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ChangeOver Time
A n I n t e r n A t I o n A l J o u r n A l
o f c o n s e r v A t I o n A n d
t h e b u I l t e n v I r o n m e n t
s p r i n g 2 0 1 2
uPcomInG Issues
AdaptationF a l l 2 0 1 2
Nostalgias p r i n g 2 0 1 3
Interpretation and DisplayF a l l 2 0 1 3
The Venice Charter at 50s p r i n g 2 0 1 4
VandalismF a l l 2 0 1 4
Climate Change and Landscapes p r i n g 2 0 1 5
IntegrityF a l l 2 0 1 5
National Park Service Centenarys p r i n g 2 0 1 6
Visit Change Over Time on the web at cot.pennpress.org.
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Frank MateroUniversity of Pennsylvania
GUEST EDITOR
Mario Santana Quintero Raymond Lemaire International
Centre for Conservation, University of Leuven
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Kecia L. Fong Institute for Culture and Society,
University of Western Sydney
Rosa Lowinger Rosa Lowinger & Associates,
Conservation of Art + Architecture, Inc.
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Meredith KellerUniversity of Pennsylvania
EDITORIAL ADVISORy BOARD
Nur AkinIstanbul Kultur University, Turkey
Erica AvramiWorld Monuments Fund
Luigia BindaPolitecnico di Milano, Italy
Daniel BluestoneUniversity of Virginia
Christine BoyerPrinceton University School of
Architecture
John Dixon HuntUniversity of Pennsylvania
Jukka JokilehtoUniversity of Nova Gorica
David LowenthalUniversity College London
Randall Mason University of Pennsylvania
Robert MelnickUniversity of Oregon
Elizabeth MilroyWesleyan University
Steven SemesUniversity of Notre Dame
Jeanne Marie TeutonicoGetty Conservation Institute
Ron Van OersUNESCO
Fernando VegasUniversidad Politécnica de Valencia
S P R I N G 2 0 1 2
V O L U M E 2
N U M B E R 1
I S S N 2 1 5 3 - 0 5 3 X
Change Over Time
Change Over TimeRunning an ad or special announcement in Change Over Time is a great way to get publication, program, and meeting information out to those in your field. Change Over Time is a semiannual journal focused on publishing original, peer-reviewed research papers and review articles on the history, theory, and praxis of conservation and the built envi-ronment. Each issue is dedicated to a particular theme as a method to promote critical discourse on contemporary conservation issues from multiple perspectives both within the field and across disciplines. Forthcoming issues will address topics such as Adaptation, Nostalgia, Interpretation and Display, and The Venice Charter at 50.
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Artwork Deadline
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3/30/13
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Season & Theme
Fall 2012Adaptation
Spring 2013Nostalgia
ChangeOverTime
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L
O F C O N S E R V A T I O N
A N D T H E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T
S P R I N G 2 0 1 2 2.1PAGE i................. 18237$ $$FM 04-11-12 11:08:26 PS
PAGE ii
CONTENTS
2 EditorialFRANK MATERO
E S S A Y S
6 The Use of Ground-Penetrating Radar in theDocumentation and Evaluation of Iglesia SanJose, San Juan, Puerto RicoAGAMEMNON GUS PANTEL
20 Twenty-Five Years of Archaeological SiteInventories in the Middle East: Challengesand PerspectivesGAETANO PALUMBO
32 The Middle Eastern Geodatabase forAntiquities (MEGA): An Open Source GIS-Based Heritage Site Inventory andManagement SystemDAVID MYERS AND AL I SON DALG ITY
58 Heritage Recording and InformationManagement as a Tool for PreventiveConservation, Maintenance, and Monitoring:The Approach of Monumentenwacht in theFlemish Region (Belgium)ANOUK STULENS , VEERLE MEUL , AND NE ZA
32 The Middle Eastern Geodatabase forAntiquities (MEGA): An Open Source GIS-Based Heritage Site Inventory andManagement SystemDAVID MYERS AND AL I SON DALG ITY
58 Heritage Recording and InformationManagement as a Tool for PreventiveConservation, Maintenance, and Monitoring:The Approach of Monumentenwacht in theFlemish Region (Belgium)ANOUK STULENS , VEERLE MEUL , AND NE ZA
Figure 1. Painted Tower, Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, 1934. Beginning in the 1930s, a team of Americanarchaeologists, photographers, and architects developed a highly effective hybrid method of site documentationbefore and after intervention by combining the precision of large format photography with the conventions ofarchitectural drawings. This annotated composite record anticipates the later requirements of heritagedocumentation, which was first realized through transparent photo-mechanical overlays and today through digitalmedia such as geographic information systems. (Photo by Markley, cour tesy National Park Service, Mesa VerdeNational Park)
Innovation has always played an important role in heritage conservation. The interdis-ciplinary requirements of the field have required professionals to think creatively and to
employ a wide variety of techniques and methodologies. While disciplinary collaborationis well established, the technological revolution in the capture, analysis, and disseminationof information is evolving at a rapid pace, requiring constant reevaluation of the goals andobjectives of heritage documentation. Mainstream technology is now available that allowsprofessionals not only to gather and process data precisely and efficiently, but also all oncompatible platforms. This is a critical requirement as an increasing number of diversespecialists with their own language and data requirements contribute to the conservationproject and a more informed public demands access to that information.
