2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
How does the fluidity of the membrane allow exocytosis and endocytosis?
Where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions?
Where are the polar and nonpolar regions?
2.4.2-2.4.8 Distinguish between the role of simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, in transporting materials across the membrane.
Process:
Passive or active?
Needs protein?
Conc. gradient
Example
2.1.6 Explain the importance of surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting the size of cells.
___________ and __________ are functions that increase with surface area.
____________ and _________ are functions that increase with volume.
As cells grow in size, surface area increase at a (slower/faster) rate than volume does.
3.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions, habitat, and transport medium.
Property of water
What it means
Significance to life
High specific heat
Cohesion and adhesion
Polar solvent
Ice less dense than liquid water
3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol, and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.
MONOMERS (CREATED BY A
__________RXN)
POLYMER (CREATED FROM A
____________RXN)
CARBS
LIPIDS
PRO-TEINS
AMINO ACIDS POLYPEPTIDE
3.5 / 7.1 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds, including the antiparallel strands, 3’-5’ linkages, and purines and pyrimidines.
LABEL IT! (YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO!)
3.4 / 7.2 Explain semi-conservative DNA replication, including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA primase, and DNA ligase), Okazaki fragments, and deoxynucleoside triphosphates.
ENZYME ROLE
HELICASE
RNA PRIMASE
DNA POL III
ENZYME ROLE
DNA POL I
LIGASE
RNA Drawing DNA
COMPARE RNA and DNA on three features.
What’s transcription?
What’s translation?
Label the diagram!
3.5 Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle cell anemia.
Change to DNAChanges to
transcriptionChanges to translation
Change to polypeptide
Effects on the body
Label the diagram from the word bank:
DNAchromosome
genemRNA
transcriptiontranslationpolypeptideamino acidmutation
Label:DNA sense strandDNA antisense strandmRNA5’ and 3’ end of mRNArNTPs
Draw an arrow to show the direction of RNA polymerase movement.
Explain the process of transcription (7.3)
7.5 Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating the significance of each level.
LEVEL
BONDING SIGNIFICANCE1234
REDRAW AA FOR PRACTICE!
3.6 Explain the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
WHY IS THE GRAPH LIKE THAT?
SUB CONC.
(A)SUB
CONC.(B/C)
TEMP
(B)
TEMP (C)TEMP
(D)
PH(A)
PH(B)
2.5 Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei. WHAT PHASE DO THESE HAPPEN IN?a.chromosomes condense
b.DNA replication of chromosomes
c.nuclear membrane begins to reform
d.spindle microtubules attach to centromeres
e.nuclear membrane disintegrates
f.sister chromatids are pulled apart
g.chromosomes become visible
h.chromosomes start to un-condense
i.sister chromatids move to opposite poles
j.centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
k.normal cellular activities such as protein synthesis, diffusion, respiration, etc.
DRAW IT:
4.2/10.1 Explain how meiosis results in an effectively infinite genetic variety in gametes through crossing over in prophase I and random orientation (independent assortment) in metaphase I.
This sheet is a layout template. MEIOSIS IPlace this layout sheet above theMEIOSIS II layout sheet.Place model chromosomes in eachcell according to rules andassumptions on theProcedures sheet.
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET PROPHASE I
METAPHASE I
ANAPHASE I
(TELOPHASE I)
(PROPHASE II)
MEIOSIS II
METAPHASE II
(ANAPHASE II) (TELOPHASE II)
OR OR OR OR
IN MALES: 4 Sperm
IN FEMALES:1 Egg and3 Polar Bodies
Three Polar Bodies
Egg (Ovum)
YOLK(in cytoplasm)
NUCLEUS
WHAT PHASE DOES IT HAPPEN IN?a.there are now four genetically distinct haploid
nucleib.sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle
fibersc.nuclear membrane dissolvesd.chromosomes briefly un-condensee.chromatids of homologous pairs form tetradsf.homologous pairs line up at the center of the cellg.sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell and
spindle fibers attachh.each pole contains a pair of sister chromatids joined
at the centromerei.spindle fibers contract and pull apart homologous
chromosomesj.tetrads are pulled apart and homologous
chromosomes exchange genetic informationk.spindle fibers attach to centromeres of homologous
chromosomesl.chromosomes condense and become visible for the
first timem.chromosomes re-condense n.chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross-
overo.DNA replication of chromosomes creates identical
chromatids joined at the centromere
DRAW IT:
10.2.5 Explain Bateson’s dihybrid cross (PpLl x PpLl) of flowers as an example of a cross between linked genes.
WHY DO THE RECOMBINANTS APPEAR IN SMALLER NUMBERS?
4.3 Predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring of monohybrid crosses of the following inheritance patterns: simple dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linkage.
5.1 Explain the energy flow in a food chain, and the reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.
List 3 reasons for shape:
1.
2.
3.
Eater Example from web
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumer
5.3 Explain the reasons for the exponential growth, transitional, and plateau phases of the s-shaped population growth curve.
What do these diagrams mean?
LABEL IT
5.4.8 Explain two examples of evolution in response to environmental change.
NAT. SELEC.
Ex1: ________
Ex2:__________
Variation
Competition
Survival of fittest
Change over time
6.1. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the digestive system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Features of small intestine
6.2. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Arteries Veins CapillariesFunction
Muscle and collagen
Lumen size
Thickness
Valves?
Pores?
6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Features of alveoli
6.4 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of the volume and pressure changes caused by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
INHALE EXHALE
Pressure in thorax
Volume of thorax
EXTERNAL intercostals
INTERNAL intercostals
Diaphragm
Abdominals
6.5 Explain the control of body temperature and blood glucose by negative feedback.
BLOOD GLUCOSE
TEMP
SENSOR
EFFECTORS WHEN LOW
EFFECTORS WHEN HIGH
DONT CONFUSE ALPHA AND BETA
CELLS!DONT CONFUSE
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON!
6.6 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone, using a graph.
Hormone Timing Effects
FSH
ESTROGEN
LH
PRO-GESTERONE
11. 4.9 Describe the process of fertilization.
a
b
c
d
e
a
bc
d
e
ab
c
d
e
11.4.6 Draw and label a diagram of mature sperm and egg.
REDRAW an egg for practice REDRAW a sperm for practice
Label the seminiferous tubuoles, epididymis, and vas deferens in the testicle and the spermatagoonia (germinal epithelium), spermatids, spermatazoa, Sertoli cells, and lumen in the inset diagram.
Annotate the diagram to show the direction spermatids move as they mature.
a
b
c
d
ef
Label the primary oocyte, primary follicle, secondary oocyte, and mature follicle.Annotate the diagram to show the follicle that is most likely to undergo ovulation next.
a b
cd
e
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