22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B The student is expected to: 6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and 10B.

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

The student is expected to:

6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction

and

10B describe the

interactions that occur among

systems that perform the functions

of transport, reproduction, and

response in plants

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

sepal

Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.

• Sepals and petals are modified leaves.– Sepals are outermost

layer that protectsdeveloping flower

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

– Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

petal

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

• A stamen is the male structure of the flower.

– anther produces pollen grains – filament supports the anther

stamen

filament anther

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

carpel style

stigma

ovary

• The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.

– stigma is sticky tip – style is tube leading from stigma to ovary – ovary produces female gametophyte

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.

• Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on stigma.

• Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen.

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

• Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen.

pollen grains

– many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators

– pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower– animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

Fertilization takes place within the flower.

• Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. – male spores produced in

anthers by meiosis– each spore divides by

mitosis to form twohaploid cells

– two cells form asingle pollen grain pollen grain

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

– four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis – one spore develops into female gametophyte – female gametophyte contains seven cells – one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei – one cell will develop into an egg

• One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary.

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

• Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.

pollen tubepollen tube

spermsperm

stigmastigma

– one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube– other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

• Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.

femalegametophyte

ovule

egg

sperm

polar nuclei

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

endosperm

seed coat

embryo

– one sperm fertilizes the egg

– other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm

– endosperm provides food supply for embryo

• Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.

22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants TEKS 6G, 10B

• Each ovule becomes a seed.• The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.