Previous and current efforts to address these needs include the activities of theRecorDIM (Recording, Documentation, and Information Management) Initiative, a projectthat developed out of four years of workshops organized by the Committee for Documen-tation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA Heritage Documentation) jointly sponsored by ICOMOS(International Council on Monuments and Sites) and ISPRS (International Society forPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing) from 1995 until 1999. The result of these years ofwork was the RecorDIM Initiative, founded in 2002 by ICOMOS, CIPA Heritage Documen-tation, and the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI). From the beginning the partners rec-ognized the ‘‘critical gaps between those who provide recording, documentation, andinformation management tools and professionals in cultural heritage management whouse the tools,’’ a reality uncovered over the course of the initial workshops in the 1990s.1
As a result, the following goals were identified:
1. To improve perception and communication in recording, documentation, andinformation management;
2. To integrate communication in recording, documentation, and information man-agement activities into the conservation process;
3. To increase resources for documentation;4. To define, develop, and promote documentation tools;5. To disseminate information; and6. To make available training/learning programs.2
Most cultural heritage professionals agree that the need for a more sophisticatedunderstanding of technology is a critical one; however, ‘‘bridging the gap’’ between the
Figure 1. Painted Tower, Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, 1934. Beginning in the 1930s, a team of Americanarchaeologists, photographers, and architects developed a highly effective hybrid method of site documentationbefore and after intervention by combining the precision of large format photography with the conventions ofarchitectural drawings. This annotated composite record anticipates the later requirements of heritagedocumentation, which was first realized through transparent photo-mechanical overlays and today through digitalmedia such as geographic information systems. (Photo by Markley, cour tesy National Park Service, Mesa VerdeNational Park)
Innovation has always played an important role in heritage conservation. The interdis-ciplinary requirements of the field have required professionals to think creatively and to
employ a wide variety of techniques and methodologies. While disciplinary collaborationis well established, the technological revolution in the capture, analysis, and disseminationof information is evolving at a rapid pace, requiring constant reevaluation of the goals andobjectives of heritage documentation. Mainstream technology is now available that allowsprofessionals not only to gather and process data precisely and efficiently, but also all oncompatible platforms. This is a critical requirement as an increasing number of diversespecialists with their own language and data requirements contribute to the conservationproject and a more informed public demands access to that information.
Previous and current efforts to address these needs include the activities of theRecorDIM (Recording, Documentation, and Information Management) Initiative, a projectthat developed out of four years of workshops organized by the Committee for Documen-tation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA Heritage Documentation) jointly sponsored by ICOMOS(International Council on Monuments and Sites) and ISPRS (International Society forPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing) from 1995 until 1999. The result of these years ofwork was the RecorDIM Initiative, founded in 2002 by ICOMOS, CIPA Heritage Documen-tation, and the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI). From the beginning the partners rec-ognized the ‘‘critical gaps between those who provide recording, documentation, andinformation management tools and professionals in cultural heritage management whouse the tools,’’ a reality uncovered over the course of the initial workshops in the 1990s.1
As a result, the following goals were identified:
1. To improve perception and communication in recording, documentation, andinformation management;
2. To integrate communication in recording, documentation, and information man-agement activities into the conservation process;
3. To increase resources for documentation;4. To define, develop, and promote documentation tools;5. To disseminate information; and6. To make available training/learning programs.2
Most cultural heritage professionals agree that the need for a more sophisticatedunderstanding of technology is a critical one; however, ‘‘bridging the gap’’ between the
user and provider must be addressed through education on both sides that seeks instead
to narrow that gap. While heritage conservation’s unique research and management needs
argue for specific requirements in documentation and recording, it is worth asking
whether activities such as software development are the most appropriate place for cul-
tural heritage organizations to invest their time and energy. Similarly, it would be foolish
to embrace uncritically technologies developed for situations and applications removed
from the immediate and especially long-term obligations of heritage stewardship. The
promise of ultimate data capture of a resource now for future use is a seductive opportu-
nity that should be considered in light of other requirements and often more immediate
needs such as its versatility and ability to be used in simultaneous applications by a variety
of specialists as well as site managers. Data that is difficult to manipulate, transfer, and
migrate, no matter how exact, does not satisfy the requirements of most cultural heritage
projects.
Ultimately all conservation projects, especially those that require documentation and
information management, must include discussions about digital tools. As long as we
continue to treat digital technology as outside the conservation process or as an after-
thought, we will fail to inform, manage, and educate effectively. Despite its widespread
presence, the use of digital technology in the field of conservation/preservation is only
recently being considered as a topic to be studied in and of itself. Many important initia-
tives have occurred within individual organizations; however, the time has come to begin
formalizing this new and necessary component of cultural management. The expansion of
courses in the application of digital media for cultural resources is now greatly needed as
the next step in shaping the future of the field and its practitioners.
This collection of papers, the second group to be published from SMARTdoc: Heritage
Recording, Documentation, and Information Management in the Digital Age, held in Phil-
adelphia on November 19–20, 2010, focuses on the manipulation and application of col-
lected data for the analysis and management of cultural resources. Together with the
papers of the previous issue of Change Over Time (Volume 1.2, Fall 2011), which focused
on digital recording and image capture, we offer a snapshot of current thinking and appli-
cations in the recording, documentation, and information management of built heritage.
While the technology will undoubtedly change, even by the time this issue is released, we
believe the questions raised will continue to inform future research in the years to come.
