22Y103 ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΕΣcgi.di.uoa.gr/~ys02/22y103_lab_201011_v301.pdf · • Εισαγωγή στον προγραμματισμό με χρήση

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2: : FTP, EMAIL, , HTML ...........................................................................................................................................28

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5: PYTHON .................................................................48 5.1 ...............................................................................................................................................48 5.2 ................................................................................................................48 5.3 Python ..............................................................................................50 5.4 ...............................................................................................................53 5.5 input, if, else.........................................................................................................................56 5.6 2 .......................................................58 5.7 ...........................................................................................................................................61

6: PYTHON.............................................................62 6.1 ...............................................................................................................................................62 6.2 ......................................................................................................................62 6.3 for .................................................................................................63 6.4 ......................................................................................................................66 6.5 ......................................................................................................................71 6.6 ...................................................................................................................73 6.7 ...........................................................................................................................................81

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7.1 ...............................................................................................................................................83 7.2 ...............................................................................................................................................83 7.3 ............................................................................................................................84 7.4 ...............................................................................................................................................90 7.5 ............................................................................................................................................93 7.6 ...........................................................................................................................................97

8: PYTHON .............................................................99 8.1 ...............................................................................................................................................99 8.2 .....................................................................................................................99 8.3 ...................................................................................................103 8.4 ..........................................................................................................................104 8.5 e-mail .............................................................................................................................105 8.6 .........................................................................................................................................107

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The Input/Output Symbol represents data that is available for input or resulting from processing (i.e. customer database records).

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47

The Process Symbol represents any process, function, or action and is the most frequently used symbol in flowcharting.

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The Connector Symbol represents the exit to, or entry from, another part of the same flow chart. It is usually used to break a flow line that will be continued elsewhere. It's a good idea to reference page numbers for easy location of connectors.

48

5: Python

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51

, **. .: >>> print 9**2, 9**0.5 81 3.0 Python . .: >>> print 2**1000 10715086071862673209484250490600018105614048117055336074437503883703510511249361224931983788156958581275946729175531468251871452856923140435984577574698574803934567774824230985421074605062371141877954182153046474983581941267398767559165543946077062914571196477686542167660429831652624386837205668069376 , (Memory Register = MR). Python . (variables) ( ) : >>> a=5 a 5. >>> metavliti2=34.45 , metavliti2 34.45. : >>> print a, metavliti2, metavliti2/a >>> 5 34.45 6.89 Python , . a+bj j . .: >>> n=5+2j >>> m=2+3j >>> print n, m, n+m, n-m, n*m, n/m (5+2j) (2+3j) (7+5j) (3-1j) (4+19j) (1.23076923077-0.846153846154j) . . , 1, : >>> print (-1)**0.5 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in (-1)**0.5 ValueError: negative number cannot be raised to a fractional power

52

... . : >>> print (-1+0j)**0.5 (6.12323399574e-17+1j) ... 4 ( 6.123x10-17). Python , , , , , (. , , ). on-line help Python . , Python import. , (cos) math, : >>> from math import cos : >>> print cos(0.5) 0.87758256189 , Python. * . .: >>> from math import * >>> print cos(0.5), sin(0.5), tan(0.5) 0.87758256189 0.479425538604 0.546302489844 , , . Python . .

4 : Python . Python ( ) ( bits) . , .

53

5.4 . 2x2-5x+2=0. , - , : >>> a=2 >>> b=-5 >>> c=2 >>> diak=b*b-4*a*c >>> print diak 9 , : >>> rd=diak**0.5 : >>> x1=(-b-rd)/(2*a) >>> x2=(-b+rd)/(2*a) >>> print x1, x2 0.5 2.0 . : >>> print 'x1=', x1, " x2=", x2 x1= 0.5 x2= 2.0 print . , ( ) . . 2x2-5x+2=0 , 2x2-5x+3=0. c 2 3. -, ! Python . . File>New Window (Ctrl+N) IDLE...

54

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56

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57

, . if. : ... a=input( :) b=input( :) if b==0: print .

b= input( :) print :, a/b ... , a () b () . . if. b==0 ( b ) , (TAB) , if ( if) print. , print. (: Python TABs . .) =. , . == . if :

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58

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60

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61

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62

6: Python

6.1 Python, , , .

6.2 Python import. . f(x)= 0.0001*x3+0.015*x2-1.14*x-2.8. Python def : >>> def f(x): return 0.0001*x**3+0.015*x**2-1.14*x-2.8 , def . return ( , print). : >>> print f(3.5) -6.6019625 >>> print f(-12), f(111.11) 12.8672 192.886177563 ( ), . , a, b c: >>> def diakrinousa(a,b,c): return b*b-4*a*c >>> print diakrinousa(4,2,-1) 20 , , ,. : >>> def remainder(x,y): z=x/y

63

r=x-z*y return r >>> def check_odd_or_even(x): y=remainder(x,2) if y==0: return 'even' else: return 'odd' remainder . check_odd_or_even remainder (odd) (even). >>> print remainder(8,3) 2 >>> print check_odd_or_even(13) odd >>> print check_odd_or_even(14) even check_odd_or_even ().

