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Annual Assessment Report Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach and Tibiao River
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 2
LIST OF FIGURES 2
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3
1.1. OBJECTIVE 4
2.0 METHODOLOGY 5
2.1. STUDY AREA 5
2.1.1. PANDAN RECREATIONAL WATERS 5
A. RIVER PROFILE 6
B. BEACH PROFILE 7
2.1.2. TIBIAO RIVER RECREATIONAL WATER 8
2.2. WATERBODY CLASSIFICATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS 10
2.3. SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND ANALYSIS 15
2.4. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS 16
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 17
3.1 MALUMPATI-BUGANG RIVER 17
3.2 DUYONG-TINGIB BEACH 20
3.3 TIBIAO RIVER 24
3.4 WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) 27
3.4.1 CALCULATION OF THE INDEX 28
3.4.2 WQI RESULTS 29
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31
ANNEX “A” – LAND COVER MAPS 32
ANNEX “B” – PHOTO-DOCUMENTATION OF RECREATIONAL WATERS 35
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1. Water body classification and Usage of Freshwater ....................................................................... 10 Table 2. 2. Water body classification and Usage of Marine Waters ................................................................. 10 Table 2. 3. Bugang River Monitoring Stations ................................................................................................... 11 Table 2. 4. Duyong-Tingib Beach Monitoring Stations ...................................................................................... 11 Table 2. 5. Tibiao River Monitoring Stations ..................................................................................................... 12 Table 2. 6.List of Parameters and Method of Analysis ...................................................................................... 15 Table 2. 7. Parameters Unit of Measurements and Definition ......................................................................... 16 Table 3. 1. Monitoring Results of Malumpati-Bugang River for CY 2020 .......................................................... 17 Table 3. 2. Monitoring Results of Duyong-Tingib Beach for CY 2020 ................................................................ 21 Table 3. 3. Monitoring Results of Tibiao River for CY 2020 ............................................................................... 24 Table 3. 4. Descriptive Categories of Water Quality Index ................................................................................ 28 Table 3. 5. WQI of Malumpati – Bugang River .................................................................................................. 29 Table 3. 6. Duyong – Tingib Beach ..................................................................................................................... 29 Table 3. 7. Tibiao River ...................................................................................................................................... 29
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1. Photo of Malumpati Health Spring. .................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2. 2. Photo of Headspring of Bugang River. .............................................................................................. 6 Figure 2. 3. Elevation Profile of Malumpati-Bugang River. ................................................................................. 6 Figure 2. 4. Aerial View of Duyong-Tingib White Beach ...................................................................................... 7 Figure 2. 5. Photo of Station 7 of Tibiao River located at Brgy. Tuno, Tibiao, Antique ....................................... 8 Figure 2. 6. Elevation Profile of Tibiao River. ...................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2. 7. Map of Pandan Recreational Waters and Location of Monitoring Stations .................................. 13 Figure 2. 8. Map of Tibiao River Recreational Water and Location of Monitoring Stations ............................. 14 Figure 3. 2. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020 ..................................................................................... 18 Figure 3. 3. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020 ........................................................................................... 19 Figure 3. 4. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020 ................................................................................ 19 Figure 3. 5. 3-Year Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Malumpati-Bugang River 20 Figure 3. 6. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020 ..................................................................................... 21 Figure 3. 7. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020 ........................................................................................... 22 Figure 3. 8. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020 ................................................................................ 23 Figure 3. 9. 3-Year Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Duyong-Tingib Beach ..... 23 Figure 3. 10. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020 ................................................................................... 25 Figure 3. 11. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020 ......................................................................................... 26 Figure 3. 12. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020 .............................................................................. 26 Figure 3. 13. Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Tibiao River ............................. 27
Figure B. 1. Boats docked at Station 3 of Malumpati-Bugang River, Pandan, Antique ..................................... 35 Figure B. 2. Weir creating the Malumpati Health Spring Pool (Station 2)......................................................... 35 Figure B. 3. Floating Cottage at Blue Wave Resort at Station 5 of Tibiao River, Tibiao, Antique...................... 36 Figure B. 4. Confluence of Bugtong-Bato Falls and Tibiao River, Tibiao, Antique ............................................. 36
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program
Annual Assessment Report Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach and Tibiao River
January to December 2020
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RECREATIONAL WATERS MONITORING PROGRAM Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach and Tibiao River
1.0 Background Information
he Province of Antique is among the four provinces
comprised the Panay Island along with provinces of Aklan,
Capiz and Iloilo. It borders the western portion of the island
and was profiled as an ordinary seahorse-shaped province. The
province has a total area of 2,729.17 km2 and a population density
of 210/km2.
Antique is also known as “where the mountain meets the
sea” province due to its traversing mountain range on one side and
vast ocean on the other side, both abutted by rivers. It has the
highest elevation in the island with 2,117 masl found in Mount
Madia-as and several mountain peaks which explains the robust
river systems found in the province. Likewise, Antique is also
characterized by beautiful beaches and rich marine life where it is bordered by Cuyo East Pass and
Sulu Sea.
The province also prides in its wide array of tourism sites and potentials and it is fast becoming
a top tourism destination in Western Visayas. Over the past few years, Antique shows an increasing
trend in tourist arrivals, as well as economic activities brought by tourism industry. Among the
manifestations of the trend is the re-opening of the airport in San Jose, to cater direct flights from
other destinations.
However, the flourishing tourism industry in the province not only provides economic
opportunities but as well pose pressures to homeostasis of ecology and environment, in general.
Without appropriate management in place, these pressures coupled with the changing climate will
eventually pose an irreversible damage to the environment.