References1. ‘‘Recording, Documentation, and Information Management (RecorDIM) Initiative,’’ Getty ConservationInstitute, http://extranet.getty.edu/gci/recordim/ (accessed March 17, 2012).
user and provider must be addressed through education on both sides that seeks instead
to narrow that gap. While heritage conservation’s unique research and management needs
argue for specific requirements in documentation and recording, it is worth asking
whether activities such as software development are the most appropriate place for cul-
tural heritage organizations to invest their time and energy. Similarly, it would be foolish
to embrace uncritically technologies developed for situations and applications removed
from the immediate and especially long-term obligations of heritage stewardship. The
promise of ultimate data capture of a resource now for future use is a seductive opportu-
nity that should be considered in light of other requirements and often more immediate
needs such as its versatility and ability to be used in simultaneous applications by a variety
of specialists as well as site managers. Data that is difficult to manipulate, transfer, and
migrate, no matter how exact, does not satisfy the requirements of most cultural heritage
projects.
Ultimately all conservation projects, especially those that require documentation and
information management, must include discussions about digital tools. As long as we
continue to treat digital technology as outside the conservation process or as an after-
thought, we will fail to inform, manage, and educate effectively. Despite its widespread
presence, the use of digital technology in the field of conservation/preservation is only
recently being considered as a topic to be studied in and of itself. Many important initia-
tives have occurred within individual organizations; however, the time has come to begin
formalizing this new and necessary component of cultural management. The expansion of
courses in the application of digital media for cultural resources is now greatly needed as
the next step in shaping the future of the field and its practitioners.
This collection of papers, the second group to be published from SMARTdoc: Heritage
Recording, Documentation, and Information Management in the Digital Age, held in Phil-
adelphia on November 19–20, 2010, focuses on the manipulation and application of col-
lected data for the analysis and management of cultural resources. Together with the
papers of the previous issue of Change Over Time (Volume 1.2, Fall 2011), which focused
on digital recording and image capture, we offer a snapshot of current thinking and appli-
cations in the recording, documentation, and information management of built heritage.
While the technology will undoubtedly change, even by the time this issue is released, we
believe the questions raised will continue to inform future research in the years to come.
References1. ‘‘Recording, Documentation, and Information Management (RecorDIM) Initiative,’’ Getty ConservationInstitute, http://extranet.getty.edu/gci/recordim/ (accessed March 17, 2012).
The sixteenth-century church, Iglesia San Jose, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was placed on the World MonumentsWatch List in 2004. Originally known as the Iglesia de Santo Tomas de Aquino, it is considered by many scholarsto be one of the finest and oldest examples of Gothic-influenced religious architecture built by the Spanish inthe New World. Water infiltration and structural issues were at the core of the closing of the structure in 2002after which emergency conservation measures were developed together with a long-term restoration plan. Boththe development of the restoration plan and the conservation measures were enhanced by the use of ground-penetrating radar with both midrange and high-frequency antennas. Subsurface water infiltration and subsequentvoids were effectively mapped to help determine patterns of rainwater travel through the stone and rubblemasonry walls. Ground-penetrating radar results also provided evidence of multiple construction phases andmodifications and corroborated or enhanced architectural evidence used to understand the constructionsequences.
As an integral part of the long-term assessment of Iglesia San Jose, several surveysusing ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were conducted inside and outside the church to
help determine conditions, the existence of physical evidence of building campaigns, and
modifications to the church through time. Ground-penetrating radar is a reflection tech-
nique that works by transmitting low-powered microwave energy into a substance like the
ground. The use of GPR in this project was instrumental in changing the way historic
structures have been commonly studied in the Caribbean, where historic fabric investiga-
tions by architects and engineers usually involve destructive testing. The use of GPR in
Iglesia San Jose allowed the compilation of subsurface features and conditions of the his-
toric building fabric, not only in a nondestructive manner, but equally important, allowed
the examination of larger areas than otherwise possible with harmful and irreversible
techniques. GPR was selected as a way to image evidence of moisture and its distribution
and to identify the building’s original foundations, crypts, and construction elements in
selected portions of the church. Both the development of the restoration plan and the
conservation measures were enhanced by the use of ground-penetrating radar with both
midrange and high-frequency antennas.1 Four antennas were used for the GPR surveys in
Iglesia San Jose: 400 MHz, 900 MHz, 1000 MHz, and 1500 MHz.
Background
The early-sixteenth-century church, Iglesia San Jose (San Jose Church), in San Juan, Puerto
Rico, is the second (and possibly) oldest extant European structure in the Western Hemi-
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 7
The sixteenth-century church, Iglesia San Jose, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was placed on the World MonumentsWatch List in 2004. Originally known as the Iglesia de Santo Tomas de Aquino, it is considered by many scholarsto be one of the finest and oldest examples of Gothic-influenced religious architecture built by the Spanish inthe New World. Water infiltration and structural issues were at the core of the closing of the structure in 2002after which emergency conservation measures were developed together with a long-term restoration plan. Boththe development of the restoration plan and the conservation measures were enhanced by the use of ground-penetrating radar with both midrange and high-frequency antennas. Subsurface water infiltration and subsequentvoids were effectively mapped to help determine patterns of rainwater travel through the stone and rubblemasonry walls. Ground-penetrating radar results also provided evidence of multiple construction phases andmodifications and corroborated or enhanced architectural evidence used to understand the constructionsequences.
