2020 F4 SCIENCE NOTES (KSSM) CHAPTER 4 - 6 · 2020. 4. 23. · F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS 5.1 Cell Division 1. Nucleus of human cell contains 46 (23 pairs of) chromosomes.

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2020 KSSM

CHAPTER 4 – 6

MENGIKUT SUKATAN LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

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FORM 4 SCIENCE

CHAPTER 4 GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

4.1 Environmental Sustainability

1. Socio-scientific issues are open

problems that are controversial social

issues related to science.

Green Technology Concept

1. Green Technology is the development

and application of products, equipment

and systems to sustain the environment

and nature and reduce or minimize the

negative effects from human activities.

2. Main Pillars of National Green

Technology

a. Energy – Promote energy efficiency

to minimise wastage of energy and

achieve energy autonomy.

b. Environment – Minimise negative

effects to the environment from

human activities and restore nature.

c. Social – Improve quality of life, noble

values, harmony, moral values and

cooperation among the people in

Malaysia.

d. Economy – Increase economic

development in Malaysia by using

Green Technology products,

equipment and systems.

3. Sectors in Green Technology

a. Energy

b. Waste and wastewater management

c. Building

d. Transportation

e. Information and communications

technology(ICT)

f. Agriculture and forestry

g. Industrial and manufacturing

4.2 Energy Sector

1. Things to consider:

a. The way that energy is generated or supplied.

b. The way that energy produced is distributed or efficiently used without waste.

2. Socio-scientific Issues of burning of fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases that cause

global warming and extreme climate changes.

3. Source of energy

Non-renewable Renewable / Alternative

- fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas,

coal)

- Nuclear energy

- hydro

- solar(located in equatorial and receive

maximum sunshine throughout the year)

- wind

- geothermal

- wave

Disadvantages Advantages

- supply become scarce

- environmental pollution (carbon

monoxide & carbon dioxide)

- clean energy

- green energy

- pollution free


4. Application of Green Technology

a. Using energy efficient electrical appliances etc LED bulb

b. Using renewable energy sources to generate electricity etc solar

c. Achieving national power autonomy.

4.3 Waste and Wastewater

Management Sector

1. Socio-scientific Issues

a. Emission of greenhouse gases

cause climate changes and global

warming.

b. Chemical wastes cause water

pollution.

2 a. Waste is any excess, unwanted or

material that need to be disposed

such as construction or industrial

waste.

b. Wastewater is water that has been

used including material such as

human waste, food scraps, oil, soaps

or chemicals such as domestic or

industrial waste.

c. Special waste is controlled waste

that is hazard and way effect health.


a. Prevention and reduction

i. Avoid using one-use containers.

ii. reduce food waste.

b. Treatment and processing

i. convert waste into energy and

fertiliser through biological

processes

ii. Degradation of waste by

microorganism

c. Separate and recycle

i. separating the waste that can be

reused or recycled.

d. 5R concepts

i. reduction, reuse, refuse, recycle

and recovery.

4.4 Agriculture and Forestry Sector

1. The socio-scientific issue is the

conversion of forests into agricultural

areas through deforestation causing

global warming and extreme climate

changes.


a. Increase the quality and quantity of

agricultural products through genetic

engineering.

b. Use agricultural waste and domestic

animal faeces as biomass energy.

c. Use harvested rainwater to water

plants to save water.

d. Use natural fertiliser or compost to

increase nutrients in the soil.

e. Practice planting with minimum use

of fertiliser and pesticides.

f. Use biological control to control plant

pests.

g. Introduce and invent modern and effective agriculture methods such as vertical farming and organic farming.

h. Use soilless methods of farming such as aeroponics and aquaponics.

i. Reduce logging and increase reforestation / tree replanting.

j. Proclaim forest reserves. k. Control illegal logging activities. l. Obtain supply of wood in forest farms.

3. Compost fertiliser - is organic materials that decomposed by microbe to increase the soil nutrient.

4. Special waste refers to controlled waste that needs to be disposed of using a specific method because of its hazard characteristic or may affect the health


4.5 Transportation Sector

Socio-scientific

1. Greenhouse gases (GHG) that are released from burning of oil fuels in motor vehicles are largest contributor to global warming and extreme climate changes in the world.

Application of Green Technology 1. Green transportation

a. has a minimum impact on the environment or vehicles that emit low greenhouse gas emission

b. example vehicles using renewable energy / alternative energy source.