Hence, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through the
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) provides a framework in managing the recreational
waters to maintain a balanced ecology and protect public health. There are at least three (3)
recreational waters that are being monitored by the EMB Region 6, all of which are nested in the
Province of Antique. These waterbodies are Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach in the
Municipality of Pandan and Tibiao River in the Municipalities of Tibiao and Culasi.
Since the implementation of the program in CY 2017, a forward-looking of creating a local
committee and framework were considered in every activity it undertook. It is with the end goal of
designating the waterbodies as Water Quality Management Area (WQMA). Several milestones were
achieved in the implementation of the program, however, differs at the level of activities undertaken
for each site.
T
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For example, on one hand, a Local Project Site Committee (LPSC) was created for Pandan
recreational waters through an Executive Order by the Local Chief Executive of Pandan, Antique.
Likewise, an Action Plan for Recreational Waters in Pandan was drafted, formulated and submitted
to the Sangguniang Bayan and expecting approval and adoption thereof.
On the other hand, LPSC was created for Tibiao River recreational water while formulation of
the action plan was scheduled but was disrupted due to the pandemic. Regular water quality
monitoring however continues after the lockdown was lifted.
With the current condition blighted by the pandemic caused by COVID-19 disease, it will likely
expect delays and revamping of the plan, projects and activities to appropriately consider the “new
normal” scenario in the recreational waters.
1.1. Objective
This monitoring program adheres to the Memorandum Circular 2015-006 or the Guidelines for
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program which provide clear guidance in the implementation of
monitoring activities in recreational waters in the country. Primarily, it aims to protect public health
through subsequent reporting to concerned agencies and stakeholders as well through public
notification.
Specifically, the monitoring activity aims to:
1. Gather data based on required parameters by collecting water samples and on-site
analyses to provide a wholistic perspective of the water quality of the recreational waters;
2. Encourage public participation through consultations and drafting and implementation of
the action plan; and,
3. Provide the relevant information to the policy-making body and regulatory agencies, both
national and local.
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Annual Assessment Report Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach and Tibiao River
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2.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter defines the extent of the study area, its classifications and geographical locations.
It likewise provides background of the sample collection method as well as parameters and methods
of analysis undertaken on the monitoring event. The scope and delimitation of this study is herein
discussed in this section.
2.1. Study Area
As mentioned earlier in this paper, three (3) recreational waterbodies were being monitored
under the program. This section attempts to provide profiles of the said waterbodies.
2.1.1. Pandan Recreational Waters
The Municipality of Pandan in Antique has two (2) recreational waterbodies that were
monitored by the EMB R6. One is a
freshwater, while the other is a
marine/coastal water. Monitoring
stations were established in both
recreational waters to monitor its water
quality through collection of waters
samples and analysis and actual
ocular observations of the geo-physical
and meteorological conditions and
anthropogenic activities that could
likely affect the integrity of the
recreational waters.
Municipality of Pandan is a fourth-class municipality in the Province of Antique with a
land area of 15,883.3 hectares comprising approximately 4.18% of the total land area of the
province. It has a total population of 34,333 according to 2015 census with population density
of 2.2 capita per hectare. It is bounded by Cuyo East Pass on the west; by the Province of
Aklan in the east; and by the Municipalities of Libertad and Sebaste in the north and south,
respectively.
Pandan is fast becoming top tourist destinations in Western Visayas due to its
proximity in Boracay Island. Among the major attractions it offers are the Bugang River, which
has been awarded as the cleanest inland body of water in the Philippines, and White beaches
along Pandan Bay. With the need for management, protection and conservation of the
resources of Pandan Bay an alliance was formed among LGUs. This alliance is known as
LiPaSeCu Council, where it got its name from four (4) LGUs within the Bay namely Libertad,
Pandan, Sebaste and Culasi.
Figure 2. 1. Photo of Malumpati Health Spring.
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A. River Profile
Malumpati-Bugang
River has a total stretch of
approximately six (6)
kilometers with its headspring
that has a depth of roughly 30
meters (98 ft) deep. The main
river and its tributaries
originated from the Northwest
Panay Peninsula Natural
Park and entirely traverses
the Municipality of Pandan
which ultimately drains in
Pandan Bay.
It is characterized by shallow rocky areas and sandy-muddy bottom with some parts
exposed during low tides. The river traverses five (5) barangays namely: Brgy. Candari, Brgy.
Sto. Rosario, Brgy. Guia, Brgy. Zaldivar and Brgy. Mag-aba which then converges in the Bay.
The Malumpati-Bugang River has the highest elevation of 31-meters above sea level
(masl) from its headspring. It has a maximum slope of 11.4% and an average slope of 2%
which are considerably flat to undulating hill. Graph of this elevation as shown in figure 3 was
retrieved using the Google Earth elevation profile. However, its tributaries range from
approximately 781 masl to less than 100 masl originating mainly from the Northwest Panay
Peninsula Natural Park (NWPPNP).
Figure 2. 2. Photo of Headspring of Bugang River. Retrieved from Google© on CY 2018, Credit to Owner
Figure 2. 3. Elevation Profile of Malumpati-Bugang River. Retrieved from Google Earth©
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The vegetation cover of this riverine system varies from intensive riparian vegetation
to mixed freshwater and brackish water lined with Nypa fruticans and several species of
mangroves.
According to Guzman and Capaque (2014), there are thirty-eight (38) fish species from
thirty genera belonging to twenty (20) families were recorded at the time of study in November
2013 to March 2014 at Malumpati-Bugang River. The species belonging to Eleotridae was
found to be the most abundant in the riverine system.
Malumpati-Bugang River has a rich fish faunal composition and is comparable to other
major river systems in the country such as Bago River in Negros Occidental, Langaran River
in Misamis Oriental as well as to other major watersheds of the Makiling Forest Reserve in
Laguna (Pallet et. Al., 2011).