As an integral part of the long-term assessment of Iglesia San Jose, several surveysusing ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were conducted inside and outside the church to
help determine conditions, the existence of physical evidence of building campaigns, and
modifications to the church through time. Ground-penetrating radar is a reflection tech-
nique that works by transmitting low-powered microwave energy into a substance like the
ground. The use of GPR in this project was instrumental in changing the way historic
structures have been commonly studied in the Caribbean, where historic fabric investiga-
tions by architects and engineers usually involve destructive testing. The use of GPR in
Iglesia San Jose allowed the compilation of subsurface features and conditions of the his-
toric building fabric, not only in a nondestructive manner, but equally important, allowed
the examination of larger areas than otherwise possible with harmful and irreversible
techniques. GPR was selected as a way to image evidence of moisture and its distribution
and to identify the building’s original foundations, crypts, and construction elements in
selected portions of the church. Both the development of the restoration plan and the
conservation measures were enhanced by the use of ground-penetrating radar with both
midrange and high-frequency antennas.1 Four antennas were used for the GPR surveys in
Iglesia San Jose: 400 MHz, 900 MHz, 1000 MHz, and 1500 MHz.
Background
The early-sixteenth-century church, Iglesia San Jose (San Jose Church), in San Juan, Puerto
Rico, is the second (and possibly) oldest extant European structure in the Western Hemi-
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 7
Figure 2. Graphic illustration of the hypothetical building phases of Iglesia San Jose based on car tographyand structural investigations. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
sequence elements located less than a meter in depth within walls and floors.2 The data
were initially examined as raw radargrams and selective survey data sets were postpro-
cessed using GPR-SLICE software.
Four distinct survey issues will be illustrated. The first is a general survey carried out
to determine the viability of ground-penetrating radar for Iglesia San Jose and a general
overview of the subsurface conditions of its interior. A second example examines the use
of GPR with a high-frequency antenna to assess the construction sequence of the expan-sion of a lateral chapel along the southern face of the church. A third example demon-strates the application of GPR to determine the locations and extent of subsurfacefoundations for the structural engineers of the project. The fourth example illustrates theapplication of GPR as both a documentation and administrative tool in providing informa-tion for the reopening of one of the principal connections between the original sixteenth-century convent and San Jose as its conventual church. A final example shows how thesoftware and interpretation of GPR data can make a significant difference in the properassessment and documentation of a historic structure.
The First GPR Survey—Exploratory Sounding
Prior to the installation of the structural shoring of the church’s Gothic section, an initialground-penetrating radar survey was done in January 2004 of the entire central nave todetermine the viability of using ground-penetrating radar at the site, and to provide aninitial evaluation of the subsurface condition of the church floors as well as the potentialfor crypts or structural remains.
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 9
Figure 2. Graphic illustration of the hypothetical building phases of Iglesia San Jose based on car tographyand structural investigations. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
sequence elements located less than a meter in depth within walls and floors.2 The data
were initially examined as raw radargrams and selective survey data sets were postpro-
cessed using GPR-SLICE software.
Four distinct survey issues will be illustrated. The first is a general survey carried out
to determine the viability of ground-penetrating radar for Iglesia San Jose and a general
overview of the subsurface conditions of its interior. A second example examines the use
of GPR with a high-frequency antenna to assess the construction sequence of the expan-sion of a lateral chapel along the southern face of the church. A third example demon-strates the application of GPR to determine the locations and extent of subsurfacefoundations for the structural engineers of the project. The fourth example illustrates theapplication of GPR as both a documentation and administrative tool in providing informa-tion for the reopening of one of the principal connections between the original sixteenth-century convent and San Jose as its conventual church. A final example shows how thesoftware and interpretation of GPR data can make a significant difference in the properassessment and documentation of a historic structure.
The First GPR Survey—Exploratory Sounding
Prior to the installation of the structural shoring of the church’s Gothic section, an initialground-penetrating radar survey was done in January 2004 of the entire central nave todetermine the viability of using ground-penetrating radar at the site, and to provide aninitial evaluation of the subsurface condition of the church floors as well as the potentialfor crypts or structural remains.
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 9
Figure 3. GPR-Slice detail indicating the extent of subsurface moisture (medium gray, concentrated atright) along the southern sections of Iglesia San Jose. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
Several very important anomalies were seen in the GPR data, with the most obvious
being subsurface moisture distribution as well as three crypts or tombs. Radar anomalies
surrounding the easternmost set of columns along the north aisle indicated earlier foot-
ings of the interface between the early Gothic construction and the subsequent additions.
The GPR-SLICE data indicated a faintly visible wall, partition, or even previous struc-
tures within the central portion of the nave to the immediate north of the main western
entrance. Radar readings also showed rectilinear lines within the floor of the central nave,
which suggested possible underground utilities, most likely abandoned. At the eastern end
of the church where the raised altar platform begins, there were indications of foundations
associated with the principal Gothic columns of the altar and that of the main vault area.
What the results of this initial survey clearly showed in red (herein indicated as light
gray in the black and white image) were areas of subsurface water infiltration, which is
Figure 3. GPR-Slice detail indicating the extent of subsurface moisture (medium gray, concentrated atright) along the southern sections of Iglesia San Jose. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
Several very important anomalies were seen in the GPR data, with the most obvious
being subsurface moisture distribution as well as three crypts or tombs. Radar anomalies
surrounding the easternmost set of columns along the north aisle indicated earlier foot-
ings of the interface between the early Gothic construction and the subsequent additions.
The GPR-SLICE data indicated a faintly visible wall, partition, or even previous struc-
tures within the central portion of the nave to the immediate north of the main western
entrance. Radar readings also showed rectilinear lines within the floor of the central nave,
which suggested possible underground utilities, most likely abandoned. At the eastern end
of the church where the raised altar platform begins, there were indications of foundations
associated with the principal Gothic columns of the altar and that of the main vault area.
