20.4.2004 | Folie 1 The Austrian strategy to reduce PM: perspectives and challenges Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and National Emission.

20.4.2004 | Folie 1

The Austrian strategy to reduce PM: perspectives and challenges

Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and National Emission Ceiling Directives

1.-2.9.2004

C. Nagl

20.4.2004 | Folie 2

Exceedances of PM10 AQ Limit Values 2003

PM10 LV daily mean all zones and agglomerations50 out of 90 monitoring sites

PM10 LV daily mean + MOT 7 zones (out of 8)3 agglomerations (out of 3)22 monitoring sites

PM10 LV annual mean 5 monitoring sites (2 in Graz, 2 in Styria exl. Graz, 1 in Vienna)

PM10 LV annual mean + MOT 2 monitoring sites in Graz

20.4.2004 | Folie 3

Exceedances of PM10 AQ Limit Values 2003 (daily mean)

20.4.2004 | Folie 4

PM10 in Austria, 2000-2003, non attainment areas

Measurements show, that non attainment areas are:

• Eastern part of Austria

• large cities (especially traffic related sites)

• sites close to heavy industries

• Alpine Basins and valleys with adverse dispersion conditions during wintertime

20.4.2004 | Folie 5

Procedures in case of exceedances

1. “status report” by regional authorities that includes: causes of exceedances

contribution of various sources to exceedances

area, where measures have to be applied

possible measures

2. measures applied by regional authorities

3. As regional PM10 measures are not sufficient: Strategy by ministry for national measures

20.4.2004 | Folie 6

Analysis of PM10-sources

Chemical analysis backward trajectories Analysis of concentration

characteristics Emission inventories (PM

and precursors)

soot

ash particle

road salt

minerals

filterLienz 12.02Vienna-AKH (AUPHEP) 06.99-06.00

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

PM

10 c

hem

. com

posit

ion

mineral dustwater (sulphate)heavy metalsOxNa, Ca, MgKSO4NO3NH4OMEC

20.4.2004 | Folie 7

PM10 emission inventory

contribution of different sources to Austrian PM10 emissions (non-fugitive only)

PM10 exhaust

32%

29%

19%

14%

0% 2% 4%

energy supply

domestic heating

industries

traffic

off-road

landfill activity

agriculture

1/3 domestic heating, 1/3 industries, 1/3 traffic (incl. off road, w/o resuspension)

different contributions at different locations

20.4.2004 | Folie 8

Contribution of transboundary air pollution

Contribution of long range transport (LRT) mostly in lowlands in eastern of Austria

Exceedances of daily mean LV in 2002 and 2003 in Illmitz (EMEP regional background site)

Alpine basins and valleys: no LRT, mostly local and regional emissions

20.4.2004 | Folie 9

Contribution of transboundary air pollution to EMEP-site Illmitz

annual mean (gravimetry): ≈30µg/m³

contribution to exceedances: 50% long range transport

from eastern Europe 30% regional emissions

(Ø100km) + long range transport

20% regional emissions sulphate levels very even in

NE-Austria nitrate levels close to large

emitters (Vienna) 50% higher

difference of chemical composition in dependence on wind direction in Illmitz

0

2

4

6

8

SE-NW

[µg

/m³]

ECOMnitratesulphateNH4FeNaKND-water

sources of polluted air in Illmitz (backward trajectories statistics), elevated levels red

20.4.2004 | Folie 10

Measures to reduce PM10

what is needed: combination of local, regional, national and European

measures

Examples of local measures by local authorities already implemented: substitution of 80% of residential heating (mostly wood stoves

and oil boilers) by district heating in Lienz speed restrictions in winter in Graz (8% reduction of traffic

related PM-exhaust), particle filters and biofuels for public transport, more restrictive measures possible

20.4.2004 | Folie 11

Measures to reduce PM10

Necessary measures in most of exceedance areas: traffic (50% of vehicle kilometres by diesel cars) domestic heating (simple wood stoves) industry off road machinery (equal amount of PM exhaust as road traffic) emissions of precursors:

traffic (NOx) agriculture (NH3 emissions, despite emissions below NEC)

local also SO2 (despite emissions below NEC)

land use and regional planning European measures necessary for (examples):

Emission standards for vehicles (mandatory particle filters) Emissions of precursors SO2 and NOx in Eastern Europe Transport planning

20.4.2004 | Folie 12

Measures to reduce PM10: Example reduction potential traffic

nationwide reduction dependent on various measures (note: reduction potential cannot be added in general)

Hausberger (2004)

most effective: financial measures, alternative vehicle concepts (e.g. particle filters)

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

fleet consumption reduction

alternative vehicle concepts

public awareness

improvements - goods traffic

pedestrians / bicyclists

railway + public transport

parking management

traffic management

speed limits and control

biodiesel

tax for diesel fuel

road pricing

tax on consumption

PM10 potential for reduction

20.4.2004 | Folie 13

Measures to reduce PM10: Example Graz

Annual mean in Graz: 37 – 52 µg/m³ (2003), 49-131 daily means >50 µg/m³

Information campaign Participation in project AQUELLA (source apportionment with

organic tracers, TU-Vienna) Task Force “PM10” has been established (Feb. 04) that suggests

measures that reduce PM10 level substantially and permanently Measures are analysed concerning:

reduction potential costs timeframe of implementation political feasibility and social compatibility

6 working groups have been established: traffic, engine technology, domestic heating, industry and mining, fugitive

emissions, agriculture Recommendations for regional government will be finished soon

20.4.2004 | Folie 14

Measures to reduce PM10: Example Klagenfurt

Annual mean in Klagenfurt: 38 µg/m³ (2003), 74 daily means >50µg/m³

Task Force worked out 18 measures for: traffic; car pool, construction activity and road maintenance; domestic heating and district heating plant; innovative measures and PR

Each measure has been assigned to responsible person Examples of measures:

ecological management of municipality car pool optimisation of road sweeping and road sanding restrictions construction activity (as in CH) inventory of buildings with solid fuel heating, exchange program adaptation of district heating power plant to BAT enforcement of bicycle lanes free public transport for customers of city shops EU-LIFE Project (KAPA GS) to simulate measures

20.4.2004 | Folie 15

Next steps

In addition to local and regional measures: national measures: Study of PM-levels, sources and possible measures will be

finished at the end of September Negotiations with other ministries and stakeholders on national

measures will start right afterwards Quantification of local and regional reduction

potentials and influence on air quality of road traffic (finished summer 05)