B. Beach Profile
On the other hand, the
Duyong-Tingib Beach is gradually
been emerging as tourist spot in the
province due to its pristine waters
and off-white sand with a good view
of the sunset. This can be
manifested with the presence of
several resorts within and
surrounding the area.
The entire stretch of the
coastal area of Pandan is
approximately 11,557 meters in length. However, the Duyong-Tingib white beach stretches
approximately 3,144 meters covering the entire length of both barangays, Brgy. Duyong and
Brgy. Tingib. The said water body is part of the greater water body, the Pandan Bay. Several
creeks were observed draining in the northwest and southeast portion of the water body.
According to local guide, these creeks were some of the contributors to organic debris such
as coconut husk, leaves and bamboo that are washed ashore during weather disturbances.
Its coastline is characterized by dominance of coconut trees (Cocos nucifera) and
morning glory (Ipomoea sp.), while Pandanus sp. And some grasses are sparsely distributed.
No data on marine ecosystem was included in this report, since no available studies were
accessed.
Figure 2. 4. Aerial View of Duyong-Tingib White Beach
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2.1.2. Tibiao River Recreational Water
The Municipality of Tibiao is a fourth-class
municipality in the Province of Antique with a land
area of 177.42 square kilometers constituting
approximately 6.5% of the total land area of the
province. It has a total population of 26,748
according to 2015 census with population density of
150 capita per square kilometer. It is bounded by
Cuyo East Pass on the west; by the Central Panay
Mountain Range and Province of Aklan in the east;
and by the Municipalities of Culasi and Barbaza in
the north and south, respectively.
Tibiao is situated at 51 P 396314 1247476 in
the northern portion of a seahorse-shaped province
of Antique and is 75 kilometers from the province
capital, San Jose de Buenavista. It is politically
divided into 21 barangays, of which eight barangays
are considered as coastal barangays and 5 upland barangays.
Like Pandan, Tibiao is also fast becoming top tourist destinations in Western Visayas
due to relentless effort of the LGU and the Province in promoting its tourism industry coupled
with its proximity in Boracay Island. It offers various tourism activities that are frequented by
both local and foreign tourists. Among these are the experiential tourism such as “Lambaklad”
wherein tourists have the opportunities to experience fishing in the fish aggregating device
locally known as Lambaklad. In the river, local tourism industry offers adrenaline rushing
activities such as kayaking and whitewater rafting.
A. River Profile
The Tibiao River is within the Tibiao River Basin which covers the municipalities of
Madalag in Aklan and Culasi and Tibiao in Antique. The DENR River Basin Control Office
(RBCO) identified it as one of the 421 river basins in the country with a drainage area of 119
square kilometers and an estimated 151 million cubic meter annual run-off.
The river has a total stretch of approximately 25.4 kilometers which traverses the
municipalities of Culasi and Tibiao and ultimately drains in Sulu Sea. The main river system
and its several tributaries originated mainly from the Central Panay Mountain Range,
particularly from Mt. Madia-as in Culasi.
The soil classes in Tibiao River Basin are mostly clay and portion of undifferentiated
soil class with a meager portion of sandy loam downstream of the river based on the dataset
from the Bureau of Soils under the Department of Agriculture taken before 2004.
Figure 2. 5. Photo of Station 7 of Tibiao River located at Brgy. Tuno, Tibiao, Antique
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The river is characterized by a shallow rocky areas and sandy bottom with exposed
large boulders from upstream up to midstream. Some of the riparian vegetation observed were
mainly dominated by bamboo and some Acacia trees (Samanea saman) and sparsely
distributed Ficus sp. Along the riverbanks and rock outcrops and boulders. Some grasses and
shrubs serve as ground cover which helps soil stability in the riverbanks. Canopy tree species
and undergrowth were likewise observed particularly in the upstream of the river and tributary
creek originating from Bugtong Bato Falls.
The river traverses at least 9 barangays from the Municipalities of Culasi and Tibiao.
These barangays are Alojipan, Osorio and Flores in Culasi and Pitac, Tuno, Tigbaboy,
Importante, Santa Justa and ultimately drains in Martinez. Most of the stations established
were approximately less than a kilometer from the rice fields and built-up areas. Water from
the river were diverted to irrigate the rice fields.
The Tibiao River has the highest elevation of 1,714-meters above sea level (masl) from
its headwater. It has a maximum slope of 66.5% and an average slope of 9.3% which are
considerably undulating hill to steep. Graph of this elevation as shown in figure 4 was retrieved
using the Google Earth elevation profile. However, its tributaries ranging from approximately
1,530 masl to less at least 622 masl originating mainly from the Central Panay Mountain
Range.
Figure 2. 6. Elevation Profile of Tibiao River. Retrieved from Google Earth©
Sampling stations were established to monitor its water quality through collection of
waters samples and analysis and actual ocular observations of the geo-physical and
meteorological conditions and anthropogenic activities that could likely affect the integrity of
the recreational waters.
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2.2. Waterbody Classification and Geographical Locations
The DAO 2016-08 or the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluents Standards of 2016
provides classification of the waterbodies in the country. Accordingly, the tables below show the
classification and usage of waterbodies both freshwater and marine water.
Table 2. 1. Water body classification and Usage of Freshwater
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
Class AA
Public Water Supply Class I – Intended primarily for waters having watersheds,
which are uninhabited and/or otherwise declared as protected areas, and which
requires only approved disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW
Class A
Public Water Supply II – Intended as sources of water supply requiring
conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) to
meet the latest PNSDW.
Class B Recreational Water Class I – Intended for primary contact recreation (bathing,
swimming, etc.)
Class C
1. Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources
2. Recreational Water Class II – For boating, fishing or similar activities
3. For agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering
Class D Navigable waters
Table 2. 2. Water body classification and Usage of Marine Waters
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
Class SA
1. Protected Waters – Waters designated as national or local marine parks,
reserves, sanctuaries and other areas established by law (PP 1801 and
other existing laws), and/or declared as such by appropriate government
agency LGUs, etc.