What the results of this initial survey clearly showed in red (herein indicated as light
gray in the black and white image) were areas of subsurface water infiltration, which is
Figure 4. GPR-Slice data set showing subsurface anomalies indicative of early walls in the central navearea (top) and anomalies which appear to be traces of scaffolding footings installed during theconstruction of the central nave barrel vault (bottom). (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
logical testing to be significantly expedited. This was a critical factor given the known
potential for encountering early Christian burials within and around the church itself.
The results of the GPR survey and the test results were provided to the structural
engineers and project architect and facilitated the development of the restoration plans
for both the Gothic areas as well as the remainder of the church.
The Fourth GPR Survey—Convento de los Dominicos Bounding Wall
When the secularization of many religious buildings was imposed by the Spanish Crown
in the middle of the nineteenth century in Puerto Rico, the primary connections between
the Convento de los Dominicos (Dominican Convent) and Iglesia San Jose were sealed.
Although the original doors and archway of the connection was left intact, bricks and
Figure 5. Using a 1000-MHz antenna, Dr. Dean Goodman ran GPR transects along the western wall of theCapilla de Belen (top); and a GPR-Slice image of the high-frequency antenna data superimposed on thewest wall of Capilla de Belen showing the absence of multiple construction episodes (bottom). (Pantel,del Cueto & Associates)
rubble masonry were used to infill the doorway, sealing the wall of San Jose and the
southern gallery of the convent, which was subsequently converted into a military bar-
racks. Hence, church and state became physically separated.
Later-twentieth-century interventions added significant coverings of cement plasters
to the convent walls as the structure was converted into the headquarters of the Institute
of Puerto Rican Culture in the 1950s. A final recent conversion of this building was under-
taken to adapt the convent into the National Gallery of Art of Puerto Rico. Through all
these modifications, the end result has been the loss of the physical and conceptual rela-
tionship between Iglesia San Jose and the original Convento de los Dominicos.
Rediscovered within San Jose in the late 1970s, the doorway remained as a vestigial
opening without function, while the convent’s southern gallery continued to be a single
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 3
Figure 4. GPR-Slice data set showing subsurface anomalies indicative of early walls in the central navearea (top) and anomalies which appear to be traces of scaffolding footings installed during theconstruction of the central nave barrel vault (bottom). (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
logical testing to be significantly expedited. This was a critical factor given the known
potential for encountering early Christian burials within and around the church itself.
The results of the GPR survey and the test results were provided to the structural
engineers and project architect and facilitated the development of the restoration plans
for both the Gothic areas as well as the remainder of the church.
The Fourth GPR Survey—Convento de los Dominicos Bounding Wall
When the secularization of many religious buildings was imposed by the Spanish Crown
in the middle of the nineteenth century in Puerto Rico, the primary connections between
the Convento de los Dominicos (Dominican Convent) and Iglesia San Jose were sealed.
Although the original doors and archway of the connection was left intact, bricks and
Figure 5. Using a 1000-MHz antenna, Dr. Dean Goodman ran GPR transects along the western wall of theCapilla de Belen (top); and a GPR-Slice image of the high-frequency antenna data superimposed on thewest wall of Capilla de Belen showing the absence of multiple construction episodes (bottom). (Pantel,del Cueto & Associates)
rubble masonry were used to infill the doorway, sealing the wall of San Jose and the
southern gallery of the convent, which was subsequently converted into a military bar-
racks. Hence, church and state became physically separated.
Later-twentieth-century interventions added significant coverings of cement plasters
to the convent walls as the structure was converted into the headquarters of the Institute
of Puerto Rican Culture in the 1950s. A final recent conversion of this building was under-
taken to adapt the convent into the National Gallery of Art of Puerto Rico. Through all
these modifications, the end result has been the loss of the physical and conceptual rela-
tionship between Iglesia San Jose and the original Convento de los Dominicos.
Rediscovered within San Jose in the late 1970s, the doorway remained as a vestigial
opening without function, while the convent’s southern gallery continued to be a single
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 3
Figure 6. Examples of the documentation of controlled minimal subsurface excavations carried out tocorroborate GPR survey data for structural foundations. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
blank wall, devoid of any relationship to its sister building. In an effort to both reestablishthe conceptual ties of the two structures for the twenty-first century and, equally impor-tant, to provide a significant point of natural ventilation, the decision was made to reopenthe doorway that had been sealed for more than 150 years. What then appeared to be arelatively simple operation of breaking open the doorway soon became an administrativeissue between the church and the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture who owned the newNational Gallery. Although the general location of the opening on the convent side couldhave been determined by lineal measurement from the front facades and/or by simpledrilling from the church side, the government officials were wary of how the openingwould affect the visual aspect of the new gallery walls. In an effort to assuage these con-cerns, the GPR data were able to provide the scientific documentation of exactly wherethe limits of the opening would be on the convent side. A fixed gate for the reopeneddoorway was agreed upon beforehand as protection for both institutions.
Figure 7. Documentation showing the location and condition of the principal access door between thenor th wall of Iglesia San Jose and its adjoining convent, which was sealed in the nineteenth century.(Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
A single profile GPR survey was done on the full length of the southern corridor wall
of the National Gallery. The results of the GPR survey provided clear evidence of the
location and dimensions of the original convent-church doorway along the National Gal-
lery wall and allowed the architect to submit a set of drawings with the GPR readings and
the exact location of where the wall would be reopened. Based on this information,
obtained through a nondestructive and precise method without having to break any wall
surfaces initially, the permit was given by the Institute to allow the doorway to be
reopened. As a final result, the connection between the convent and its church are now
clearly seen by visitors to both the National Gallery and the church, as well as providing
needed ventilation for the stability of San Jose.
