2018 Criminal Law Coverpages - cdn.ymaws.com · 2018 Criminal Law Seminar ... This presentation will cover background information on DNA testing as it relates to forensic DNA analysis

FRIDAY 

MARCH 9, 2018 

1:00‐2:00 p.m.

2018 Criminal Law Seminar  

What’s New in DNA and  DCI Criminal Lab 

PRESENTED BY:  

Paul Bush

Iowa Division of Criminal Inves ga on

DNA Lab Supervisor

2240 South Ankeny Blvd

Ankeny, Iowa 50021

ISBA Conference Talk by Paul Bush:  3‐09‐18 

What’s New in DNA at the DCI Crime Lab 

DNA typing methods PowerPoint 

Jail School PowerPoint and CODIS 

Large Numbers 

County Attorney’s talk Powerpoint LR 

Sample Case Write ups LR 

Additional Questions RAPID DNA ( if time allows) 

Topic Description: 

This presentation will cover background information on DNA testing as it relates 

to forensic DNA analysis in the Crime Lab.  The information will tie in the uses of 

CODIS searching software and how searches are completed using CODIS 

databases.  Additionally the talk will cover how in the future Likelihood Ratios will 

be used to explain DNA associations in mixed DNA profiles at the DCI Lab, using 

sample case write‐ups.  If time allows Rapid DNA Analysis and Rapid CODIS 

searches will be discussed.  

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DNA Unit Update January 2018

DNA SENSITIVITY ADVANCES RFLP testing of the late 80’s-mid 90’s need 2 ug of

DNA and must be high mol. Wt. (20 kb). Very discriminating but not very sensitive. Very time consuming (6-8 wks.)

Dot Blot testing in mid 90’s first used PCR analysis. Followed by D1S80 vertical gels. Used 2.0 ng of DNA. Very sensitive, but not very discriminating.

STR analysis in 1999. approx. 0.5-1.0 ng. of target DNA with target fragments 100-500 bp in length. Very sensitive and very discriminating. (new megaplex kits)

Y STR’s sensitivity down to 50 pg. Ultra sensitive not too discrminating.

Scientific Notation Milligram=mg 10-3

Microgram=µg 10-6

Nanogram=ng 10-9

Picogram=pg 10-12

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DNA TESTING METHODS Autosomal STR Analysis megaplex

kits(RAPID DNA) Y STR Analysis Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

(SNPs) Animal and Plant DNA analysis (RFLP?) Next Generation Sequencing

Y STR ANALYSIS Y-STR analysis: Inherited through the

father. Present on the Y chromosome. All male offspring would have same Y STR profile. Not as discriminating (1/500)as Autosomal STR testing. Works well where mixtures occur. Great for mixed semen/vaginal samples. Not performed in Iowa Crime Lab. Cost $1,200.00/sample. Also used for familial searching.

New STR Megaplex Kits CODIS Core DNA STR loci increased from

13 to 20 core loci for the FBI and NDIS. We came on line January 2017.

We are currently on line in Database unit and Casework units. We now have 33% more data to review for each sample.

Expansion will allow searching internationally through Canada, G-8, and Interpol as long as MOU’s are in place.

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RAPID DNA Machines available to produce DNA STR

results in 90 minutes. Do not meet FBI Quality Assurance

Standards for data produced, therefore, profiles cannot be entered into NDIS.

FBI only proposes use on known buccal swabs, They do not approve use on questioned samples.

Several police agencies in US have units.

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally.

It is present in many copies per cell. Testing is very sensitive but not very

discriminating (Approx. 1/300). Not done in IA Crime Lab. Cost is approx.

$3,200/sample. Done at FBI Regional labs for free or private labs

Often done in hair cases or UHR cases for ID.

SNP’s Used for ethnicity testing Can determine racial or actual traits such as

eye color, hair color Has been used in the past for determining

American Indian make-up Has been used to solve high profile serial killer

in New Orleans May be used in future to determine actual

facial features. Not done in the IA Crime Lab.

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ANIMAL & PLANT DNA Can be used to identify strains of Cannibis Can be used to individualize animals Can be used to identify specific types of

meat such as white tail deer or elk. (National Wildlife Lab in Ashland, OR)

Not done in the IA Crime Lab

Next Generation Sequencing STR’s by sequence based analysis,

includes both autosomal and Y STR’s SNP’s 100-200 ancestory, identity, and

phenotypic SNP’s Mitochondrial testing

TOUCH EVIDENCE Touch evidence is defined as evidence which

has no visible staining and would contain DNA that only results from touching an item with the skin. It does not include: cig. butts, swabs from cans, bottles, straws or other items in which substance being tested for is saliva. Touch evidence does not include items submitted for wearer such as shirts, shoes, & hats where there is a probability of prolonged contact.

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TOUCH EVIDENCE Touch evidence will be accepted for DNA

testing when there is a high likelihood that the evidence will provide probative results or investigative leads.

Touch evidence will be processed on violent crimes only.

Touch evidence will be processed only when no other probative evidence exists

TOUCH EVIDENCE Common high traffic items that many

people could have touched, BAD: steering wheel, counter tops, guns?

Samples left outside in sunlight will degrade in UV light. Safe recovered from bottom of river probably not good.

(GOOD) Ligature: female victim DNA in loop, possibly run autosomal STR’s or Y STR’s on ligature ends for male suspect.

Nucleus-Chromosome-DNA-23 pr. Chromosomes: 22 pr. Auto. 1pr. Sex-Mitosis(2N) ordinary cell division-Meiosis (N) during production of reproductive cells-eggs and sperm-½ of chromosomes from father(sperm) and -½ of chromosomes from mother (egg)-At fertilization you have combination of these chromosomes to create an individ. makeup of DNA

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DNA: Language of Life Bases(4) = Letters of alphabet (26) Amino Acids = Words Proteins = Sentences

What happens if you change one letter in a sentence? How serious is the consequence? “See Spot run.”