2. Fishery Water Class I – Suitable for shellfish harvesting for direct human
consumption
Class SB
1. Fishery Water Class II – Waters suitable for commercial propagation of
shellfish and intended spawning areas for milkfish (Chanos chanos) and
similar species.
2. Tourist Zones – For ecotourism and recreational activities
3. Recreational Water Class I – Intended for primary contact recreation
(bathing, swimming, etc.)
Class SC
1. Fishery Water Class III – For the propagation and growth of fish and other
aquatic resources and intended for commercial and sustenance fishing
2. Recreational Water Class II – For boating, fishing or similar activities
3. Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
Class SD Navigable waters
The tables below show the monitoring stations with geographical coordinates and official
classification established through series of consultation with different stakeholders. Four (4)
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monitoring stations were established in Malumpati-Bugang River, while three (3) monitoring stations
for Duyong-Tingib Beach to provide representative water quality for both waterbodies.
On the other hand, four (4) monitoring stations were established in Tibiao River as regular
stations to be monitored monthly from Stations 5 – 8 while the other 4 stations (Station 1 – 4) were
established as to serve as baseline data from the headwater (Brgy. Flores) and contributing creeks
to the main River.
All the stations mentioned above are either situated adjacent to tourism facilities, agricultural
farms and rural communities. Segmentation of the waterbodies were not identified yet, though
determination of these segments will be undertaken after thorough consultations, training and the use
of GIS.
Furthermore, possible addition of stations, or removal thereof, will be considered upon the
results of activities to be conducted such as river profiling, coastal assessment, and pollution loading.
These will aid planners to detect anomaly in the water quality of the said waterbodies to provide
appropriate solutions to the issues.
Table 2. 3. Bugang River Monitoring Stations
Stn.
No. Location
Official
Classification
Geographical
Coordinates
1 Bugang River, Upstream of Malumpati Cold
Spring & Pandan Water District A 399278.40 1301096.96
2 Bugang River, Downstream of Malumpati
Cold Spring B 399423.48 1300974.52
3 Bugang River, Upstream of Naranjo
Waterpark B 398519.78 1298784.06
4 Bugang River, Downstream of Naranjo
Waterpark B 398349.67 1298660.42
Table 2. 4. Duyong-Tingib Beach Monitoring Stations
Stn.
No. Location
Official
Classification
Geographical
Coordinates
1 Duyong-Tingib Beach, 100m Right of Phaidon
Beach Resort SB 395039.72 1297676.18
2 Duyong-Tingib Beach, Middle of Phaidon
Beach Resort SB 395231.39 1297558.44
3 Duyong-Tingib Beach, 100m Left of Phaidon
Beach Resort SB 395311.48 1297511.24
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Table 2. 5. Tibiao River Monitoring Stations
Stn.
No. Location
Official
Classification
Geographical
Coordinates
1 Brgy. Flores A* 402981.49 1257523.53
2 Mouth of Kagidkid Creek A* 401328.86 1255243.56
3 Tibiao River-Kagidkid Confluence A* 401282.32 1255218.24
4 Bugtong Bato Falls B* 400756.38 1250985.31
5 Tibiao River – Bugtong Bato Confluence B 399568.37 1251446.94
6 Tuno Upstream B 399549.86 1251388.47
7 Tuno Downstream B 399335.01 1251290.28
8 Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy B 398397.08 1250511.23
* Unclassified but classification is based on observed current best usage of the segment of waterbody
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Figure 2. 7. Map of Pandan Recreational Waters and Location of Monitoring Stations
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Figure 2. 8. Map of Tibiao River Recreational Water and Location of Monitoring Stations
Figure 3. 1. Fecal Coliform Concentration Results of Malumpati-Bugang River, Pandan, AntiqueFigure 2. 9. Map of Tibiao River Recreational Water and Location of Monitoring Stations
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1 https://www.kobotoolbox.org/ 15 | P a g e 2 Downloaded from Google Play Store
2.3. Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis
There are two (2) methods of collecting primary data for water quality. One is using the Hanna
Instruments© Multi-Parameter Water Quality Checker to collect and analyze data on-site. Parameters
analyzed were ph, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature. Data collected from the instrument were
recorded in a mobile field data form for collation and further analysis. Mobile field data forms were
generated using the KoBoToolbox1 and data collection employs a KoBoCollect2, a mobile application
which can be used both online and offline.
The other is through grab sampling method. Grab water samples were collected in established
monitoring stations abovementioned. Parameters for this method were Fecal Coliform Concentration,
Phosphate Concentration and Oil and Grease Concentration. Each parameter requires different water
container. A sterilized 10ml glass bottles tightly sealed were used for fecal coliform analysis; a 50ml
glass with screw cap bottles were used for phosphate analysis; and,1-liter wide-mouthed glass with
screw cap containers were used for oil and grease analysis.
The collected water samples were preserved, stored in an ice chest packed with ice and
submitted to EMB Laboratory for analysis. Along with the samples, field data and chain of custody
were likewise submitted to the receiving personnel of the Laboratory Section Unit (LSU) for verification
and records. Analyses of the water samples were undertaken at the EMB Laboratory, Parola, Iloilo
City following the approved methods of analysis as shown in Table 5 below.