A Final Example—Capilla de Belen Floor
To determine the subsurface condition of the Capilla de Belen, a GPR survey of the floor
of this space was recommended. Although the initial purpose of this survey area was to
determine subsurface moisture and the potential for Gothic-period stepped foundations
in the southeastern corner of the chapel itself, the most significant event recorded by the
GPR survey within the Capilla de Belen were early walls adjacent to the northern entrance
to the chapel. As can be seen in the GPR-SLICE data, a small rectangular feature appears
near the entrance to the chapel at approximately one meter below the present surface of
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 5
Figure 6. Examples of the documentation of controlled minimal subsurface excavations carried out tocorroborate GPR survey data for structural foundations. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
blank wall, devoid of any relationship to its sister building. In an effort to both reestablishthe conceptual ties of the two structures for the twenty-first century and, equally impor-tant, to provide a significant point of natural ventilation, the decision was made to reopenthe doorway that had been sealed for more than 150 years. What then appeared to be arelatively simple operation of breaking open the doorway soon became an administrativeissue between the church and the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture who owned the newNational Gallery. Although the general location of the opening on the convent side couldhave been determined by lineal measurement from the front facades and/or by simpledrilling from the church side, the government officials were wary of how the openingwould affect the visual aspect of the new gallery walls. In an effort to assuage these con-cerns, the GPR data were able to provide the scientific documentation of exactly wherethe limits of the opening would be on the convent side. A fixed gate for the reopeneddoorway was agreed upon beforehand as protection for both institutions.
Figure 7. Documentation showing the location and condition of the principal access door between thenor th wall of Iglesia San Jose and its adjoining convent, which was sealed in the nineteenth century.(Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
A single profile GPR survey was done on the full length of the southern corridor wall
of the National Gallery. The results of the GPR survey provided clear evidence of the
location and dimensions of the original convent-church doorway along the National Gal-
lery wall and allowed the architect to submit a set of drawings with the GPR readings and
the exact location of where the wall would be reopened. Based on this information,
obtained through a nondestructive and precise method without having to break any wall
surfaces initially, the permit was given by the Institute to allow the doorway to be
reopened. As a final result, the connection between the convent and its church are now
clearly seen by visitors to both the National Gallery and the church, as well as providing
needed ventilation for the stability of San Jose.
A Final Example—Capilla de Belen Floor
To determine the subsurface condition of the Capilla de Belen, a GPR survey of the floor
of this space was recommended. Although the initial purpose of this survey area was to
determine subsurface moisture and the potential for Gothic-period stepped foundations
in the southeastern corner of the chapel itself, the most significant event recorded by the
GPR survey within the Capilla de Belen were early walls adjacent to the northern entrance
to the chapel. As can be seen in the GPR-SLICE data, a small rectangular feature appears
near the entrance to the chapel at approximately one meter below the present surface of
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 5
Figure 8. GPR-Slice data at one meter below surface of the floor of the Capilla de Belen showing thelocation of a right-angle subsurface anomaly. This feature is shown superimposed over the present groundfloor plan. The alignment of this subsurface anomaly appears to indicate an original southern extension ofthe early sixteenth-century Gothic facade of Iglesia San Jose. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
the floor. When these data were overlaid onto the present floor plan by the architects, the
location and configuration of this anomaly indicated the presence of a clear extension of
the original sixteenth-century Gothic facade extending to the south into what is now the
Capilla de Belen.
This final example is a classic demonstration of how the selection and use of specific
software can make a significant difference in the interpretation of the data collected by a
GPR hardware unit.
Final Comments and Summary
The sequence of ground-penetrating radar surveys carried out in San Jose has shown that
evidence of construction campaigns and modifications are still visible in the subsurface
archaeological record. Anomalies and subsurface features are evident in both the raw
radargrams as well as in the data processed using GPR-SLICE software.
The use of GPR as a nondestructive tool in condition surveys allows researchers to
cover significantly larger areas than destructive and irreversible methods. The use of the
newer technologies in the Caribbean has been extremely limited in large part due to the
common belief that the techniques require expensive equipment and sophisticated techni-
cal know-how. Often, this is further exacerbated by the haphazard approach to interven-
tions of historic buildings. Government agencies involved in the regulation of historic
properties usually favor familiar methods to study or resolve a specific issue over that of
newer methods aimed at identifying causality prior to any intervention. The ‘‘quick-fix’’
resolves only the immediate problem in a specific area, but does not provide a solution
to the overall condition nor does it identify the problem’s source. The practice of these
inappropriate interventions into the historic fabric, without understanding the causes of
the problems through systematic survey and analysis, most often results in the accelerated
and/or expanded deterioration of the property.
Nondestructive testing, such as GPR, provides insights into problems occurring below
the surface without having to destroy historic fabric and can be cost-effective in maintain-
ing the integrity of singular historic evidence such as that of Iglesia San Jose. As in all
scientific work, negative data are just as valuable as positive data; therefore, the applica-
tion of ground-penetrating radar, while not a panacea, can greatly help in determining not
only areas that are problematic, such as subsurface water infiltration, but can also show
those areas that are devoid of any conservation issues. In this sense, the information
provided by systematic and/or problem-specific GPR surveys in historic sites and struc-
tures can be just as much an administrative as a documentation tool.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following: Architect Beatriz del Cueto, FAIA, for all the back-
ground information and her unparalleled collaboration in all phases of the work. Dr. Kent
Schneider and Dr. Dean Goodman gave their time and knowledge to successfully carry out
the ground-penetrating radar projects and did the processing and analysis of the Iglesia
San Jose data sets. Dr. Dean Goodman is also to be thanked for his development and
generous support in using his GPR-SLICE software. Dr. Paola A. Schiappacasse who
assisted in all phases of the archaeology programs and in the GPR surveys. The Archdio-
cese of San Juan for their support and interest in protecting and restoring this unique
New World structure. The architecture students from the Polytechnic University of Puerto
Rico who helped in the GPR surveys carried out in the Plaza San Jose adjacent to the
southern entrance to Iglesia San Jose. Prof. Frank Matero and Dr. Mario Santana for organ-
izing SMARTdoc at a time when technology and documentation need to take stock of the
past and future.
