2.1 1 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the African Region Pretoria, South Africa 18-22.

1 2.1

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR

CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

for the African Region

Pretoria, South Africa 18-22 September 2006

PHILIP ACQUAHDirector

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ghana

2 2.2

SECTION A Re96gl Approach and Steps

Definition of IP Sector Activities Differentiation Non-energy and Energy-related

Emissions IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories or

Disaggregation Estimation Methods

Choice of Methods Choice of Activity Data Choice of Default Emission Factors

Tools facilitating Choice of EF and Reporting IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB) Tools facilitating Reporting

3 2.3

SECTION BGPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS

Good Practice Principles Choice of Methods-Tier structure and

selection criteria GPG 2000 Potential key Sources and

Decision Trees

4 2.4

SECTION C Review of Problems Encountered using Re96GL, GPG2000 Options and/or Suggested Approaches

Difficulty in disaggregation of Country relevant Sources

Activity Data (AD) Collection and CBI Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as

EFs Lack of Emission Factors (2) Lack of AD and EFs

5 2.5

SECTION C Review of Problems Encountered using Re96GL, and Recommendations

n Other Specific Issues and n Use of Notation Keys in Reporting

Tables 1& 2n Activity Data (AD) Collection and

Reportingn Institutional Arrangementsn Recommended capacity building

6 2.6

SECTION D

Re96GL source-category specific problems of AD and EF

GPG 2000 OPTIONS

7 2.7

SECTION E

Inventory Quality Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction

GPG APPROACH- QA/QC

8 2.8

SECTION A

REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES (Re96GL)

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SECTOR

Approach and Steps

9 2.9

Re96GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP Sector Activities

Non-energy related physical and chemical processes in production activities leading to transformation of raw materials and emissions of GHG (e.g. decomposition reactions)

10 2.10


non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in process reactions or stage processes that do not only release heat but also act predominantly as reducing agent (e.g. metallurgical coke in the smelting of ores in metal production)

11 2.11


Feedstock delivered to petrochemical plants and used for manufacture of other products and not for energy purposes (e.g. use of natural gas or other fossils in the manufacture of ammonia)

12 2.12


Production-related emissions NOT classified under IP but under energy sector are GHGs released from fuel combustion of feedstock in production activities as sources of energy/ form of energy ( i.e. heat, process steam or electricity generation).

13 2.13

Re96GL Approach and Steps Differentiation Non-energy and

Energy-related Emissions in Re96GL Vol.3 Cement production Section 2.3.1 Lime production , 2.4.1 Soda ash production and Use 2.6.1 Ammonia production 2.8.1 and 2.8.2 Silicon carbide 2.11.1 Calcium Carbide 2.11.2 Iron and Steel 2.13.3.2 Ferro alloys 2.13.5.1 Aluminum 2.13.5.1

14 2.14

Illustration of non-energy and energy related emissions from Re96GL Vol. 3

(Reference Manual)

Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy Related Emissions in IP sector

15 2.15

Re96GL Approach and Steps IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories or Disaggregation

Tools for classification: The IPCC inventory software

(electronic version of IPCC worksheet)

Emission Factor data Base ‘EFDB

16 2.16

Illustration with EFDB and Software

Re96GL Sources and Subsource Categories/Disaggregation

17 2.17

GHGs from IP sector(a) CO2, CH4, N2O,(b) HFCs, PFCs, SF6,(c) SO2,CO, Nox, NMVOCs

Relevant Source Categories (ref. Software long summary

18 2.18

Re96GL Approach and StepsGeneral Estimation Methodology

General EquationTOTALij = AD j x EF ij

where: TOTAL ij = process emission (tonne) of

gas i from industrial sector j AD j = amount of activity or production of

process material (Activity Data) in industrial sector j (tonne/yr)

EF ij = emission factor (EF) associated with gas i per unit of activity in industrial sector j (tonne/tonne)

19 2.19

Re96GL Approach and Steps

Choice of Methods

For certain industrial processes, more than one estimation methodology is presented. These are: Simplified approach

referred to as Tier 1 More detailed methodology

referred to as Tier 2.

20 2.20


Choice of Methods

Several options are also provided for certain industrial processes under Tier 1, as Tier 1a, 1b, 1c; based on data availability and suitability of methods

Order of preference for Tier 1 methods 1a>1b>1c

Encourages Country-Specific methods, documented and adequately referenced

21 2.21

Re96GL Approach and StepsSample Tiers by Sub-source Categories

2B1- Ammonia production (CO2) Tier1a-AD as natural gas consumption (m3)

and EF (kgC/m3) Tier 1b-AD as ammonia production (tonnes)

and EF (tonne CO2/tonne NH3) 2C5-Calcium Carbide Production (CO2)

T1a -Consumption of petroleum coke (tonne) and EF (tonne C/tonne Coke type)

T1b-production of carbide

22 2.22

Re96GL Approach and StepsTiers by Sub-source Categories

2C-Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al, Ferro-alloys) Tier 1a-consumption of reducing agent

