2.2The Classification of Matter. Materials Elements Compounds Mixtures 2.2The Classification of Matter.

2.2 The Classification of Matter

• Materials

• Elements

• Compounds

• Mixtures

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Material

Substance Mixture

Materials

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Material Operational Definition Conceptual Definition

substance

- all samples have the same proportions of components

- a material with only one set of properties

- a material with atoms that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio

- a material which in the solid phase has only one pattern and/or grouping of atoms throughout

mixture

- a material with components that retain their own individual identities and can thus be separated

- the same components may be mixed in different proportions

a material composed of more than one substance

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Materials

Material

Substance Mixture

Element Compound

Materials

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Material Operational Definition Conceptual Definition

element a substance that cannot be decomposed

a substance composed of only one type of atom

compound a substance that can be decomposed a substance composed of more than one type of atom

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Materials

Material

Substance Mixture

Element Compound

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Elements

Element

Metal Metalloid Non-metal

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Elements

NON-METALS1H

2He

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

METALS METALLOIDS

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Elements

Metals Good conductors of heat & electricity

Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)Ductile (can be drawn into wires)

LustrousNon-Metals Poor conductors of heat & electricity

Many are gases at room temperatureIn the solid phase their crystals are brittle

Metalloids Some metallic properties (although weakly) (Semi-metals) Some non-metallic properties

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Elements

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Material

Substance Mixture

Element Compound

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Compound

Organic Inorganic

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Organic Contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms. May contain other types of atoms as well

Inorganic Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.

Molecular A molecule is a neutral group of covalently bonded atoms.

Compounds consisting of molecules are called molecular

compounds.Ionic An ion is a charged atom or group of atoms. Ionic

compounds consist of positively and negatively charged ions held together by their opposite electric charges.

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Binary A binary compound is composed of only two elements.

Non-binary A non-binary compound is composed of more than two elements.

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.

There are many families of inorganic and organic compounds including acids, bases, and salts. Other families of organic compounds such as aldehydes, esters, ethers, carbohydrates, etc. will be covered in chapter 8.

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.

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Acid Appears to be a compound having one or more H+ ions bonded to an anion. In

reality, acids are a special type of molecule that can be induced to form these ions.Base The most common type of base is a hydroxide.

Salt Any ionic compound other than a hydroxide

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Compounds

Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.

Material

Substance Mixture

Element Compound

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Mixtures

Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Mixtures

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Material Operational Definition Conceptual Definition

Homogeneousmixture

a mixture that appears the same throughout

the individual particles are smaller than 1 μm

Heterogeneousmixture

a mixture that doesn’t appear the same throughout

At least some particles are larger than 1 μm

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Mixtures

Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Solution Colloid

Mixtures

2.2 The Classification of Matter

Material Operational Definition Conceptual Definition

Solutiondoes not exhibit the Tyndall Effect and cannot be separated by centrifugation

All particles are smaller than 1 nm.

Colloiddoes exhibit the Tyndall Effect and can be separated by centrifugation

Particles comprising the medium are smaller than 1 nm but the dispersed particles are between 1 nm and 1 μm in size.

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2.2 The Classification of Matter

Mixtures