Further ReadingConyers, Larry B., and Dean Goodman. Ground Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. (Wal-
nut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press, 1997).Del Cueto, Beatriz and Yaritza Hernandez. Proyecto de Conservacion Iglesia San Jose Data Historica: Crono-
logıa, Graficas y Bibliografia. Unpublished technical report, 2004.Del Cueto, Beatriz, Agamemnon G. Pantel, et al. Iglesia San Jose Conservation Project, Condition Assessment
Report. Unpublished technical report, 2006.Goodman, Dean, Kent Schneider, Yasushi Nishimura, Salvatore Piro, and Agamemnon G. Pantel. ‘‘Ground
Penetrating Radar Advances in Subsurface Imaging for Archaeology.’’ In Remote Sensing in Archaeol-ogy, ed. James Wiseman and Forouk El-Baz. (New York: Springer Press, 2006), 375.
GPR-SLICE, http://www.gpr-survey.com/gprslice.html.Pantel, Agamemnon G. Iglesia San Jose Ground Penetrating Radar Survey and Interpretation, Viejo San Juan,
Puerto Rico. Unpublished technical report, 2008.
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 7
Figure 8. GPR-Slice data at one meter below surface of the floor of the Capilla de Belen showing thelocation of a right-angle subsurface anomaly. This feature is shown superimposed over the present groundfloor plan. The alignment of this subsurface anomaly appears to indicate an original southern extension ofthe early sixteenth-century Gothic facade of Iglesia San Jose. (Pantel, del Cueto & Associates)
the floor. When these data were overlaid onto the present floor plan by the architects, the
location and configuration of this anomaly indicated the presence of a clear extension of
the original sixteenth-century Gothic facade extending to the south into what is now the
Capilla de Belen.
This final example is a classic demonstration of how the selection and use of specific
software can make a significant difference in the interpretation of the data collected by a
GPR hardware unit.
Final Comments and Summary
The sequence of ground-penetrating radar surveys carried out in San Jose has shown that
evidence of construction campaigns and modifications are still visible in the subsurface
archaeological record. Anomalies and subsurface features are evident in both the raw
radargrams as well as in the data processed using GPR-SLICE software.
The use of GPR as a nondestructive tool in condition surveys allows researchers to
cover significantly larger areas than destructive and irreversible methods. The use of the
newer technologies in the Caribbean has been extremely limited in large part due to the
common belief that the techniques require expensive equipment and sophisticated techni-
cal know-how. Often, this is further exacerbated by the haphazard approach to interven-
tions of historic buildings. Government agencies involved in the regulation of historic
properties usually favor familiar methods to study or resolve a specific issue over that of
newer methods aimed at identifying causality prior to any intervention. The ‘‘quick-fix’’
resolves only the immediate problem in a specific area, but does not provide a solution
to the overall condition nor does it identify the problem’s source. The practice of these
inappropriate interventions into the historic fabric, without understanding the causes of
the problems through systematic survey and analysis, most often results in the accelerated
and/or expanded deterioration of the property.
Nondestructive testing, such as GPR, provides insights into problems occurring below
the surface without having to destroy historic fabric and can be cost-effective in maintain-
ing the integrity of singular historic evidence such as that of Iglesia San Jose. As in all
scientific work, negative data are just as valuable as positive data; therefore, the applica-
tion of ground-penetrating radar, while not a panacea, can greatly help in determining not
only areas that are problematic, such as subsurface water infiltration, but can also show
those areas that are devoid of any conservation issues. In this sense, the information
provided by systematic and/or problem-specific GPR surveys in historic sites and struc-
tures can be just as much an administrative as a documentation tool.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following: Architect Beatriz del Cueto, FAIA, for all the back-
ground information and her unparalleled collaboration in all phases of the work. Dr. Kent
Schneider and Dr. Dean Goodman gave their time and knowledge to successfully carry out
the ground-penetrating radar projects and did the processing and analysis of the Iglesia
San Jose data sets. Dr. Dean Goodman is also to be thanked for his development and
generous support in using his GPR-SLICE software. Dr. Paola A. Schiappacasse who
assisted in all phases of the archaeology programs and in the GPR surveys. The Archdio-
cese of San Juan for their support and interest in protecting and restoring this unique
New World structure. The architecture students from the Polytechnic University of Puerto
Rico who helped in the GPR surveys carried out in the Plaza San Jose adjacent to the
southern entrance to Iglesia San Jose. Prof. Frank Matero and Dr. Mario Santana for organ-
izing SMARTdoc at a time when technology and documentation need to take stock of the
past and future.