Table 2. 6. List of Parameters and Method of Analysis
Parameter Method of Analysis
pH* Hanna Instruments© Multi-Parameter
Water Quality Checker Dissolved Oxygen*
Temperature*
Phosphate Stannous Chloride
Oil and Grease Gravimetric Method (Liquid-Liquid Partition)
Fecal Coliform Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique
*Measured in-situ
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2.4. Water Quality Parameters
Based on the abovementioned MC 2015-006, all recreational waters shall monitor the primary
water quality parameters such as fecal coliform and pH monthly frequency for at least 10 months per
year. While secondary water quality parameter such as total mercury, organophosphate, oil and
grease and phenol and phenolic substances shall be monitored on semi-annual frequency. However,
since the team is using the multi-probe water quality checker, other parameters were likewise
measured and recorded in-situ.
Table 2. 7. Parameters Unit of Measurements and Definition
Parameter Unit Definition
pH
Is an indicator of acidity or alkalinity. pH is a logarithmic scale
and an increase or decrease of one pH unit is a 10-fold change.
Neutral water has a pH of 7, acidic solutions have values
between 0-6 and alkaline solutions have values between 8-14.
Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) Mg/L
• Is related to the solubility of air in water at 0°C. Solubility of oxygen in water decreases with high temperatures. Important property for aquatic organisms where if depleted will be difficult for many organisms to survive.
Temperature °C
Water temperature is a physical property expressing how hot or
cold water is. As hot and cold are both arbitrary terms,
temperature can further be defined as a measurement of the
average thermal energy of a substance
Nutrients
Total nitrogen
(TN) and
Phosphate
Mg/L
Are the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus present in the
water body. Nitrogen can be present in different forms (e.g.
Organic nitrogen in plant material, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite).
Phosphorus can also be present in different forms (e.g. Organic
phosphorus, phosphate). High concentrations of phosphate and
nitrogen can result in excessive growth of aquatic plants such
as cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, macrophytes and filamentous
algae.
Oil and Grease Mg/L
Oil and grease include fats, oils, waxes, and other related
constituents found in water, generally wastewater. If these
compounds are not removed before discharge of treated
wastewater, oil and grease can interfere with biological life in
surface waters and create unsightly films.
Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml
Coliform bacteria are organisms that are present in the
environment and in the feces of all warm-blooded animals and
humans. Coliform bacteria will not likely cause illness.
However, their presence in drinking water indicates that
disease-causing organisms (pathogens) could be in
the water system.
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presented the results from the monitoring events as well as the interpretation and
analyses of the data and presentation of issues encountered that will most likely affect the water
quality of the waterbodies monitored.
3.1 Malumpati-Bugang River
As shown in the tables below, Malumpati-Bugang River failed to meet the Water Quality
Guideline Value for Fecal Coliform for all stations covering 11 sampling events. Stations 3 and 4
records the highest concentration which is 240,000 MPN/100mL, while Station 1 records the lowest
concentration of 23 MPN/100mL. Further, Stations 1 and 2 average temperature value did not meet
the guideline value. However, it can be noted that these stations are upstream stretch of the river
closest to the headspring as well as foothill of the Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park
(NWPPNP), thus affecting its temperature.
On the other hand, Phosphate concentration and Dissolved Oxygen are compliant to the said
guideline for Class A and B waters.
Table 3. 1. Monitoring Results of Malumpati-Bugang River for CY 2020
St Location
Parameters
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100ml Phosphate, mg/L DO, mg/L
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
1 Malumpati Upstream
702 23 33,000 <1.1 0.081 0.041 0.139 0.5 7.262 2.580 10.240 5
2 Malumpati Downstream
1,537 170 33,000 100 0.077 0.044 0.103 0.5 7.003 3.250 10.410 5
3 Naranjo Waterpark Upstream
13,641 330 240,000 100 0.093 0.012 0.208 0.5 6.947 3.600 9.140 5
4 Naranjo Waterpark Downstream
14,857 2,300 240,000 100 0.082 0.047 0.115 0.5 6.803 3.700 9.320 5
St Location
Parameters
Temperature, C pH, Range
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
1 Malumpati
Upstream 24.781 24.380 25.220 26 – 30 6.615 3.890 7.880 6.5 – 8.5
2 Malumpati
Downstream 24.835 24.410 25.220 26 – 30 6.555 3.890 7.750 6.5 – 8.5
3
Naranjo
Waterpark
Upstream
27.176 24.320 36.110 26 – 30 6.595 3.870 8.120 6.5 – 8.5
4
Naranjo
Waterpark
Downstream
26.199 24.660 27.300 26 – 30 6.622 3.900 7.950 6.5 – 8.5
The figure below shows the fecal coliform concentration for 11 sampling events for CY 2020.
The sampling events was hampered for at least 2 months due to mobility restrictions brought by
pandemic. No sampling events were undertaken on the months of April and May and December,
however, catch up sampling activities were conducted in August and October.
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program
Annual Assessment Report Malumpati-Bugang River, Duyong-Tingib Beach and Tibiao River
January to December 2020
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Results show that Stations 3 and 4, which are downstream, records the highest concentration
with 240,000 MPN/100mL on October 19, 2020 sampling event. These stations are affected by tidal
backflow during high tide. Likewise, several tributaries were observed along this stretch and possible
contamination are from surface run offs and domestic sources.
In addition, in February Station 1 records the lowest concentration of 23 MPN/100mL,
however, did not meet the guideline value for Class A water which is <1.1 MPN/100mL.
Figure 3. 2. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
The figures below shows that all 11 sampling events meet the guideline values for Phosphate
concentration for Malumpati-Bugang River. Further, Station 3 records both the highest and lowest
concentrations with only 0.012 mg/L and 0.047 mg/L, covering the month of July and November,
respectively.
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Malumpati Upstream Malumpati Downstream Naranjo WaterparkUpstream
Naranjo WaterparkDownstream
Malumpati-Bugang RiverFecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
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January to December 2020
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Figure 3. 3. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020
Dissolved oxygen concentration for the Malumpati-Bugang River failed to meet the WQGV,
particularly in the first quarter of the year. However, for the rest of the sampling events, it all complied
with the WQGV with highest and lowest recorded concentration of 10.41 mg/L and 2.58 mg/L,
respectively.