2. Mode of green transportation a. individual’s vehicle b. carpool c. taxi d. service vehicle e. public transport f. bicycle g. walking

3. Alternative fuels a. Compressed natural gas (CNG) b. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) c. Biodiesel d. Electrical energy e. Hydrogen f. Dimethyl ether (DME)

4. Natural Gas - burn cleaner / environmental friendly - produce less carbon dioxide /

greenhouse gases

5. The importance green transportation

a. reduce air pollution b. increase the quality of health and

lifestyle c. reduce heavy traffic d. reduce usage of petroleum e. saves money

4.6 Green Technology and Life

1. Carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) released as a result of human activities.

2. Global warming occurs due to greenhouse gases that trapped the heat on the earth’s surface.

3. Long term global warming lead to climate change.

4. Global warming and climate change increase the carbon footprint.

Managing Global Warming and Climate Change a. Use green transportation modes of high

energy efficiency such as walking, taking public transport or carpooling to a destination.

b. Switch off the lights or remove electrical equipment plugs when not in use.

c. Practice saving water and fuels. d. Reuse and recycle materials. e. Build a green building f. Use bioenergy

F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS 5.1 Cell Division

1. Nucleus of human cell contains 46 (23

pairs of) chromosomes.

2. Chromosomes are long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is made up of genes. (Thread-like structure)

3. DNA is genes which carry genetic or hereditary information which determine the traits of an individual.

4. Gender Autosome + sex chromosomes

Male karyotype

44 + xy

Female karyotype

44 + xx


Mitosis / Meiosis 1. Mitosis process

- Chromosome with two chromatids joined at the centromere

Prophase

i. Replication of chromosome occurs

ii. chromosomes shorten and thicken.

iii. Spindle fibres begin to form.

Metaphase

- Chromosomes arrange at the equatorial plate of the cell.

Anaphase

- Pairs of chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cells.

Telophase

- Cytoplasm divides

- Two daughter cells are formed. Same number of chromosomes as parent.

2. Meiosis process

- Parent cells with two pairs of chromosomes.

Prophase I

- Replication of chromosome occurs

Metaphase I - Crossing over

occurs.

Anaphase I

- Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.

Telophase I

- Cytoplasm divides

Prophase II

- Two daughter cells are formed

Metaphase II

- Pairs of chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Anaphase II

- Cytoplasm divides

Telophase II

- Four daughter cells are formed

- Halve number of chromosome of parent

2. During meiosis (Metaphase)

Crossing over to produce variation

3a. Similarities of mitosis and meiosis

- a process of cell division. - ensure sustainability of living organisms.

- transfer of genetic material - both process involve duplication of chromosome.


b. Differences

Aspect Mitosis Meiosis

Definition Cell division in which a cell divides into two cells, each has same number of chromosomes

Cell division in which a cell divides into four cells, each cell has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Location of occurrence

Plants: Meristem cells of plants (shoot tip) Animals: Somatic cells / Body cells of animals (skin)

Plants: Reproductory organs (anther. ovary) Animals: testis, ovary

Number of daughter cells formed in one division

2 4

Haploid (1/2) diploid

Genetic make-up of daughter cells

Identical Different

Produce Gamete Variation Importance a. For growth

b. tissue repair c. Asexual reproduction d. maintenance and continuity of

life.

a. Produces gametes b. Halve chromosome number c. produce variation.

5.2 Inheritance

1. T: dominant alleles t: recessive alleles

2. Genotypes Pairs of alleles which determine a characteristic a. Homozygous dominant TT (normal trait e.g. curly hair or black iris)

b. Homozygous recessive tt (very rare trait e.g. brown hair or left-handed)

c. Heterozygous Tt (normal trait) 3. Schematic diagram of Mendel’s First Law a.Parent Phenotype

c. Parent Phenotype

Parent Genotype Parent Genotype Meosis Meosis Gamete Gamete

Fertilisation Fertilisation

F1 Genotype F1 Genotype

F1 Phenotype F1 Phenotype

Ratio


b.Parent Phenotype

Parent Genotype

Meosis

Gamete

Fertilisation

F1 Genotype

F1 Phenotype

Ratio

4a. Schematic diagram of sex determination

Parent Phenotype

Parent Genotype

Meosis

Gamete

Fertilisation

F1 Genotype

F1 Phenotype

Ratio

b. The probability of getting a boy or a girl is 50% or 1:1 c. The father (chromosome sex in the sperm) determines the gender of the off spring

because: i. The sperm carrying chromosome sex x and y while the ovum only carrying

chromosome sex x. ii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex y fertilise the ovum, the child is girl.