6.3 for f(x) x. print, Python : >>> for x in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: print ' x=', x, ' f(x)=',f(x) x= 0 f(x)= -2.8 x= 1 f(x)= -3.9249 x= 2 f(x)= -5.0192 x= 3 f(x)= -6.0823 x= 4 f(x)= -7.1136 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] . for x ( print) x. Python range : >>> print range(10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] range , 0. >>> print range(-3,4)

64

[-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3] . >>> print range(1,15,2) [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13] . 15, 1 2. , , range() for, : >>> for x in range(100): print ' x=', x, ' f(x)=',f(x) x= 0 f(x)= -2.8 x= 1 f(x)= -3.9249 x= 2 f(x)= -5.0192 x= 3 f(x)= -6.0823 ... x= 97 f(x)= 119.0223 x= 98 f(x)= 123.6592 x= 99 f(x)= 128.3849 . (nested). , . : 1: (a, b, c) 0

65

8 15 17 9 12 15 9 40 41 10 24 26 12 16 20 12 35 37 15 20 25 15 36 39 16 30 34 18 24 30 20 21 29 21 28 35 24 32 40 27 36 45 for a b b c. range a> def is_prime(n): if n>> for t in range(20): print t, is_prime(t) 0 no 1 no 2 yes 3 yes 4 no

66

5 yes 6 no 7 yes 8 no 9 no 10 no 11 yes 12 no 13 yes 14 no 15 no 16 no 17 yes 18 no 19 yes . . ( a n, n/a n) .

6.4 Python . (turtle graphics). Logo, 1980 . : >>> from turtle import * , 8 : >>> reset() Turtle Graphics:

8 . .

67

( cursor, ) . reset , . (0,0). goto. .: >>> goto(300,0)

300 pixels ( ) . goto ( ). goto : >>> goto(-200,-100) >>> goto(0,0)

68

>>> goto(0,110) >>> goto(-110,110) >>> goto(-110,0) >>> goto(0,0)

: >>> speed(fastest) ... . , up, : >>> up() >>> goto(100,100)

69

: >>> down() ... . (up) , (goto) (down) . . ( . , 100 pixels : >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) forward(100) 100 pixels . left(120) 120 . 3 , :

: >>> up() >>> goto(-250,130) >>> down() >>> forward(100) >>> left(120)

70

>>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> up() >>> goto(200,-170) >>> down() >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> forward(100) >>> left(120) >>> forward(100) >>> left(120)

( goto) . turtle on-line help9 Python:

9 on-line help, , . forward(100) fd(100). turtle. help . import .

71

. .

6.5 6.2 f(x)= 0.0001*x3+0.015*x2-1.14*x-2.8 : >>> def f(x): return 0.0001*x**3+0.015*x**2-1.14*x-2.8 . : >>> reset() >>> speed('fastest') >>> forward(300) >>> goto(0,0) >>> left(90) >>> forward(300) >>> goto(0,0) >>> left(90) >>> forward(300) >>> goto(0,0) >>> left(90) >>> forward(300) >>> up() >>> goto(-300,f(-300)) >>> down()

72

(-300,f(-300)) . . : >>> color('red') : >>> for x in range(-300,300): goto(x,f(x))

f(x) [-300,300]. . x y . , sin(x). pixel 6 pixels, . , : >>> from math import * >>> cy=200 >>> cx=36. >>> x=-300 >>> up() >>> goto(x,cy*sin(x/cx)) >>> down() >>> for x in range(-300,300): goto(x,cy*sin(x/cx))

73

cx, cy x y . 200 pixels 2*36=226 pixels .

6.6 turtle circle(r) r. 100 . random () : >>> from random import * random random() 0 1: >>> print random() 0.178361201055 >>> print random() 0.671443452792 randint(low,high) [low,high]: >>> print randint(10,100) 47 : >>> for i in range(100):

74

up() x=randint(-300,300) y=randint(-250,200) goto(x,y) down() color(random(),random(),random()) r=randint(5,50) circle(r) (x,y) x [-300,300] y [-250,200]. color(R,G,B). color . , (, , ) . [0,1] . r [5,50] . 100 for. :

; circle(r) . help turtle, . . 6.4 . r: >>> def triangle(r): forward(r) left(120) forward(r) left(120) forward(r)

75

left(120) : >>> clear() . clear() reset() , . >>> for i in range(100): up() x=randint(-300,300) y=randint(-250,200) goto(x,y) down() color(random(),random(),random()) r=randint(5,50) triangle(r)

. 100 0 99. ( is_prime ) . . . write(). : >>> clear() >>> for i in range(100): up() x=randint(-300,300) y=randint(-250,200) goto(x,y) down() color(random(),random(),random()) r=randint(5,50)

76

if is_prime(i)=='yes': circle(r) else: triangle(r) write(i)

, , . circle . , : >>> circle(50,360) ( 360 ) 50, : >>> circle(50,180) ... ( 180 ). , circle . . ( ). : >>> reset() >>> speed('fastest') >>> for i in range(1000): circle(randint(-40,40),randint(-45,45)) 1000 , 40 pixels 45 :

77

. : >>> reset() >>> for i in range(20): circle(10+5*i,180)

20 . 10 pixels 5 pixels . , : >>> def spiral(x,y,arc,times,inner,increment): up() goto(x,y) down() for i in range(times): circle(inner+increment*i,arc)

