wins war by 1821 San Martín Leads Southern Liberation San Martín Leads Southern Liberation
ForcesForces• Argentina is independent in 1816; San Argentina is independent in 1816; San
Martin helps free ChileMartin helps free Chile• Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive
Spanish out of Peru in 1824.Spanish out of Peru in 1824.
Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule
A Cry for FreedomA Cry for Freedom• Padre Padre Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo
—priest who launches —priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810).Mexican revolt (1810).
• 80,000 Indian and 80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers march Mestizo followers march on Mexico Cityon Mexico City
• Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos——leads revolt after leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but Hidalgo’s defeat, but losesloses
• Both Hidalgo and Both Hidalgo and Morelos were executed.Morelos were executed.
An artistic representation of the execution of Jose Maria Morelos in 1815.