iii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex x fertilise the ovum, the child is boy. 5. Inheritance of colour blindness

Result : 2 children colour blind 2 children are not colour blind


5.3 Mutation 1. is spontaneous and random change to the structure of the gene or number of

chromosome. 2. caused by mutagens such as: i. Radioactive rays ii. Chemical substances iii. Environmental changes 3. Type of Mutations

Similarity : Both can be inherited from parents / hereditary disease

Differences : Gene mutation Chromosome mutation

Structure of the gene change

number of chromosome change

Gene Disorder Diseases

Gene mutation Chromosome mutation Colour blindness Sickle cell anaemia Thalassemia Haemophillia Albinism

Down Syndrome (three chromosome 21) Turner syndrome (44 + xo) Klinefelter syndrome (44 + xxy)

Note: Men are proned to get gene disorder diseases i. the gene of gene disorder disease is only carried by x chromosomes. ii. male only have one x chromosome 4. Gene mutation diseases

Disease Characteristics Colour blindness

- Patient cannot differentiate between red and green colours.

Sickle cell anaemia

- Red blood cells are crescent shaped which cause function of transportation of oxygen to be imperfect.

- Patient often feels fatigue, looks pale and weak. Thalassemia - Lack of haemoglobin in small red blood cells with shorter lifespan

reduces oxygen supply to the body. - Symptoms of minor thalassemia resemble that of long term anaemia.

- Symptoms of major thalassemia are jaundice, pale face and swollen internal organs such as heart and liver.


Haemophilia - Patient's blood unable to clot - causing patient to experience extensive blood loss when injured

Albinism - Disruption in the production of melanin pigment in the body. - The individual has light skin, pink iris and white hair.

5.Chromosome mutation diseases

Disease Characteristics Down syndrome (45 + xy) or (45 + xx)

- Patient has 47 chromosomes, that is three chromosomes at the 21st chromosome.

- Patient experiences mental and physical retardation, weak cardiovascular system and has slant eyes, flat face, short neck, small nose and mouth, tongue sticking out and short stocky body as well as short palm and fingers.

Turner syndrome (44 + xo)

- Females who have the disease have 45 chromosomes, that is 44 autosomes and one X chromosome (absence of one X chromosome).

- Growth of patient is retarded, short body, barren, lacking in female secondary sex characteristics.

Klinefelter syndrome (44 + xxy)

- Males who have Klinefelter syndrome have 47 chromosomes, that is 44 autosomes, two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (one extra X chromosome at the sex chromosome).

- Male secondary sex characteristics not developed, development of testes inhibited, sterile, has female characteristics such as large breasts, high pitch voice and lacking in body hair.

6. Karyotype of Down syndrome

7. Type of Genetic Screening to detect Gene disorder disease a. Karyototyping is to test the number, size and shape of chromosomes in the nucleus

of a cell. b. Amniocentesis is a prenatal test to identify abnormalities in foetal cells.

8. Genetic screening able to predict diseases, to plan future children and reveal genetic

information.


9. Genetic Research to Increase Living Quality Field Application Description

a. Medical a. Bacteria and yeast - produce insulin to treat diabetes mellites b. Bacteria culture - treat cancer

- protect body from virus / bacteria attack

c. Genetic content of sheep

- produce milk to treat haemophilia

d. Gene therapy - to treat or replace gene disorder disease with healthy gene

b. Agriculture a. Selective breeding - select valuable breeds - produce new species, improve nutritional value

and resistance to diseases.

b. Cloning (copy or tissue culture)

- to produce offspring through asexual (single parent reproductory)

c. Genetic food modification

- produce crops and livestock that mature quickly - high quality and bountiful of yield - high resistance towards disease and extreme

weather changes. c. Forensic

Science DNA test for genetic genealogy

- to solve criminal case

5.4 Genetic Engineering Technology 1.Genetic engineering involves applying technology to replace, transfer or modify genes

from one organism into another organism to obtain the desired characteristic of organism.