78

spiral (x,y) times , arc . inner increment. .. 20 : >>> reset() >>> speed('fastest') >>> for i in range(20): color(random(),random(),random()) x=randint(-200,200) y=randint(-200,200) arc=randint(-360,360) spiral(x,y,arc,randint(10,100),randint(-30,30),randint(-10,10))

. , : >>> reset() >>> for i in range(8): circle(100,22.5) circle(10) circle(100,22.5) circle(-10) ... :

79

: >>> reset() >>> for i in range(200): circle(30+i,15) circle(5) circle(30+i,15) circle(-5)

, : >>> reset() >>> speed('fastest') >>> color('red') >>> for i in range(36): circle(50) left(10)

80

>>> color('black') >>> for i in range(18): circle(100) left(20)

, : >>> def daisy(inner, outer, number, colour): angle=360.0/number radius=-(outer-inner)/2. color(colour) up() goto(0,0) right(90) forward(inner) left(90) for i in range(number): down() circle(radius) up() circle(inner,angle) : inner outer number colour. , .: >>> reset() >>> speed('fastest') >>> daisy(30,100,36,'red') >>> daisy(50,150,20,'blue') >>> daisy(70,200,50,'green')

81

6.7 , . . . #1 Project Euler (http://projecteuler.net).

10 Python. , (copy-paste site) 11 .

10 . 11 , site.

http://projecteuler.net)

82

#2 turtle Python . , , (, , ). (screen capture) .

83

7: Python

7.1 Python, (lists) (dictionaries) . (methods) .

7.2 . , : >>> a=[14,17,11,22,19,11,33] >>> print a [14, 17, 11, 22, 19, 11, 33] : . . , . , , , . .: >>> q=[34, 'hello', -12.17, ['a', 'b']] >>> print q [34, 'hello', -12.17, ['a', 'b']] q : 34, hello, 12.17 ['a', 'b']. len(): >>> print len(a), len(q) 7 4 :

84

>>> print a[0], q[1] 14 hello 1 0, 2 1, ... , : 1 , 2 , ... ..: >>> print a[-2], q[-1] 11 ['a', 'b'] () : >>> print a, a[2:5] [14, 17, 11, 22, 19, 11, 33] [11, 22, 19] () +: >>> a=[1,2] >>> b=[34,56] >>> c=a+b >>> print c [1, 2, 34, 56] * ( 3): >>> d=a*3 >>> print d [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2] , , .

7.3 , (module) . , , ( Beep() ) winsound Python Windows: >>> from winsound import Beep , import , Beep. B . Python ( ) . winsound

85

Windows Windows. , . : >>> Beep(1200,500) . 1200Hz (500msec). Beep [37, 32767] Hertz . milliseconds. Beep, . .: >>> from random import * >>> for i in range(20): freq=randint(1200,20000) print freq,"Hz" Beep(freq,200) 10594 Hz 4543 Hz 15006 Hz ... 14551 Hz 6327 Hz 9590 Hz . . , . : 440 Hz. . . (880 Hz) . (220 Hz) . : >>> List=[220,440,880] >>> for freq in List:

print freq,"Hz" Beep(freq,500)

3 2 (880-440=440 Hz) 1 2 (440-220=220 Hz), .

86

. , : >>> from math import log >>> print log(List[2])-log(List[1]) 0.69314718056 >>> print log(List[1])-log(List[0]) 0.69314718056 , , . Beep(): >>> La_List=[] >>> F=440 >>> while F> print La_List [440, 880, 1760, 3520, 7040, 14080, 28160] 440 Hz . : >>> F=440 >>> while F>=37: if not(F in La_List): La_List=[F]+La_List F=F/2 440, if. F , . , , F . : >>> print La_List [55, 110, 220, 440, 880, 1760, 3520, 7040, 14080, 28160] Beep(). : >>> def play_list(L,Duration): for freq in L:

87

print freq, "Hz" Beep(freq,Duration) , L Duration Duration msec . : >>> play_list(La_List,500) 55 Hz 110 Hz 220 Hz 440 Hz 880 Hz 1760 Hz 3520 Hz 7040 Hz 14080 Hz 28160 Hz . 2022000 Hz. 22000 Hz . 20 Hz . , . 11 , 12 . , = 2(1/12) = 1.05946309436. , : = 440 Hz, , (# = *440). , ( = **440) ... 12 . 12*440=2*440 = 2(1/12). Python: >>> A=440. >>> d=2.**(1./12.) >>> print d 1.05946309436 >>> L=[A] >>> for i in range(12): A=A*d L=L+[A] >>> print L [440.0, 466.1637615180899, 493.8833012561241, 523.2511306011974, 554.3652619537443, 587.3295358348153, 622.253967444162, 659.2551138257401, 698.456462866008, 739.988845423269, 783.9908719634989, 830.6093951598906, 880.0000000000003]

