Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(3):223-228 Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 223 Short Communications Efficacy of three sealing methods on hatchability of micro- cracked eggs from broiler breeder hens ¤ Eficacia de tres métodos de sellado de huevos con micro grietas sobre la incubabilidad de gallinas reproductoras de pollos de engorde Eficácia de três metodos de selagem de microfissuras em ovos na incubadora provenientes de galinhas reprodutoras de frangos de corte Jafar Gholami 1 , MSc; Alireza Seidavi 1* , PhD; Mirco Corazzin 2 , PhD. 1 Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. 2 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy. (Received: December 27, 2016; accepted: October 31, 2017) doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v31n3a07 ¤ To cite this article: Gholami J, Seidavi A, Corazzin M. Efficacy of three sealing methods on hatchability of micro-cracked eggs from broiler breeder hens. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(3):223-228. * Corresponding author: Alireza Seidavi. Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht 418574399, Iran. Tel.: +989113313073. E-mail: [email protected]Abstract Background: Shell fragility of hatching eggs can have negative implications on the economic performance of hatcheries. Objective: To determine the efficacy of sealing eggshell micro cracks with either coloured or uncoloured nail varnish, and molten paraffin on hatchability, embryonic mortality (EM) and hatched chick weight (CW). Methods: Eggs (n= 576) with micro-cracks were assigned among four groups (n=144 each group) for a 21 d incubation period. One group was untreated (CE). In the other groups, the micro cracked area of eggshells was sealed with uncolored nail varnish (NV), colored nail varnish (CV), or molten paraffin wax (MP). A positive control group of un-cracked eggs (UE) was also included (n= 144). Results: The eggshell sealant treatments allowed normal conductance related to egg weight loss after 18 d of incubation (11.45%), and chick weights were normal among treatment groups (44.7 g). Hatchability and embryonic mortality in the early and late incubation periods of the NV group was similar to UE (84.02 vs 86.11% for hatchability, 6.95 vs 10.42% for EM on days 1-10, and 2.08 vs 1.39% for EM on days 18-21 respectively; p>0.05). The CV group had lower hatchability than the NV (77.77 vs 84.02% respectively; p<0.05), whereas MP showed similar hatchability compared to the CE group (59.72 vs 72.92%, respectively p>0.05). Conclusions: Application of uncoloured nail varnish on shell micro-cracks improves egg hatchability. Keywords: Eggshell, embryonic mortality, hatching, incubation, micro fissure repairing, poultry.
6
Embed
223 Short Communications riinal aricle - dialnet.unirioja.es · a eficiênciaeconómica da produção.Objetivo: determinara eficáciada selagemde microfissurasna casca de ovo com
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(3):223-228
Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias
Original articles
223
Short Communications
Efficacy of three sealing methods on hatchability of micro-cracked eggs from broiler breeder hens¤
Eficacia de tres métodos de sellado de huevos con micro grietas sobre la incubabilidad de gallinas reproductoras de pollos de engorde
Eficácia de três metodos de selagem de microfissuras em ovos na incubadora provenientes de galinhas reprodutoras de frangos de corte
Palavras-Chave: casca de ovo, incubação, mortalidade embrionária, produção de aves, reparação de fissuras, taxa de eclosão.
Introduction
Worldproductionofeggsincreasedby23%from2004to2013.Thisincreaseinvolvedmanyoftheleastdevelopedcountries(+68%increasedeggproduction)(FAO,2016).Consideringthateggsareanimportantandrelativelyinexpensivesourceofprotein,vitaminsandminerals,andthattheworldpopulationisrapidlygrowing(Oluwafemiet al.,2015;FAO,2016)furtherincrease of eggproduction canbe expected in thecomingyears.