(tonne) and EF (tonne C/tonne reducing agent)

Tier 1b-production of the metal (tonnes) and EF (tonne CO2/tonne metal)

23 2.23

Re96GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source Categories

PFCs from aluminum production Tier 1a-direct plant emissions data Tier 1b-estimation based on plant

measurements and empirical estimation

Tire 1c-based on aluminum production (tonnes) and default emissions factor (kg/tonne Al)

24 2.24


Tiers by Sub-source Categories

2F- HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release) Tier 1- AD (total production (tonnes) and

Default EF (% of total production) Tier2- direct emissions from plant specific

measurements using standard methods 2E-Consumption of ODS substitutes (HFCs,

PFCs and SF6) Tire 1a and Tier b -potential emissions Tier 2 -actual emissions

25 2.25

Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data

Plant level measurements or direct emissions reports with documented methodologies

Where direct measurements are not available, estimations are based on calculation with plant-specific data

26 2.26

Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data

International data set ( United Nations data sets and Industry associations )

National data bases where available from appropriate government ministries (e.g. Statistics Services, EPAs)

Standard production statistics from national statistical publications.

27 2.27

Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Default Emission Factors

Process reaction-based EFs (Stoichiometric Ratios)

Production-based emission factors Technology-specific emission

Factors Reported Country/Region-specific plant-level

measurements IPCC Emission Factors Data Base (EFDB), a

summary for process reaction-based and technology-based EFs

28 2.28

ILLUSTRATE USE OF EMISSION FACTOR DATABASE (EFDB)

FOR IP SECTOR


29 2.29

Comparability of IPCC Technology-based Default EF

and good practice Plant-level EF

The case of Aluminum production inventory in Ghana

30 2.30

Good practice Activity Data (Plant-level EF based on Tier 1a Method)

CO2 emissions from aluminum production Activity data

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Period (year) production (tonnes)

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

31 2.31

Consumption of reducing agent (anode carbon)

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

32 2.32

Net carbon consumption

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

0.500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

production (megatonnes)

net carbon tonne/tonne al

3 per. Mov. Avg. (net carbon tonne/tonne al)

33 2.33

Comparability of good practice plant level and IPCC Default

Process Parameter

Country Specific (Plant level Tier 2) 7-year average

IPCC Default including baking emissions (5%)

Net Carbon consumption assuming 98% purity of anode carbon tonne C/tonne

0.445

Emission factor (tonne CO2/tonne Al.)

1.63

1.58

% Difference +3.5%

34 2.34

Emissions Estimation and Reporting

Use of IPCC Electronic Inventory Software


35 2.35

REPORTING TABLES

Long Summary and Short summary

(Reference : IPCC Inventory Software)

36 2.36

SECTION BSECTION B

IP SECTOR INVENTORIES

GPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS

37 2.37

GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice Principles

To produce inventories, which neither over/under estimate emissions so far as can be judged based on the principle of TCCCA, namely:Transparency; Consistency over

time; Completeness, Comparability, Accuracy

38 2.38

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice Principles

To use limited resources more efficiently for key sources

To reduce level of Uncertainties To improve reporting and documentation To apply quality assurance and quality

control (QA/QC) and improve transparency

39 2.39

GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

Identifies potential IP sector key source categories

Provides Decision Tree analysis for the selected sources

Describes source category-specific good practice methods in adapting Re96GL to country-specific circumstances

40 2.40

GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

Defines Tier numbers for alternative names of methods described in Re96GL but are not numbered

Provides good practice guidance for various Tier levels of assessment (Tier 1, 2, 3) for selected source categories

41 2.41

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGPG 2000 Potential key Sources Identified

2A1-CO2 Emissions from Cement Production 2A2-CO2 Emissions from Lime Production 2C1-CO2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel

Industry 2B3 & 2B4 N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and

Nitric Acid Production 2C3-PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production 2C4-Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from

Magnesium Production 2E1-HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22

Manufacture

42 2.42

GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGPG 2000 Potential key Sources Identified

2F(1-5)- Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes) from HFCs and PFCs used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, foam blowing, fire extinguishers, aerosols, solvents )

2F7-SF6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment 2F8-SF6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF6 2E3-SF6 Emissions from Production of SF6 2F6-PFC, HFC, and SF6 Emissions from

Semiconductor Manufacturing.

43 2.43

GPG 2000 Approach and Steps

Decision Trees, and Selection criteria for Methods and Structured

Tier levels

44 2.44

GPG 2000 Approach and Steps Decision Trees, and selection criteria for methods and Tier levels

2A1-Cement production CO2 Figure 3.1 pg 3.11

2C1- Iron and Steel Production (CO2) Figure 3.2 pg 3.21

2B1 &2B2 Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid (NO2)

2C1-Aluminum production (PFC)

Figure 3.4 pg 3.32

Figure 3.5 pg 3.40

2C-Use of SF6 in magnesium production (SF6)

Figure 3.6 pg 3.49

2E &2F- ODS Substitutes Figure 3.11 pg 3.80

45 2.45


SAMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS OF TIER LEVEL METHODS IN ADAPTING RE96GL BASED ON

NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Reference Annex 3 Table 3 IP Handbook

46 2.46

SECTION C

REVIEW OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN USING

Re96GL and GPG 2000 OPTIONS

47 2.47

Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory

Difficulty in disaggregation of Country relevant Sources into IPCC categories particularly sub-source categories not listed in Re96GL.