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L 440 Hz 880 Hz , ( 880 Hz). Beep(). Beep() . . int(): >>> print int(2.4), int(2.5), int(2.6) 2 2 2 int() . , 2.4 2.5 2.6 2. , 0.5 . .: >>> print int(0.5+2.4), int(0.5+2.5), int(0.5+2.6) 2 3 3 L : >>> K=[] >>> for f in L: K=K+[int(0.5+f)] >>> print K [440, 466, 494, 523, 554, 587, 622, 659, 698, 740, 784, 831, 880] . Python . .: >>> M=[int(0.5+x) for x in L] int(0.5+x), x L. : >>> print M [440, 466, 494, 523, 554, 587, 622, 659, 698, 740, 784, 831, 880] : >>> play_list(M,300) 440 Hz 466 Hz 494 Hz 523 Hz 554 Hz 587 Hz 622 Hz 659 Hz 698 Hz 740 Hz 784 Hz 831 Hz

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880 Hz . , : >>> M2=[2*x for x in M] >>> print M2 [880, 932, 988, 1046, 1108, 1174, 1244, 1318, 1396, 1480, 1568, 1662, 1760] >>> M0=[x/2 for x in M] >>> print M0 [220, 233, 247, 261, 277, 293, 311, 329, 349, 370, 392, 415, 440] 3 : >>> Mall=M0+M+M2 >>> print Mall [220, 233, 247, 261, 277, 293, 311, 329, 349, 370, 392, 415, 440, 440, 466, 494, 523, 554, 587, 622, 659, 698, 740, 784, 831, 880, 880, 932, 988, 1046, 1108, 1174, 1244, 1318, 1396, 1480, 1568, 1662, 1760] , . 440 880 2 Mall, 13 ( ). , , 7.2: >>> Mall=M0[:12]+M+M2[1:] >>> print Mall [220, 233, 247, 261, 277, 293, 311, 329, 349, 370, 392, 415, 440, 466, 494, 523, 554, 587, 622, 659, 698, 740, 784, 831, 880, 932, 988, 1046, 1108, 1174, 1244, 1318, 1396, 1480, 1568, 1662, 1760] To M0[:12] M0[0:12] 12 M0. , M2[1:] M2 . : >>> for i in range(20): note=randint(0,36) freq=Mall[note] print "Note=", note, " Freq=", freq, "Hz" Beep(freq,200) Note= 13 Freq= 466 Hz Note= 15 Freq= 523 Hz Note= 21 Freq= 740 Hz ... Note= 9 Freq= 370 Hz Note= 24 Freq= 880 Hz Note= 31 Freq= 1318 Hz

90

Mall Beep(). , . .

7.4 (Dictionary) (key). : >>> a={'La':440, 'La#':466, 'Si':494, 'Do':523} 4 , { }. : . :. a. : >>> print a['La#'] 466 >>> print a['Si'], a['Do'] 494 523 , . . , , : >>> print a {'Do': 523, 'Si': 494, 'La#': 466, 'La': 440} : >>> a['Sol']=392 >>> a['Sol#']=415 >>> print a {'Do': 523, 'La': 440, 'Sol#': 415, 'La#': 466, 'Si': 494, 'Sol': 392} , : >>> a['Do']=261 >>> print a {'Do': 261, 'La': 440, 'Sol#': 415, 'La#': 466, 'Si': 494, 'Sol': 392} del: >>> del a['Do']

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>>> print a {'La': 440, 'Sol#': 415, 'La#': 466, 'Si': 494, 'Sol': 392} , : >>> a={'Do':261, 'Do#':277, 'Re':293, 'Re#':311, 'Mi':329, 'Fa':349, 'Fa#':370, 'Sol':392, 'Sol#':415, 'La':440, 'La#':466, 'Si':494} >>> print a {'Do': 261, 'Re': 293, 'Do#': 277, 'La': 440, 'Mi': 329, 'Sol': 392, 'Sol#': 415, 'Fa': 349, 'Si': 494, 'Fa#': 370, 'Re#': 311, 'La#': 466} ... . . : >>> p=['Do','Mi','Sol','La','La#','La','Sol','Mi'] : >>> f=[a[x] for x in p] >>> print f [261, 329, 392, 440, 466, 440, 392, 329] : >>> play_list(f,250) 261 Hz 329 Hz 392 Hz 440 Hz 466 Hz 440 Hz 392 Hz 329 Hz ... : >>> play_list(f*4,250) 261 Hz 329 Hz ... 392 Hz 329 Hz . 5 : >>> f5=[int(0.5+x*d**5) for x in f] >>> print f5 [348, 439, 523, 587, 622, 587, 523, 439] >>> play_list(f5,250) ... 7 : >>> f7=[int(0.5+x*d**7) for x in f] >>> print f7

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[391, 493, 587, 659, 698, 659, 587, 493] >>> play_list(f7,250) : >>> play_list(f*2+f5+f+f7+f5+f*2,250) 261 Hz 329 Hz 392 Hz ... 440 Hz 392 Hz 329 Hz , ( ). : >>> p1=['Do','Re','Mi','Fa','Sol','La','Si'] >>> f1=[a[x] for x in p1] >>> for i in range(20): Beep(f1[randint(0,6)],250) >>> p2=['Do','Mi','Sol','La','La#'] >>> f2=[a[x] for x in p2] >>> for i in range(20): Beep(f2[randint(0,4)],200) >>> p3=['Do#','Re#','Fa#','Sol#','La#'] >>> f3=[a[x] for x in p3] >>> for i in range(20): Beep(f3[randint(0,4)],200) . , : >>> def rand_music(KLIM,OCT,Notes,Speed): f=[a[x] for x in KLIM] q=f while OCT>1: OCT=OCT-1 r=[x*2 for x in f] q=q+r L=len(q)-1 for i in range(Notes): note=randint(0,L) freq=q[note] Beep(freq,Speed) KLIM , OCT , Notes Speed . : >>> rand_music(['Do#','Re#','Fa#','Sol#','La#'],2,20,250)