Figure 3. 4. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Malumpati Upstream Malumpati Downstream Naranjo Waterpark Upstream Naranjo WaterparkDownstream
Malumpati-Bugang RiverPhosphate Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Average Criterion
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
Malumpati Upstream Malumpati Downstream Naranjo Waterpark Upstream Naranjo WaterparkDownstream
Malumpati-Bugang RiverDissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Average Criterion
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January to December 2020
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The figure below shows that for three years of monitoring, Malumpati-Bugang River failed to
meet the WQGV for recreational water. High fecal coliform contamination, especially in recreation
waters may pose high risk of health and environmental hazards for those with sensitive conditions.
The comparative results do not cover the CY 2018 due to the closure of Boracay Island where other
monitoring event were cancelled to focus efforts in the rehabilitation and monitoring of Boracay
Coastal water.
Figure 3. 5. 3-Year Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Malumpati-Bugang River
3.2 Duyong-Tingib Beach
The table below shows the monitoring result for Duyong-Tingib Beach for CY 2020. Geomean
results of Fecal Coliform concentrations, as well as Phosphate and Dissolved Oxygen concentrations,
conforms with the WQGV for Class SB water.
While Oil and Grease annual average concentration exceeds the WQGV. Possible
contamination of the abovementioned recreational water may come from bilge water from motor
bancas. Highest concentration for Oil and Grease pegged at 17 mg/L at Station 3. This station was
observed to be the docking area for motor banca of fisherfolks.
Malumpati Upstream Malumpati DownstreamNaranjo Waterpark
UpstreamNaranjo Waterpark
Downstream
2017 856 730 1593 1923
2019 725 493 5,886 2,658
2020 702 1,537 13,641 14,857
WQGV 0 100 100 100
1
10
100
1000
10000
MP
N/1
00
mL
3-Year Annual Comparative of Malumpati-Bugang River for Fecal Coliform Concentration
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program
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January to December 2020
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Table 3. 2. Monitoring Results of Duyong-Tingib Beach for CY 2020
St Location
Parameters
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100ml Phosphate, mg/L DO, mg/L Oil and Grease, mg/L
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
1
Pandan
White
Beach
(Right)
70 8 4,412 100 0.057 0.015 0.102 0.5 6.57 2.51 9.98 5 3 <1 8 2
2
Pandan
White
Beach
(Middle)
37 5 540 100 0.057 0.006 0.110 0.5 6.22 2.54 8.65 5 5 <1 15 2
3
Pandan
White
Beach
(Left)
28 <1.8 350 100 0.066 0.036 0.102 0.5 6.34 2.11 8.76 5 5 <1 17 2
St Location
Parameters
Temperature, C pH, Range
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
1 Pandan White Beach (Right) 28.98 24.47 31.49 26 – 30 6.70 3.90 8.04 6.5 – 8.5
2 Pandan White Beach (Middle) 28.76 25.23 31.61 26 – 30 6.61 3.95 8.06 6.5 – 8.5
3 Pandan White Beach (Left) 29.06 25.73 31.68 26 – 30 6.58 3.91 8.06 6.5 – 8.5
The graph below shows that there are sampling events that exceeds the criterion set forth for
Class SB water. Station 1 in October records the highest concentration of 4,412 MPN/100mL, while
Station 3 records the lowest concentration with <1.8 MPN/100mL in January.
Possible contamination of fecal coliform may come from nearby creeks draining in the bay.
Further, domestic wastes, stray animals and surface runoffs may likewise affects the integrity of the
coastal water.
Figure 3. 6. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Right Middle Left
Duyong-Tingib BeachFecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program
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January to December 2020
22 | P a g e
The Phosphate concentration may less likely pose threat to the coastal water of Duyong-Tingib
since it conforms to the WQGV for 11 consecutive sampling events. Highest concentration pegged at
0.110 mg/L at Station 2, while lowest concentration at 0.006 mg/L for the same station.
Figure 3. 7. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020
Same with Phosphate, Dissolved Oxygen concentration are in good concentration level for
aquatic organisms to thrive in the abovementioned waterbody. However, it can be noted that in the
first quarter of CY 2020 dissolved oxygen failed to meet the WQGV dropping below 5 mg/L for Class
SB water. Lowest concentration was pegged at 2.11 mg/L at Station 3.
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
Right Middle Left
Duyong-Tingib BeachPhosphate Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
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January to December 2020
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Figure 3. 8. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020
A 3-year comparative analysis was made for the Fecal Coliform concentration at Duyong-
Tingib Beach, wherein the graph below shows that the said waterbody conforms with the WQGV for
Class SB for 3-year period of monitoring. This manifest that the recreational water is generally safe
for contact recreation and other activities.
Figure 3. 9. 3-Year Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Duyong-Tingib Beach
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Right Middle Left
Duyong-Tingib BeachDissolved Oxygen Concentrration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
1
10
100
1000
10000
Pandan White Beach (Right) Pandan White Beach (Middle) Pandan White Beach (Left)
3-Year Annual Comparative of Duyong-Tingib Beachfor Fecal Coliform Concentration
2017 2019 2020 WQGV
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January to December 2020
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3.3 Tibiao River
Tibiao River has eight (8) identified stations, however water samples and analysis from the
four (4) stations upstream serves as baseline information of the water quality of the river. Efforts were
focused on the four (4) stations downstream as it is currently utilized for tourism activities such as
swimming, bathing, and kayaking. Tourism facilities as well as activities were observed to flourish in
these areas.
As observed in Table below, Annual Average Fecal Coliform concentration of Tibiao River
exceeds the minimum requirement of concentration for Class B water as set forth by the guideline
values.