Further ReadingConyers, Larry B., and Dean Goodman. Ground Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. (Wal-
nut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press, 1997).Del Cueto, Beatriz and Yaritza Hernandez. Proyecto de Conservacion Iglesia San Jose Data Historica: Crono-
logıa, Graficas y Bibliografia. Unpublished technical report, 2004.Del Cueto, Beatriz, Agamemnon G. Pantel, et al. Iglesia San Jose Conservation Project, Condition Assessment
Report. Unpublished technical report, 2006.Goodman, Dean, Kent Schneider, Yasushi Nishimura, Salvatore Piro, and Agamemnon G. Pantel. ‘‘Ground
Penetrating Radar Advances in Subsurface Imaging for Archaeology.’’ In Remote Sensing in Archaeol-ogy, ed. James Wiseman and Forouk El-Baz. (New York: Springer Press, 2006), 375.
GPR-SLICE, http://www.gpr-survey.com/gprslice.html.Pantel, Agamemnon G. Iglesia San Jose Ground Penetrating Radar Survey and Interpretation, Viejo San Juan,
Puerto Rico. Unpublished technical report, 2008.
P A N T E L T H E U S E O F G R O U N D - P E N E T R A T I N G R A D A R 1 7
Pantel, Agamemnon G. ‘‘Los Edificios Mas Antiguos del Nuevo Mundo. El Caso de la Iglesia de San Joseen San Juan de Puerto Rico: Estudios Previos y Proyecto de Conservacion.’’ In Actas del Seminario:El Edificio en la Ciudad Historica: Casos y Criterios de Intervencion, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,Programa de Master en Conservacion del Patrimonio Arquitectonico, Valencia, Espana. Unpublished pro-ceedings, 2008.
Pantel, Agamemnon G. and Paola A. Schiappacasse. Prospeccion Remota con Radar y Pruebas ArqueologicasEstructurales, Iglesia San Jose, Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico. Unpublished technical report, 2009.
Robert Silman Associates. ‘‘Iglesia de San Jose San Juan, Puerto Rico: Preliminary Summary of Recom-mendations and Observations regarding the Structural Conditions of the Iglesia San Jose.’’ Unpub-lished technical report, 2003.
References1. The survey designs, data collection, processing and analyses of the surveys were done by archaeologistsDr. Kent Schneider and the author, in collaboration with geophysicist and GPR-SLICE software devel-oper Dr. Dean Goodman.
2. The higher the antenna frequency, the shorter the wavelength and penetration depth. A very gooddiscussion of time-depth analysis can be found in Conyers and Goodman (1997), 107–135. Depthestimates for targets identified with each antenna were achieved using the hyperbola-fitting methodprovided in GPR-SLICE software. For the Iglesia San Jose surveys, depth to targets was estimated usinga dielectric constant (velocity) for the time-to-depth conversion. True depth may vary from the appar-ent depth due to lateral and vertical variations in the dielectric constant and the depth of the targetssought. Resolution of targets with the 1500-MHz antenna was good to 20 centimeters in depth, the1000-MHz antenna to 40 centimeters, and the 900-MHz antenna to approximately 1.00 meter indepth. The 400-MHz antenna was used for accurate resolution to approximately 2.0 meters deep,beyond which the antenna signal was attenuated.
3. An ‘‘anomaly’’ in a GPR data set is any disturbance in the subsurface matrix.4. The structural engineers for the project were Robert Silman Associates, New York.
Pantel, Agamemnon G. ‘‘Los Edificios Mas Antiguos del Nuevo Mundo. El Caso de la Iglesia de San Joseen San Juan de Puerto Rico: Estudios Previos y Proyecto de Conservacion.’’ In Actas del Seminario:El Edificio en la Ciudad Historica: Casos y Criterios de Intervencion, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,Programa de Master en Conservacion del Patrimonio Arquitectonico, Valencia, Espana. Unpublished pro-ceedings, 2008.
Pantel, Agamemnon G. and Paola A. Schiappacasse. Prospeccion Remota con Radar y Pruebas ArqueologicasEstructurales, Iglesia San Jose, Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico. Unpublished technical report, 2009.
Robert Silman Associates. ‘‘Iglesia de San Jose San Juan, Puerto Rico: Preliminary Summary of Recom-mendations and Observations regarding the Structural Conditions of the Iglesia San Jose.’’ Unpub-lished technical report, 2003.
References1. The survey designs, data collection, processing and analyses of the surveys were done by archaeologistsDr. Kent Schneider and the author, in collaboration with geophysicist and GPR-SLICE software devel-oper Dr. Dean Goodman.
2. The higher the antenna frequency, the shorter the wavelength and penetration depth. A very gooddiscussion of time-depth analysis can be found in Conyers and Goodman (1997), 107–135. Depthestimates for targets identified with each antenna were achieved using the hyperbola-fitting methodprovided in GPR-SLICE software. For the Iglesia San Jose surveys, depth to targets was estimated usinga dielectric constant (velocity) for the time-to-depth conversion. True depth may vary from the appar-ent depth due to lateral and vertical variations in the dielectric constant and the depth of the targetssought. Resolution of targets with the 1500-MHz antenna was good to 20 centimeters in depth, the1000-MHz antenna to 40 centimeters, and the 900-MHz antenna to approximately 1.00 meter indepth. The 400-MHz antenna was used for accurate resolution to approximately 2.0 meters deep,beyond which the antenna signal was attenuated.
3. An ‘‘anomaly’’ in a GPR data set is any disturbance in the subsurface matrix.4. The structural engineers for the project were Robert Silman Associates, New York.
Visit Change Over Time on the web at cot.pennpress.org.
EDITOR IN CHIEF
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GUEST EDITOR
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Centre for Conservation, University of Leuven
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