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. . . msec, 2 : 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 1/64. 64, . 30*64=1920 msec. (). : >>> a['P']=28000 : >>> music=[['La',16],['Sol',16],['La',2],['P',8],['Sol',16], ['Fa',16],['Mi',16],['Re',16],['Do#',4],['Re',2]] . , . : >>> def play_musiclist(L): for x in L: [note,time]=x freq=a[note] duration=1920/time print "Note=", note, "(", freq, "Hz) Dur= 1/",

print time, "(", duration, "msec)" Beep(freq,duration) >>> play_musiclist(music) Note= La ( 440 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= Sol ( 392 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= La ( 440 Hz) Dur= 1/ 2 ( 960 msec) Note= P ( 28000 Hz) Dur= 1/ 8 ( 240 msec) Note= Sol ( 392 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= Fa ( 349 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= Mi ( 329 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= Re ( 293 Hz) Dur= 1/ 16 ( 120 msec) Note= Do# ( 277 Hz) Dur= 1/ 4 ( 480 msec) Note= Re ( 293 Hz) Dur= 1/ 2 ( 960 msec)

7.5 , on-line help Python ( web-site) (modules) . :

94

def. . . sin() Beep(). . + : >>> print [1,2]+[3,4] [1, 2, 3, 4] : >>> def connect(L1,L2): return L1+L2 connect(): >>> print connect([1,2],[3,4]) [1, 2, 3, 4] : >>> L=['a','b','a','c','a','a','d'] >>> print L.count('a') 4 count() . . , . dot notation ( ). , : >>> def my_count(A,x): return A.count(x) : >>> print my_count(L,'a') 4 . , .

95

Python. upper() (strings) . >>> v='' >>> print v.upper() keys() values() . .: >>> a={'Do':261, 'Do#':277, 'Re':293, 'Re#':311, 'Mi':329, 'Fa':349, 'Fa#':370, 'Sol':392, 'Sol#':415, 'La':440, 'La#':466, 'Si':494} >>> print a.keys() ['Do', 'Re', 'Do#', 'La', 'Mi', 'Sol', 'Sol#', 'Fa', 'Si', 'Fa#', 'Re#', 'La#'] >>> print a.values() [261, 293, 277, 440, 329, 392, 415, 349, 494, 370, 311, 466] ( ) . reverse() . . : >>> L=[1,2,3,4] >>> L.reverse() >>> print L [4, 3, 2, 1] >>> L.reverse() >>> print L [1, 2, 3, 4] ( ): >>> L=[1,2,3,4] >>> M=L >>> print L,M [1, 2, 3, 4] [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> M.reverse() >>> print L,M [4, 3, 2, 1] [4, 3, 2, 1] M. ; Python =. L=[1,2,3,4] Python [1,2,3,4] L. M=L L, L M. . : >>> L=[1,2,3,4] >>> M=[1,2,3,4]

96

... : >>> L=[1,2,3,4] >>> M=L[:] L[:] L[0:len(L)] . Python L. . : >>> L=[1,2,3,4] >>> M=L+[] ... L ([]) M. , reverse() : >>> print L,M [1, 2, 3, 4] [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> M.reverse() >>> print L,M [1, 2, 3, 4] [4, 3, 2, 1] Python , . : >>> L=5 >>> M=L >>> print L,M 5 5 5 . 5 L M. . : >>> M=M+1 5 6. 6, M . L 5 . : >>> print L,M 5 6 , . () . .

97

, . , , : >>> def rev(L): M=L+[] M.reverse() return M >>> J=[1,2,3,4] >>> print J, rev(J), J [1, 2, 3, 4] [4, 3, 2, 1] [1, 2, 3, 4] reverse(): >>> def rev2(L): if L==[]: return L H=L[0] T=L[1:] RT=rev2(T) return RT+[H] >>> J=[1,2,3,4] >>> print J, rev2(J), J [1, 2, 3, 4] [4, 3, 2, 1] [1, 2, 3, 4] rev2() . , (L[0]), (L[1:]) L[0] . rev2() ! M=M+1 . . () , () , () . (), () () rev2() . .

7.6 , . . #1

98

20-22000 Hz . . #2 : mysterysong=[['Do',3,'1'],['Fa',2,'2'],['Fa',1,'3'],['Fa',4,'4'],['Sol',3,'5'],['La',2,'6'],['La',1,'7'],['La',4,'8'],['La',1,'9'],['Sol',1,'10'],['La',1,'11'],['La#',2,'12'],['Mi',2,'13'],['Sol',2,'14'],['Fa',4,'15']] ( ) 1 , 2 3 ( ) . 240 msec. :

1 1x240 = 240 msec 2 2x240 = 480 msec 3 3x240 = 720 msec,

Python dictionary , winsound mysterysong. 1-15 . #3 Python 5-10 .