Table 3. 3. Monitoring Results of Tibiao River for CY 2020
St Location
Parameters
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100ml Phosphate, mg/L DO, mg/L
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
5 Bugtong Bato Falls-Tibiao
River Confluence 22,834 780 150,000 100 0.220 0.122 0.610 0.5 7.901 3.520 10.800 5
6 Brgy. Tuno Upstream 12,644 2,300 240,000 100 0.133 0.091 0.164 0.5 7.182 3.560 9.570 5
7 Brgy. Tuno Downstream 7,558 780 160,000 100 0.129 0.095 0.185 0.5 7.834 4.100 11.190 5
8 Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy 6,162 780 35,000 100 0.124 0.089 0.169 0.5 7.851 4.670 10.540 5
St Location
Parameters
Temperature, C pH, Range
Ave Min Max WQG Ave Min Max WQG
5 Bugtong Bato Falls-Tibiao River Confluence 25.254 22.320 27.150 26 – 30 6.880 3.920 8.660 6.5 – 8.5
6 Brgy. Tuno Upstream 25.177 22.340 29.250 26 – 30 6.901 3.910 8.600 6.5 – 8.5
7 Brgy. Tuno Downstream 24.865 22.400 27.160 26 – 30 6.862 3.900 8.590 6.5 – 8.5
8 Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy 25.158 22.430 27.640 26 – 30 6.901 3.900 8.440 6.5 – 8.5
The figure below shows that all sampling events for CY 2020 did not conform to the Fecal
Coliform concentration for Class B water which is 100 MPN/100mL. The highest concentration
recorded was in Station 6 wherein it reached a concentration level of 240,000 MPN/100mL. This
station is a recipient of a small creek upstream as one of the tributaries of the main river. The tributary
runs through a community upstream where it was alleged that there are several backyard livestock
and poultry directly discharging wastewater to the waterways. In addition, agricultural run offs are also
among the contributor to the pollution load to the waterbody.
Further, lowest concentration was pegged at 780 MPN/100mL, however still exceed the
WQGV. High fecal coliform concentration may pose health hazards to those with primary contact with
the contaminated water, particularly to those with sensitive conditions.
It can be noted that no water sample was analyzed for Station 8 in July due to breakage of
sampling container during transport.
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January to December 2020
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Figure 3. 10. Fecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
The Station 5 is a confluence of the tributary from Bugtong-Bato Falls upstream and the main
river. The waterway also traverses the barangay proper where households clustered as well as
several agricultural lands upstream. Hence, these are assumed to be the sources of phosphate
pollution from discharges of laundry and washing in household level to agricultural runoff where farm
input may be washed away during rainy season and eventually end up in waterways.
However, it can be noted that concentration level for phosphate conforms with the WQGV
except for Station 5 in January. It slightly exceeds the guideline values of 0.5 mg/L for Class B water.
The highest concentration is 0.61 mg/L while the lowest concentration is 0.089 mg/L.
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Bugtong Bato Falls-TibiaoRiver Confluence
Brgy. Tuno Upstream Brgy. Tuno Downstream Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy
Tibiao RiverFecal Coliform Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
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January to December 2020
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Figure 3. 11. Phosphate Concentration for CY 2020
The dissolved oxygen concentration for Tibiao River conforms with the WQGV for Class B
water. However, mostly in first quarter, the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below the minimum
requirement of 5 mg/L, while for the rest of the sampling events the concentration is above the same
value which is good indicator for aquatic organisms to thrive.
Figure 3. 12. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration for CY 2020
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Bugtong Bato Falls-TibiaoRiver Confluence
Brgy. Tuno Upstream Brgy. Tuno Downstream Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy
Tibiao RiverPhosphate Concentration for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Bugtong Bato Falls-TibiaoRiver Confluence
Brgy. Tuno Upstream Brgy. Tuno Downstream Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy
Tibiao RiverDissolved Oxygen Concentrration
for CY 2020
Jan. 20 Feb. 10 Mar Jun. 15 Jul. 6 Aug. 3 Aug. 31
Sept. 21 Oct. 5 Oct. 19 Nov. 24 Geomean Criterion
Recreational Waters Monitoring Program
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January to December 2020
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Monitoring of Tibiao River commenced only on CY 2018, however, was deferred due to
closure and rehabilitation of Boracay. Hence, efforts were focused mostly in preparing and organizing
the host community. Activities such as the signing of Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) and issuance
of Executive Order by the Local Chief Executive of Tibiao for the creation of Local Project Site
Committee were among pursued in CY 2018. In addition, initial workshop for formulation of Action
Plan was undertaken involving the local stakeholders from the different sectors.
The graph below shows the 2-year comparative annual average of Fecal Coliform
concentration for Tibiao River wherein it exceeds the guideline values for Class B water.
Figure 3. 13. Comparative Annual Average Fecal Coliform Concentration for Tibiao River
3.4 Water Quality Index (WQI)
The water quality indexes for recreational waters were derived following the formula in the
Water Quality Index (1.0) User’s Manual developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment (CCME). This index summarizes complex water quality data to provide convenient
means of communicating to general populace. The index incorporates three (3) elements namely:
Scope – the number of variables not meeting water quality objectives; Frequency – the number of
times these objectives are not met; and Amplitude – the amount by which the objectives are not met.
It likewise produces number between 0 to 100 which were divided into five (5) descriptive categories
as shown in the table below:
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Bugtong Bato Falls-TibiaoRiver Confluence
Brgy. Tuno Upstream Brgy. Tuno Downstream Botong, Brgy. Tigbaboy
2-Year Annual Comparative of Tibiao Riverfor Fecal Coliform Concentration
2019 2020 WQGV
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Table 3. 4. Descriptive Categories of Water Quality Index
Value Category Description
95 – 100 Excellent Water quality is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment;
conditions very close to natural or pristine levels.