Crackedeggsisoneofthemostimportantproblemsdecreasing the economic efficiency of producers
(Mazzuco andBertechini, 2014).Kingori (2012)reviewedthatmorethan5%ofeggsarenotavailablefor consumers, and0.5-6%have eggshell damage.AccordingtoNarahariet al.(2000),abouthalfoftheeggsrejectedforshelldefectsshowsmicro-cracks,while the eggshellmembrane remainsundamaged.Withregardtohatching,damagedeggshellaltersthewaterbalanceandgasexchangebetweentheembryoandtheenvironment,favouringbacterialpenetration(Solomon,2010).Littleinformationisavailableonthehatchabilityof eggswithmicro-cracks and thesubsequenthealthofchicks(MoosanezhadKhabisiet al.,2012).Inacomparisonofmicrocrackedeggswithnormaleggs,Barnettet al. (2004)observeda
225
Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(3):223-228
Sealing methods of micro-cracked eggs
32% reductionof hatchability and increased chickmortalityassociatedwithmicrocrackedeggshells.
A potentialmethod for improving hatchabilityconsists in sealing the eggshellswith substancesthat reduce the impact ofmicro-crackson embryodevelopment.Tothispurpose,Narahariet al.(2000)proposedtheuseofadhesiveresin,cellophanetape,andinsulationtape.
We hypothesised that sealing micro-crackson eggshells (which retain undamaged eggshellmembranes) using nail varnish ormolten paraffinmight improve hatchability.Additionally, colourednailvarnishshouldbetestedforapossiblenegativeimpactofcolouradditivesonembryonicdevelopment,embryonicmortality (EM) andhatchingweight ofthe chick (CW).Therefore, the aim of this studywas to determine the efficacy of sealing eggshellmicrocrackswitheithercolouredoruncolourednailvarnishormoltenparaffinonhatchability,embryonicmortality(EM)andhatchedchickweight(CW).
Materials and Methods
Ethical considerations
Thestudywasconductedinagreementwiththerules set by theAnimalEthicsCommittee of theIslamicAzadUniversity,RashtBranch,Iran,andwithDirective2010/63/EU.
After sealing, eggswere incubated for21d inacommercialincubator(JameswayHatcheryCompanyInc.PS500Multi-StageController,Toronto,CA).Theincubationconditionswere:37.7°Cand70-75%relativehumidityfromd1tod18ofincubation.Onthe18th d ofincubation,theeggsweretransferredintoahatcher(JameswayHatcheryCompanyInc.PS500Multi-StageController,Toronto,CA)and incubatedat36.7 °Cand75-82%relativehumidity fromd19 tod20ofincubation.Onthe21stdofincubation,thetemperaturewasdecreasedhourlyfrom36.7to36.1ºC.
Eggswerecandledandembryonicmortality(EM)recordedon the10thdof incubation,during transfertothehatcher,andattheendoftheincubationperiod.Duringtransfer to thehatcher,eggweight(EW)wasalsorecorded,andweightlosswascalculatedas:EWattransfer/initialEW×100.Thenumberofcontaminatedandpippingeggswererecordedduringtheincubationperiod.Aftercompletinghatching,individualchickbodyweight,numberhatched,dehydratedandculledchickswererecorded,andchickweight/eggweightratiowascalculated.Numberofchickswithredhocksandblackcordwas recordedandexpressedasapercentageofviablechicks,whilehatchability,EM,andcullchickswereexpressedasapercentageofthenumberofeggsset.
Statistical analyses
ThestatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingtheStatistical Package for theSocial Sciences (SPSS,2008),andtheRsoftware(Rcoreteam,2015).Thenormality of data distribution andhomogeneity ofvariancewere tested using the Shapiro-Wilk andLevene tests, respectively.The hatcher traywasconsideredtheexperimentalunit.Aone-wayANOVAwasusedtodeterminetheeffectsoftreatment(UE,CE,NV, CV,MP) on variables.WhenANOVAassumptionswereviolated,robustone-wayANOVAwasconducted,andalsoarobustposthoctestwas
InitialEWwassimilaramongexperimentalgroups(65.40±0.22;p=0.464;datanotshown).ComparedtoUE, non-treatedCE showed lowerweight andhigherweight loss(p<0.05)at18thdof incubation(Table1).Allthreeeggshelltreatments(NV,NP,andMP)hadsimilarEW,EWlossattransfer,andCWathatchcomparedtoUE(p>0.05;Table1).Regardinghatchability, only theNV group showed similarhatchabilitycomparedwiththatofUE(p>0.05).TheMP eggshell treatment had hatchability similar tonon-treatedCE(p>0.05;Table1).ChickweightandCW/EWratiowerelower(p<0.05)forthenegativecontrol(CE)comparedwiththepositivecontrol(UE)athatch(Table1).ChickweightsandCW/EWratiosweresimilaramongUEandNV,CV,andMPgroups(p>0.05;Table1).