99

8: Python

8.1 Python, e-mails, .

8.2 (.. 2008). , , . Python calendar , on-line Help ( F1 Library Reference > Data Types > calendar):

, calendar() . : >>> from calendar import * >>> print calendar(2008) ... :

100

calendar() (string). print. , .: >>> a=calendar(2008) >>> print a e-mail . ( ) Python. , . . , PDF , , ,

101

(. , ). bytes (fonts) , ( ) , , . , ( ) . (.txt), (text editors). byte ASCII . Python open(), : >>> my_file=open("my_first_text_file.txt","w") open() Python . : v (my_first_text_file.txt)

. v

(w , r ). my_file Python . , . open() :

: v ()

Python.

102

path open().

v 0 bytes. , .

, write(). , write() (. , , ), . , : >>> my_file.write(" Python:\n\n") >>> a=calendar(2008) >>> my_file.write(a) >>> my_file.write("\n\nPython: ...\n... .\n(Read the Manual!!!)") \n ( Enter/Return). , write() print, : >>> print >>my_file, a write() \n strings. , print : >>> print >>my_file, " Python:" >>> print >>my_file, "" >>> a=calendar(2008) >>> print >>my_file, a >>> print >>my_file, "" >>> print >>my_file, "Python: ... " >>> print >>my_file, "... . " >>> print >>my_file, "Read the Manual!!!)" , close() , RAM . >>> my_file.close() editor:

103

, Python, : >>> my_file=open("my_first_text_file.txt","r") open() "r", . read() contents, : >>> contents=my_file.read() >>> print contents , . . , close(): >>> my_file.close()

8.3 , : >>> file1=open("my_first_text_file.txt","r") >>> file2=open("my_second_text_file.txt","w") >>> contents=file1.read() >>> file2.write(contents)

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>>> file2.close() >>> file1.close() os, : >>> from os import * os , getcwd() () : >>> print getcwd() C:\PF\Python25 ... listdir() : >>> d=getcwd() >>> print listdir(d) ['DLLs', 'Doc', 'graphics1.py', 'include', 'Lib', 'libs', 'LICENSE.txt', 'my_first_text_file.txt', 'my_second_text_file.txt', 'NEWS.txt', 'Pygame DocEx', 'python.exe', 'pythonw.exe', 'README.txt', 'tcl', 'test1.py', 'Tools', 'triwnymo.py', 'w9xpopen.exe'] ... os system(), Command Line (DOS prompt). system(). : : >>> system("copy my_first_text_file.txt my_third_text_file.txt") 0 >>> system("copy my_third_text_file.txt my_forth_text_file.txt") 0 : >>> system("ren my_forth_text_file.txt my_fourth_text_file.txt") 0 : >>> system("del my_third_text_file.txt") 0 0 .

8.4 Python . , zipfile zlib . : >>> from zipfile import *

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>>> from zlib import * >>> fz=ZipFile("AllFiles.zip","w",ZIP_DEFLATED) ZipFile() open(). "AllFiles.zip" ("w"). ZIP_DEFLATED . , . fz : >>> fz.write("my_first_text_file.txt") >>> fz.write("my_second_text_file.txt") >>> fz.write("my_fourth_text_file.txt") ... : >>> fz.close() AllFiles.zip :

8.5 e-mail e-mail Python, e-mail. smtplib help Python. e-mail: >>> from smtplib import * >>> server=SMTP("patreas.upatras.gr") SMTP() server e-mail . , . . : >>> file=open("my_first_text_file.txt","r") >>> message=file.read() >>> file.close() ... , :

106

>>> message=""" e-mail : [email protected] : [email protected] Python smtplib.""" , . Python . sendmail() e-mail: >>> server.sendmail("[email protected]", "[email protected]", message) e-mail , . ( ). server, sendmail() : >>> server.set_debuglevel(1) sendmail() : send: 'ehlo think.wcl.ee.upatras.gr\r\n' reply: '250-patreas.upatras.gr patreas.upatras.gr Universty of Patras\r\n' reply: '250-PIPELINING\r\n' reply: '250-SIZE 10000000\r\n' reply: '250 8BITMIME\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: patreas.upatras.gr patreas.upatras.gr Universty of Patras PIPELINING SIZE 10000000 8BITMIME send: 'mail FROM: size=400\r\n' reply: '250 ok\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: ok send: 'rcpt TO:\r\n' reply: '250 ok\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: ok send: 'data\r\n' reply: '354 Please start mail input.\r\n' reply: retcode (354); Msg: Please start mail input. data: (354, 'Please start mail input.') send: 'test\r\n.\r\n' reply: '250 Mail queued for delivery.\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: Mail queued for delivery. data: (250, 'Mail queued for delivery.') {} , e-mail : >>> server.quit() send: 'quit\r\n' reply: '221 Closing connection. Good bye.\r\n'

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:FROM:mailto:TO:

107

reply: retcode (221); Msg: Closing connection. Good bye.

8.6 , . ( ) . #1 Python 21 ( 2001 2100) xxxx.txt, xxxx (. 2001.txt, 2002.txt ). , 100 ZIP 21century.zip .

#2 3 + p , p :

p = v1+v2 v1 = (6*v2+m4+m2) mod 7 v2 = (16+m19) mod 30 m2 = 2*( mod 4) m4 = 4*( mod 7) m19 = 19*( mod 19)

(x mod y) x/y. Python 21 e-mail . e-mail :

2001 15 . 2002 5 . 2003 27 . ...

