20th Century Architecture 1901 - 1985. Surge in the Construction Industry Huge Growth in American Cities Better Building Materials Characteristics.

20th Century Architecture

1901 - 1985

• Surge in the

Construction Industry

• Huge Growth in

American Cities

• Better Building

Materials

Characteristics

Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan

One of the earliest architects to use steel construction

One of the earliest architects to use steel construction

Carson Pirie Scott Department Store1901, ChicagoCarson Pirie Scott Department Store1901, Chicago

“Form Follows Function”“Form Follows Function”

Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau.The beginning of modern architecture.Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau.The beginning of modern architecture.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Developed his own style of Architecture disregarding conventional construction Developed his own style of Architecture disregarding conventional construction

Sought to establish a compatible relationship between a structure and its location. Sought to establish a compatible relationship between a structure and its location.

Robie House“Cornerstone of Modern Architecture” - WrightCantilevered Roofs - seem to float without wall supports.

1909, Chicago

Cantilever

Cantilever -A horizontal projection, canopy, balcony or beam balanced and supported with a fulcrum.

One room flowed into another space separated by partial walls.

Japanese Influences

Kaufmann House

Kaufmann House(Falling Water)

Bear Run, Pennsylvania

1936

Cantilevered terraces seem to stretch out over a stream and waterfall echo the form and color of the natural rock terraces below.

Guggenheim Museum

The inverted ziggurat dispensed with the conventional approach to museum design.

Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, proceeding downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.

Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, proceeding downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.

The International Style

Emerged in Germany, Holland, and FranceForerunner to Contemporary Architecture.Eliminated OrnamentationProhibited the use of natural materials.Sought to produce a structure that appeared light in weight

Influences of the International Style

•Cubism•Frank Lloyd Wright•Di Stijl (The Style) a group of abstract painters with Piet Mondrian

Composition 1923

The Bauhaus

Walter Gropius took over an Art school in Germany 1919.

He moved the school from Weimar to Deessau and designed the new buildings himself using the International Style.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Came from Germany.Settled in Chicago.

Made major contributions to the architectural philosophies of the late 1920’s and 1930s.

Mies attempted to create contemplative, neutral spaces

through an architecture based on material honesty and structural

integrity.

“Less is More”

Lakeshore Drive ApartmentsLakeshore Drive Apartments

Set at right angles to each other to allow the most light to strike each apartment.

Prime examples of the International Style

1951

Le Corbusier

Notre-Dame-du-Haut1955

Rochamp, France

Swiss born Architect - grew up on the International Style.

Was one of the first to abandon it after the war.

Used irregular shapes.

Reinforced concrete was his favorite construction material

Instead of rectilinear geometrics, his architecture is more “primitive” and sculptural.

I.M. Pei

National Gallery of Art, 1978National Gallery of Art, 1978

Solid faceted planes outside, open to expansive interior.

The Louvreentrance 1989

United States Steele Corporation

1970Pittsburgh

Wallace K. HarrisonMax Abramovitz

Form follows function

Exterior use of Cor-Ten steel.Forms a protective coating as it rusts

(oxidizes)

Philip Johnson

Influential through several periods of American Architecture.

Combined historically important details with contemporary materials and design.

1 9 0 6 - 1 9 8 7

Philip Johnson/John BurgeeArchitectural Firms today are built around two or more architects.Using different solutions for different clientsThese guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s

Architectural Firms today are built around two or more architects.Using different solutions for different clientsThese guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s

Penzoil Place, 1976, HoustonPenzoil Place, 1976, Houston

Departure form the usual glass box.Departure form the usual glass box.

Post Modernism Architecture

• Against Modernism• Architects have shunned the glass box ideal• Emphasis on Diversity

John Burgee ArchitectsWITH Philip Johnson

John Burgee ArchitectsWITH Philip Johnson

Pink granite building topped with a broken pediment

1985

AT & T Corporate Headquarters(Renamed Sony Plaza in 1990)

PPG Place

Gothic style tower in glass

Reflection of the company’s principle product and its longevity in the industry.

Monolithic stone construction to glass

1984

Frank O. Ghery and Associates

California Aerospace MuseumAngles and planes imply dynamic motion and energy.

1984

Buildings are designed to capture the essence of their purpose.Buildings are designed to capture the essence of their purpose.

Review

• Form Follows Function• Frank Lloyd Wright• The International Style• Less is Mo’ - Mies van der Roh• Phillip Johnson• Post Modernism

Oil pastel perspective drawing FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS - 50 pointsDrawing must include architectural elements or buildings - 10 points

Drawing must be adapted from a photographic (not a drawing or illustration) reference for inspiration - turned in with final drawing - 10 points

Drawing must contain a foreground, middle ground, and background element(s)

- 30 points

First create a thumbnail drawing or plan for your oil pastel drawing - 10 points

DESIGN - 20 pointsCreate a clear example of 1, 2, or 3 point perspectiveUse a variety of mixed colors - 10 points

Fill the page with strong positive and negative spaces. - 10 points

CRAFTSMANSHIP - 10 pointsA neat and clean piece with attention to detailyour name is written on the back of your drawing

TIME ON TASK - 20 points