48 2.48

mapping national industry classification with IPCC Source

categories

49 2.49


Activity Data (AD) Collection and CBI

Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or EF to national institutions responsible for data collection because of Confidential Business Information (CBI),

50 2.50


Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting

The reporting of industrial process emissions from non-energy use (NEU) of feedstock produced in combination with fuel combustion under Energy Sector due to the difficulty in differentiation and possible double counting of CO2.

51 2.51


Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting

Direct plant level measurement and reporting of industrial process emissions of CO2 from chemical processes or stage processes in combination with fuel combustion emissions from energy uses of feedstock (e.g. CO2 emissions from CaCO3 decomposition and metallurgical coke oxidation in Solvay process).

52 2.52


Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as EFs

Where technology-specific or plant-level data are not available, EF(D) are based on stoichiometric ratios of process reactions..

53 2.53


Lack of Emission Factors (2)

lack of development of plant-level EFs, which leads to the estimation of EFs based on top -down ratios calculated as EF= Emissions / Aggregate AD).

54 2.54

Re96GL source-category specific Problems GPG 2000 Tier1 good practice Options

Sample Source Category Estimations 2.A.1Cement Production 2.A.2 Lime Production 2.A.1 Limestone and Dolomite Use 2.C.1 Iron and Steel

Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

55 2.55

Other specific problems encountered in the use of

Re96GL

SUGGESTED APPROACHES/OPTIONS

56 2.56

Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory -

Use of Notation Keys in Reporting Tables 1& 2

Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation keys (“NO”, “NE”, “NA”, “IE”, “NE”) in UNFCCC reporting Table 1 and Table 2.

57 2.57

NO (not occurring) for activities or processes that do not occur for a particular gas or source/sink category within a country,

NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and removals which have not been estimated,

NA (not applicable) for activities in a given source/sink category which do not result in emissions or removals of a specific gas,

.

Completeness and Transparency in

Reporting -Use of Notation Keys

58 2.58

IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and removals estimated but included elsewhere in the inventory (Parties should indicate where the emissions or removals have been included),

C (confidential) for emissions and removals which could lead to the disclosure of confidential information.

Completeness and Transparency in

Reporting -Use of Notation Keys

59 2.59


Activity Data (AD) Collection and Reporting

Production data on large point sources may be available in various national institutions in data sets that are not easily converted to GGI data

Where available, mandatory or voluntary plant-level data are reported as total emissions without relevant AD and EF

60 2.60

Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory Lack of Emission Factors (1)

Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual environmental reports) provide only emissions estimates without AD and/or EF.

Lack of IPCC D-EFs due to differences in IPCC source and sub-source categories and disaggregation of country-relevant sources,

61 2.61


Institutional Arrangements

National institutions and industry association collect and present data in formats not appropriate for GHG estimation because they are normally aggregated in data sets relevant for the purposes for which they are collected.

Limited awareness among industry/industry associations of opportunities under the Convention and therefore not motivated to develop capacity for reporting GHG inventories.

62 2.62


Institutional Arrangement

Lack of institutional arrangement and clarity over roles and responsibilities of experts carrying out the technical studies.

Lack of legal and institutional authority to demand data from industry to carry out the inventories- (reporting is basically voluntary)

63 2.63


Institutional Arrangement

Non-involvement of universities and/or research centres on CC issues that can evolve a more sustainable inventory system.

Lack of mainstreaming CC data collection by national statistical services and industry associations in data collection.

Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by data collection institutions

64 2.64

Intuitional Arrangement ProblemsRecommended capacity building

Institute a national working group of relevant stakeholders for plant level verification and peer review of the inventory report

Organise a capacity building seminar for all institutions and relevant GHG contributing industries to disseminate the IP inventory data sets, the need of QA/QC and plant specific good practice for development and reporting AD and EFs in GGI data sets

65 2.65

Intuitional Arrangement ProblemsRecommended capacity building

Adapt Re96GL and GPG2000 and develop country specific workbooks documenting methods, Ads, EFs to increase transparency and preserve institutional memory

Disseminate the opportunities of emissions reduction under the Convention and the Financing Mechanisms under the Protocol in the capacity building workshop to motivate industry participation

66 2.66

Review and Assessment of Activity data and Emission Factors

Data status and Options

67 2.67


Inventory Quality Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction

QA/QC APPROACH

2.1 1 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the African Region Pretoria, South Africa 18-22.

Documents

re96gl approach

energy sector

reporting slide

production activities

efs slide

options slide

metal production slide

ghana slide