: , / . import libraryname, from libraryname import *. , , , ( dot notation) libraryname.function()

108

9: Python

9.1 . , , .

9.2 Python ; , , (. ) . ( ) (objects). (object oriented programming). . 12. (. 5, 8, Q, A, ), (, , , ) , ( ) . , , , (), . . (class) : >>> class card(): pass def. class, , -

12 . , .

109

. pass. Python, pass . . card . (): >>> c1=card() >>> c2=card() , . c1 c2 card(). card() . . dot notation () : >>> c1.value='5' >>> c1.symbol='d' >>> c1.color='R' >>> c1.fig=False >>> c2.value='K' >>> c2.symbol='c' >>> c2.color='B' >>> c2.fig=True c1 5 (d=diamond), (R=red) (c1.fig=False), c2 (K=King) (c=club), (B=black) (c2.fig=True). : >>> print c1.value, c1.symbol, c2.value, c2.symbol 5 d K c . . , . . ; (color, fig) (symbol, value); : >>> class card(): def __init__(self,val,sym): self.value=val self.symbol=sym if self.symbol in "sc": self.color='B' else: self.color='R' if self.value in "JQK": self.fig=True else: self.fig=False

110

>>> c1=card('5','d') >>> print c1.value, c1.symbol, c1.color, c1.fig 5 d R False pass . : 4 . . __init__ ( underscores, init, underscores) 13, . __init__ . (. c1 c2 ), self. self __init__. , val sym. , c1=card(5,d), self c1, val 5 sym d. __init__ c1.value c1.symbol. , if else c1.color c1.fig. : c1=card(5,d) val sym card, __init__, card ! ( ). . : >>> print c1.value, c1.symbol, c1.color, c1.fig 5 d R False ... , : >>> print c1 , /, /. (. , ) Python . __str__. __str__ __init__: >>> class card(): 13 __str__, __del__, __new__, __cmp__, . on-line help .

111

def __init__(self,val,sym): self.value=val self.symbol=sym if self.symbol in "sc": self.color='B' else: self.color='R' if self.value in "JQK": self.fig=True else: self.fig=False def __str__(self): return self.value+self.symbol __str__ (self). (string). self.value+self.symbol. : >>> c1=card('5','d') >>> print c1 5d , dot notation. : >>> class card(): def __init__(self,val,sym): self.value=val self.symbol=sym if self.symbol in "sc": self.color='B' else: self.color='R' if self.value in "JQK": self.fig=True else: self.fig=False def __str__(self): return self.value+self.symbol def detailed_info(self): print '=',self.value, ' =',self.symbol print '=',self.color, ' =',self.fig >>> c1=card('5','d') >>> c1.detailed_info() = 5 = d = R = False 52 , . . . . - : import random class deck(): values="A23456789TJQK" # symbols="shcd" # content=[] # pile=[] # def __init__(self): self.content=[]

112

self.pile=[] for s in self.symbols: for v in self.values: c=card(v,s) self.content.append(c) def __str__(self): s="" cntr=0 for i in self.content: s=s+str(i)+" " cntr=cntr+1 if cntr%13==0: s=s+'\n' if s[-1]'\n': s=s+'\n'

s=s+str(len(self.content))+"-"+str(len(self.pile)) return s def shuffle(self): random.shuffle(self.content) def draw(self): if len(self.content)>> d=deck() for , , c=card(v,s) content self.content.append(c). for

113

content. , d : >>> print d As 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s Ts Js Qs Ks Ah 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Th Jh Qh Kh Ac 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c 9c Tc Jc Qc Kc Ad 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d Td Jd Qd Kd 52-0 __str__. s self.content, 13 , content pile. s=s+str(i)+ . To i , str(i) string print i, __str__ card. , . shuffle, module random ( import random ). . self.shuffle() random.shuffle(). dot notation. : >>> d.shuffle() ... : >>> print d 8d 3c 2c Ts Ks 9c Jc 5h 2h Kd 3h Td 5c 5d 7s 8h 9d Ad 5s Tc 7c 4c 6c 7d Qh Qs 3d Ah Ac Js Qc 4s 3s 6d Jd As Kh 4h 9h Th 9s Jh 6h 4d 2s 7h 2d Qd Kc 8c 8s 6s 52-0 ; . draw() . , draw() (self.content[0]) , , empty. content pile. >>> h=d.draw() >>> print h 8d >>> print d 3c 2c Ts Ks 9c Jc 5h 2h Kd 3h Td 5c 5d 7s 8h 9d Ad 5s Tc 7c 4c 6c 7d Qh Qs 3d Ah Ac Js Qc 4s 3s 6d Jd As Kh 4h 9h Th 9s Jh 6h 4d 2s 7h 2d Qd Kc 8c 8s 6s 51-1 , collect() . pile content pile. . >>> for i in range(10): h=d.draw()

114

>>> print d Td 5c 5d 7s 8h 9d Ad 5s Tc 7c 4c 6c 7d Qh Qs 3d Ah Ac Js Qc 4s 3s 6d Jd As Kh 4h 9h Th 9s Jh 6h 4d 2s 7h 2d Qd Kc 8c 8s 6s 41-11 >>> d.collect() >>> print d Td 5c 5d 7s 8h 9d Ad 5s Tc 7c 4c 6c 7d Qh Qs 3d Ah Ac Js Qc 4s 3s 6d Jd As Kh 4h 9h Th 9s Jh 6h 4d 2s 7h 2d Qd Kc 8c 8s 6s 8d 3c 2c Ts Ks 9c Jc 5h 2h Kd 3h 52-0 . collect() , . , . . import module14 . , card(), deck() import random . playing_cards.py Python, from playing_cards import *.