Theearlyincubationperiod(d1to10)presentedthe highest EM (Table 2).Moreover, early EM
Table 1. Effect of three eggshell micro-crack sealing methods [uncolored nail varnish (NV), colored nail varnish (CV), molten paraffin (MP)] on egg weight (EW) at transfer, EW loss, hatchability, chick weight (CW) and CW/EW ratio. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 20).
Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) within the same row differ (p<0.05).
was greater (p<0.05) in the negative control (CE)comparedwiththepositivecontrol(UE)(Table2).Withinthetreatedgroups,NVpresentedthelowestearlyEM(Table2).However,MPandNVgroupshadhighermidEM(fromd11tod17dofincubation)thantheUEgroup(p<0.05;Table2).AlthoughthelowestmidEMwasfoundintheUEgroup,themidEMdidnotdiffer (p>0.05) amongeggshell treatedgroups.NosignificantdifferenceswerefoundforEMamongUE,CE,NVandCVduringthehatchperiod(fromd18tod21ofincubation),butEMintheMPgroupwashighercomparedwithallothergroups(p<0.05).ContaminatedeggswereonlyfoundinCV(n=4)andMP(n=14)groups(datanotshown).Thepercentageofcullchickswassimilaramongexperimentalgroups(p>0.05;Table2).OnlyonepippedeggwasnotedintheMPgroup(datanotshown).ChickswithsignsofdehydrationwereonlyfoundintheCE(n=9)andintheMPgroup(n=2;datanotshown).Thepercentageofchickswith redhockand/orblackcordwas thelowest inUE,NVandCVgroups (p<0.05),whiletheMPgrouppresentedanintermediatepercentageofredhockand/orblackcordcomparedwiththelowandhighextremesinUEandCEgroups,respectively(Table2).
Table 2. Effect of three eggshell micro-crack sealing methods [uncolored nail varnish (NV), colored nail varnish (CV), molten paraffin (MP)] on embryonic mortality (EM) and chick traits. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 20).
RHBC = chick with red hock and/or black cord.Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) within the same row differ (p<0.05).
227
Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(3):223-228
Sealing methods of micro-cracked eggs
Discussion
TheaverageinitialEWwassimilartothatsuggestedbyRoss (2016;65.1g), asaperformanceobjectiveofRoss308hens at44weeksof age.Theaverageweight lossofeggsat transfer,11.45±0.35%,wasconsistentwith the 12% recommended byRoss(2009). No differences among UE and treatedeggshell groupswere found regarding initialEW.Thus,allthesealedeggsshowednormalweight,andnormalconductanceweightlossduringincubation.ConsideringthattheCEgrouphadhigherEWloss,itcanbehypothesisedthatNV,CV,andMPwereabletocontroltheevaporativewaterlosseswithinanormalrange,suggestingthatthesealedsurfacewasnotwideenoughtoaffectnormalwatervapourconductance.TheseresultsappeartobereflectedinCW.Traldiet al. (2011) explained thatCW is highly influenced byeggweight.OurfindingsareincloseagreementwithNarahariet al.