2. Examples of genetic engineering include: a. gene therapy b. recombinant DNA (the use of plasmids) c. genetically modified organism (GMO)

3. Genetic Engineering Technology

Field Advantages Disadvantages

a. Medical - treat and identify hereditary diseases

- use bacteria produce insulin, hormones, enzymes, interferons and antibiotics in large scale

- produce bacteria which are resistant to antibiotic

- may have side effect - cloning of human

b. Agriculture - Produce new species - increase crop yield -resistance to pest - increase the quality and

quantity of food

- may cause unknown harmful to health

- extinction of original species

- cause allergy


5.5 Variation 1. Continuous Discontinuous - variation that does not show significant

differences with intermediate - can be measured / quantilative - e.g. mass / weight or height / length,

intelligence, skin or hair colour - show in histogram / normal distribution

- can be changed - caused by environment factors such as

nutrition, climate, adaptation, water, PH, sunlight and genetic factors

- not inherited

- variation that show significant and distinct characteristic without intermediate

- cant be measured / quantilative - e.g. earlobe, ability to roll tongue, blood

group, finger print, gender - show by bar graph / discrete distribution

- permanent / cant be changed - caused by inherited genetic factors only - can be inherited

2. Important of variation

- produce new species - increase value and help organisms to camouflage - enable human evolution through the process of natural selection of variation

- to differentiate organisms in the same species

F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 6 SUPPORT, MOVEMENT AND GROWTH 6.2 Human Movement and Growth

Structure Function

a. Ligament - connect two bones together - tough, strong and elastic - prevent sprained or dislocated

b. Synovial fluid - as lubricant secreted by synovial membrane. - reduce friction between two bones

c. Cartilage - as absorber

d. Tendon - connect bone and muscle - strong and not elastic


e. Antagonistic muscles

- two sets of muscles. - biceps and triceps muscles - working in pairs in opposite direction - when one set contracts, the other set relaxes

2. Problem related to joint that cause pain.

Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis

- Degeneration of cartilage due to aging or injury

- Body immune system damaging the synovial membrane, bones and cartilage joint

3. Movement of arm

Bending Arm Straightening Arm

i. Contraction of the biceps. ii. the biceps muscle pulls the radius

upwards iii. The arm is bent

i. Contraction of the triceps ii. the triceps muscle pulls the ulna

downwards iii. The arm is straightened

Human Growth Pattern

1. Human growth involves a. a permanent process, non-reversible and happens at varying rates b. increase in height and body mass c. changes in body shape and system functions in the body such as skeletal, muscular and reproductive systems


2. Stages of Human growth

3. Age Growth rate

Infant stage (< 3 years of age)

- Rapid - Cell divisions occur actively

Childhood stage ( 3 to 13 years)

- Slower

Adolescence stage (13 to 20 years)

- Rapid - Growth of female teenagers more rapid in the beginning as

female reaches puberty earlier. - The growth of male teenagers more rapid at the end as male

reaches puberty later Adulthood stage

(20 to 65 years) - Minimum - Zero growth

Old age stage ( > 65 years old)

- Negative - Reduction in height - Drop in overall function of the body system.


4. Growth Patterns Between Male and Female (Sigmoid curve)

5.

Age Comparison of males and females growth rate

From birth until about 4 years

Same for males and females

Child stage (4 to 12 years)

Growth rate of males is faster than the growth rate of females

Youth stage (12 to 14 years)

Growth rate of females is faster than the growth rate of males

Youth stage (14 to 18 years)

Minimum. Both males and females reach almost maximum height at the age of 18

6. However, the growth pattern can be affected by genetic factors that inherited from

parents. 6.3 Support, Growth and Stability in Plants - support system in plants enable the plants to grow upwards to get sunlight to carry out

photosynthesis process.

1. Terrestrial Plants

a. Woody plants b. Herbal plants i. Have secondary xylem woody tissues

which is hard to give support. ii. Additional support: a. Thorns of rose plant b. Buttress roots of angsana tree c. Prop roots of banyan tree d. Stilts roots of mangrove tree

i. without woody tissues ii. depend on turgidity of cells for support iii. Additional support: a. Tendrils of cucumber plants

b. Twining stems of morning glory plants

c. Clasping roots of money plants


2. Aquatic Plants – supported by water buoyancy force or up thrust force a. Submerged Plants b. Floating plants i. e.g. Hydrilla, Calomba

ii. fine and thin structure of leaves to reduce water resistance

iii. soft and thin stem iv. Air spaces in the stems and leaves to

give support

i. e.g. water lily, lotus, hyacinth ii. Fibrous foots trap air bubbles. iii. Air spaces in the leaves, roots and

stems reduces the density and enable the plants to float.

3. The age of plants can be determined by the number of growth rings.

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2020 F4 SCIENCE NOTES (KSSM) CHAPTER 4 - 6 · 2020. 4. 23. · F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS 5.1 Cell Division 1. Nucleus of human cell contains 46 (23 pairs of) chromosomes.

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