9.3 ( ) :

1. ( ) .

2. 7 1 .

3. . 4. ,

, (. 5 , 5 ). ( ) .

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module playing_cards , 5 . (global variables) : d , , table, computer_hand, human_hand, , , -, . -, . , : from playing_cards import * 15 card deck. : def computer_plays(): global d, table, computer_hand target_val=table[-1].value target_sym=table[-1].symbol for c in computer_hand: if c.value==target_val or c.symbol==target_sym: print " / ",c computer_hand.remove(c) table.append(c) if len(computer_hand)

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, target_val target_sym . , for - computer_hand target_val target_sym computer_hand remove() table append(). / string computer wins. continue. for , d.draw() . if count. else / , computer_hand return computer_plays(). . computer_plays(). , (recursive). 16 computer_hand. computer_plays() . continue, computer wins, count, . , , . . (. ) : () , () : def human_plays(): global d, table, human_hand print print " ", len(d.content), "" print " / ", len(computer_hand), "" print " ", len(table), "" t=table[-1] print " ",t print " ",len(human_hand) HHS=[str(x) for x in human_hand] print HHS print 16 . , , .

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print " " print " ENTER " sel=raw_input() if sel=="": new_card=d.draw() if new_card=="empty": return "count" else: human_hand.append(new_card) return human_plays() else: if not(sel in HHS): print sel, ";;; ." return human_plays() target_val=t.value target_sym=t.symbol if sel[0]target_val and sel[1]target_sym: print " ",sel return human_plays() print " ",sel ind=HHS.index(sel) selc=human_hand[ind] human_hand.remove(selc) table.append(selc) if len(human_hand)

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(+1 , -1 /) ( ) human_plays() computer_plays(). def next_turn(who_plays): if who_plays==1: print print "------------------- -------------------" return human_plays() else: print print "-------------------- / ---------------------" print return computer_plays() , evaluate() human_wins, computer_wins, count . count . def evaluate(result): global computer_hand, human_hand if result=="count": ch=len(computer_hand) hh=len(human_hand) print " , / ",ch, " ", hh if ch>hh: result="human wins" if ch

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human_hand.append(d.draw()) computer_hand.append(d.draw()) print " ...", if random.random()

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class pack(deck): def __init__(self,number_of_decks=2): d=deck() self.content=d.content*number_of_decks . . Python : >>> p=pack(3) >>> print p As 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s Ts Js Qs Ks Ah 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Th Jh Qh Kh Ac 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c 9c Tc Jc Qc Kc Ad 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d Td Jd Qd Kd As 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s Ts Js Qs Ks Ah 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Th Jh Qh Kh Ac 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c 9c Tc Jc Qc Kc Ad 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d Td Jd Qd Kd As 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s Ts Js Qs Ks Ah 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Th Jh Qh Kh Ac 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c 9c Tc Jc Qc Kc Ad 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d Td Jd Qd Kd 156-0 p pack 3 , pack(3). , 3 156 (=3x52) . >>> p.shuffle() >>> print p 2c 5s 3c Qd 8h Jd Js 8d Ac 7s 9c 5s 9d Ad 5h 4c 6d 9h Jc 5h 4d 8c Qs 6d 4h Qh 4h Ks As Td 5c Jh 7s 6h 2s 3s Kh Kh 3d Qc 8d 9c 9d Kh 9s 3d 9h 6h 7s Kc 5h Ah Tc 6c 8c 9h Tc Kd Kc 2d 7c Qc 4c 2d 9d 2h Jh 5c 3h 4h Ac Ah 2s Ks Th Th 7d 7d Kd 6s Kc As Jc Qs 6s 6d 2d 4s 7c 5d 2h 5d 6h 3c Tc 2s 8d 9c 5d 2c Js 6c Qd 5c 4s Kd 3h Jh Td 2c 3s 8h 3d 7h 3h Qs Ts 4s 4c Ad 6c Ts 5s Th 7h 8s 7d 4d Ah Js Qh Qc 9s Ad Jd 3c 7h Td Ks 8c 8s Qd 3s 9s 7c 8h 2h 4d As Jc 6s Ac Ts Qh 8s Jd 156-0 . pack __init__. shuffle(), __str__. ; ; class pack(deck): . . deck. Python pack deck. deck ( ).

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( __init__) . pack strings values symbols, content pile __str__, shuffle(), draw() collect() deck. __init__ . : __init__ self, number_of_decks=2 . =2 . (default value). e=pack(2) e=pack() 2 . , __init__ d, d.content number_of_decks self.content. content pack content . . card_game.py: ... # print " ( 2)" print "====================================" print n=input(" ; ") print ", ",n,"" print # d=pack(n) ... input() d deck() pack(n). . , , (. ) n . . . . 141 . 141+1+7+7=156=3x52, .

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