80 – 94 Good Water quality is protected with only a minor degree of threat or
impairment; conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels.
65 – 79 Fair Water quality is usually protected but occasionally threatened or
impaired; conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels.
45 – 64 Marginal Water quality is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often
depart from natural or desirable levels.
0 – 44 Poor Water quality is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually
depart from natural or desirable levels.
3.4.1 Calculation of the Index
Based on the said manual, the calculation of WQI requires at least four variables,
sampled a minimum of four times. Below is the formula in deriving the water quality index.
Where:
F1 = Scope
F2 = Frequency
F3 = Amplitude
F1 = (No. Of failed variables / Total no. Of variables) x 100
F2 = (No. Of failed tests / Total no. Of tests) x 100
F3 is calculated in three steps:
When the test value must not exceed the objective:
Excursioni = (failedtestvaluei / Objectivej) – 1
When the test value must not fall below the objective:
Excursioni = (Objectivej / failedtestvaluei) – 1
Normalized Sum of Excursion
Nse = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠
F3 = 𝑛𝑠𝑒
0.01𝑛𝑠𝑒+0.01
WQI = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − (√𝑭𝟏𝟐+𝑭𝟐𝟐+ 𝑭𝟑𝟐
𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐)
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The divisor 1.732 normalizes the resultant values to a range between 0 and
100, where 0 represents the “worst” water quality and 100 represents the “best”
water quality.
3.4.2 WQI Results
Table 3. 5. WQI of Malumpati – Bugang River
Station WQI Category
1 41.76 Poor
2 38.88 Poor
3 29.93 Poor
4 27.88 Poor
Average 34.61
POOR - Water quality is almost
always threatened or impaired;
conditions usually depart from
natural or desirable levels.
Table 3. 6. Duyong – Tingib Beach
Station WQI Category
1 60.63 Marginal
2 60.53 Marginal
3 70.29 Fair
Average 63.82
MARGINAL - Water quality is
frequently threatened or impaired;
conditions often depart from natural
or desirable levels.
Table 3. 7. Tibiao River
Station WQI Category
1 18.30 Poor
2 28.98 Poor
3 26.88 Poor
4 30.19 Poor
Average 26.09
POOR - Water quality is almost
always threatened or impaired;
conditions usually depart from
natural or desirable levels.
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4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations
Based on the above results, the waterbodies fail to comply with the minimum water quality
guidelines for the recreational waters, especially the Malumpati-Bugang River and Tibiao River.
Hence, this needs immediate and long-term action to abate contamination of the waterbodies from
different sources. Likewise, public and stakeholders should be informed of the status of the
waterbodies to protect public health as well as draw support in the management of the said
waterbodies.
For Malumpati-Bugang River, it is highly recommended to reclassify Station 1 as Class B from
Class A since this is within the stretch of the rubber tubing area, a recreational activity. It is also
recommended to add additional stations in the headspring, midstream and mouth of the river.
In addition, it is highly recommended to come up with a policy either adopting the CCME’s
method in determining the Water Quality Index (WQI) or come up with a method of determining the
WQI which highly applicable to Philippine setting. This will aid local implementers in conveying
messages to local stakeholders in relation to the water quality status of a specific waterbody as the
index is straightforward to comprehend in layman’s point of view.
Prepared and submitted by: Noted by:
VOPHI E. PENDON RIZZA DAPHET C. CATAGUE
GIS Specialist Unit Head, AWQM Unit
Recommending approval: Approved by:
NERISA T. MANDARIO ENGR. RONALD E. LIMUA
Chief, AMS OIC-Chief, EMED
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 2001. Canadian water quality guidelines for
the protection of aquatic life: CCME Water Quality Index 1.0, User’s Manual. In: Canadian
environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg.
DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08. Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent
Standards of 2016.
DENR-EMB (2008). Water Quality Monitoring Manual, Volume 1: Manual on Ambient Water Quality
Monitoring
EMB Memorandum Circular No. 006, Series of 2015. Guidelines for Recreational Waters
Monitoring Program
Environmental Protection Agency (2020). Standards for Water Body Health, updated on May 21,
2020. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-
quality-standards
ESRI (undated). Arcmap [GIS Software]. Version 10.0. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems
Research Institute, Inc. 2010.
Kobocollect. Open source Software [Mobile Application]. Retrieved from Google Play Store on
January 2020
Kobotoolbox at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. Kobotoolbox Form [Online Application].
Retrieved from https://www.kobotoolbox.org/#home on January 2020.
Magtibay, B. (2006). Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems (International
Edition). Biosphere Environment and Health Systems Series Volume 2. Retrieved from
https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/pcws_philippine_regulations_on_sanitation_and_wa
stewater_systems_2006.pdf
Openstreetmap© contributors. Open Street Map Geographic Information System.
https://www.openstreetmap.org/
PSA 2015 Census. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved at https://psa.gov.ph.
RA 9275: The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004. Retrieved from https://emb.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9275.pdf on June 2018.
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ANNEX “A” – Land Cover Maps
Figure A. 1. Land Cover Map of Malumpati-Bugang River, Pandan, Antique
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Figure A. 2. Land Cover Map of Duyong-Tingib Beach, Pandan, Antique
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Figure A. 3. Land Cover Map of Tibiao River, Tibiao, Antique
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ANNEX “B” – Photo-documentation of Recreational Waters
Figure B. 1. Boats docked at Station 3 of Malumpati-Bugang River, Pandan, Antique
Figure B. 2. Weir creating the Malumpati Health Spring Pool (Station 2)
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Figure B. 3. Floating Cottage at Blue Wave Resort at Station 5 of Tibiao River, Tibiao, Antique
Figure B. 4. Confluence of Bugtong-Bato Falls and Tibiao River, Tibiao, Antique