(2000),whoapplieddifferenteggshelltreatments (synthetic adhesive resin, cellophaneorinsulationtape)tocrackedeggs.TheCW/EWratiowassimilaramongthepositivecontrol(UE)andNV,CVandMPgroups;andtheaveragevalue(68.49±0.40)wasinlinewiththeproportion(67%)proposedbyRoss (2009).TheUEaveragehatchabilitywascomparabletothatrecommendedbyRoss(2016)asaperformanceobjective(88.6%)ofRoss308hensaround44weeksofage.ItisimportanttonotethatonlytheNVgroupshowedsimilarhatchabilitytothepositivecontrol,whileMPhatchabilitywassimilartotheCEgroup.LowerhatchabilityinCEeggsarelikely due to a gas-exchange reduction and/oraltered humidity conditions, or also to increasedbacterialcontamination.ConsideringtheEWresultspreviouslydiscussed,itmightbehypothesisedthathatching reductionwasmainly due to increasedbacterial penetration in eggs.The highest level ofcontaminationandhighearlyEMfoundintheMPgroupseemstosupportthishypothesis.Barnettet al. (2004) reported that the embryo canwithstand arelativelywiderangeofhumidityinthefirstphasesofdevelopment.However,areductionofgasandwaterconductanceintheMPgroupcannotbeprecluded.Indeed,MPshowednumericallyhigherchickswithredhockandblackcord(stringnavalassociatedwithtemperaturevariationswithintheincubation/hatchingcabinets)thanNV,CVandUE.Moreover,redhockis due to protractedpushon the eggshell (Wilson,
2004),whichmightresult inanincreaseofcarbondioxideconcentrationand/ordecreasedmoisturelossinsidetheegg(Visschedijk,1968;VandeVenet al., 2011).GulcihanSimsek andGurses (2009) sealedhairlinecrackedeggwithnailpolishandreportedthathatchabilitywasreducedby24.9%comparedtointacteggshells,whichhadhigherhatchabilitycomparedtocrackedeggshells.GulcihanSimsekandGurses(2009) explain that these differencesweremainlyduetolateEM(fromd18tod21ofincubation),andthat nail polishwasnot dangerous for the embryodevelopment. It isnotstated in theirarticle if theyusedcoloredoruncolorednailpolish.TheinfluenceofearlyEM(fromd1tod10ofincubation)hasaneffectonhatchability. Jull andLee (2011)explained thatearlyincubationisacriticalperiodduetoimportantevents associatedwith organogenesis.Conversely,inthelateincubationperiod(fromd18tod21)onlytheMPgroupshowedEMhigherthanthepositivecontrolgroup.Thiscouldbedueto thehigherandmoreprotractedbacterial contamination in theMPgroup,inagreementwithGulcihanSimsekandGurses(2009).Nascimentoet al.(1992)showedthatbacterialpenetrationisnotrelatedtoeggshellporenumbers,andcouldbeindependentfromchangesingasandwater conductance of the embryo.Our results aregenerally in agreementwith the studyofNarahariet al.(2000),whoreducedEMbycoveringeggshellcrackswitheitherresin,cellophaneorinsulationtape.
In conclusion, sealingmicro-cracked eggshellswithNVorCVareeffectivetonumericallyimprovehatchability, and to reduceEM inmicro-crackedeggs.Improvedhatchability(15.2%)wasfoundwhenmicro-crackedeggshellsweresealedwithuncoloredvarnish, which seems to facilitate embryonicdevelopmentsimilartoun-crackedeggs.
Acknowledgments
Financial support fromRashtBranch, IslamicAzadUniversity,grantnumber4.5830isgratefullyacknowledged.
Gulcihan SimsekU,GursesM. Effects of covering broilerbreederseggswithhairlinecracksbynailpolishonhatchabilityresults.Proceedingsofthe2ndMediterraneanSummitofWPSA;2009Oct4-7;Antalya,Turkey.p.285-287.
JullMA,LeeAR. Incubation and brooding of chickens. In:CharlesPress editor.Egg incubation for the poultry keeper, acollectionofarticlesonthemethodsandequipmentofnaturalandartificialincubation.Philadelphia(PA):CharlesPress;2011.