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DNA CaseworkEvidence from crime scene

Develop DNA profile

Convicted OffenderSample collected from convicted

offender

Develop DNA profile

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DNA Profile Uploaded to CODIS for comparison

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CODIS

COmbined DNA Index System

Federal, State, & Local crime labs exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically

Link crimes to each other and to convicted offenders

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4

What is CODIS used for?

Assist criminal justice agencies by developing investigative leads Link offenders to DNA profiles obtained from

crime scenes, victims, and other evidence

Deter future criminal acts Once an offender profile is in the database, they

realize that future crimes can be linked to them

CODIS DATABASES

Forensic

Offender (Arrestee)

Missing Persons

Relatives of Missing Persons

Unidentified Human Remains

Detainees, Legal

CODIS Searches

Iowa DCI DNA unit can only see profiles that are in the Iowa database. We can not see offenders from other states.

Just because an offender is in our database and you get a hit, we cannot use this profile information to prosecute the case. YOU MUST GET A NEW KNOWN SAMPLE FROM SUSPECT (chain of custody)

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2000 – begin collecting convicted offender profiles – 11 offenses require DNA collection

2005 – expanded collection to include 557 offenses (all felonies and sex crimes– this is our current law)

2014 – expansion to most aggravated misdemeanors

784 total offenses will

require DNA collectionAdds 227 offenses for collection

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DNA Profiling – HF 527Effective July 1, 2014

Expands Iowa’s DNA Law to include most Aggravated Misdemeanors Increases numbers of offenders in database

Applies to crimes committed after July 1, 2014 by a person 18 years of age or older○ Note – A juvenile convicted as an adult for

an aggravated misdemeanor should NOT be collected

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EXCEPTIONS to new law Violation of Ch. 321 (Motor Vehicle Offenses)

A second offense violation of section 321J.2, unless the person has more than one previous revocation as determined pursuant to section 321J.2 (OWI) subsection 8 within the 12-year period immediately preceding the commission of the offense in question.

A violation of chapter 716B (Hazardous Waste Offenses)

A violation of chapter 717A (Agricultural Production Offenses)

A violation of section 725.7 (Illegal gaming)

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Front of Sample CardInside of Sample Card with FTA Paper before collection

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Sample CardFront & Inside

Collecting Samples – use gloves!Use the Green foam swabs to Rub vigorously inside mouth

PRESS all sides onto circleDo NOT rubOne swab per circle

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DATABASE KITS

Use these kits only for database sample collection and NOT for buccal swab collection of victims and suspects

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CODIS HITS

(Jody McCullah) Polk Co. 1995-2006

Monona Co. (Mark Bitzman) 2011-2012

Pottawattamie Co. Mark Sands 2001-2011

Polk Co. Robin Ridgeway and Linda Williamson (William Carr)

Ottumwa (Andy Six) 1984, 1987, execution 1997, 2014 solve 1984 case

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You can find a link to the:

Offender Entry Website

on the DCI Website

Login

From the Offender Entry ‘Sign On’ Screen: Enter the User ID

Password

Select ‘Login’

Click the Change Pwdbutton This will allow you to

create or change your own password.

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How Many Profiles?

IOWA as of December 2017: Forensic Index – 6,669 profiles Offender Index – 114,375 profiles

National (December 2017 website data) Forensic Profiles: 823,597 Convicted Offender Profiles: 13,123,630 Arrestee Profiles: 2,954,253

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State Hits by Crime 2001 – Dec. 2017

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Burglaries - 1106

Sex Offenses - 327

Misc. - 199

Robberies - 64

Death Investigations – 28

Theft - 281

Total = 2005

Hit Reports Written per County

93 Counties with Hits as of November 2015

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National Hits by Crime2001 – December 2017

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Burglaries - 291

Sex Offenses - 186

Misc/No Data - 134

Theft - 75

Death Investigations – 20

Total = 706

Large Number Notation 

 10x    Name  

106    Million 

109    Billion   

1012    Trillion   

1015    Quadrillion 

1018    Quintillion 

1021    Sextillion 

1024    Septillion 

1027    Octillion   

1030    Nonillion 

1033    Decillion 

1036    Undecillion 

1039    Duodecillion 

1042    Tredecillion 

1045    Quattuordecillion 

1048    Quindecillion 

1051    Sexdecillion 

1054    Septendecillion 

1057    Octodecillion 

1060    Novemdecillion  

1063    Vigintillion 

10303    Centillion 

Number of Zeros  

6 (1,000,000) 

9 (1,000,000,000) 

12 (1,000,000,000,000) 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

63 

303 

Set of Zeros Past 1,000  

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

100 

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DNA: FROM RANDOM MATCH PROBABILITY TO LIKELIHOOD RATIOS2017 County Attorneys Spring Training Conference

June 14, 2017 Arnolds Park, IA

WHAT IS INCLUDED IN TODAY’S TALK?

PowerPoint

Three sample case scenarios using LR

Large number scientific notation

DNA and PG terms

CREDITS

Much of this information was taken from the manual: “STRMIX Resolve more DNA Mixtures” Training Manual

http://STRMIX.esr.cri.nz

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WHY THE CHANGE?

FBI (NDIS) requires all CODIS DNA Labs to expand from 13 core Loci to 20 core Loci by January 01, 2017

This is a result of wanting to use CODIS to perform international searches through Interpol

As a result DCI Lab changed to a new megaplex kit GlobalFiler with 21 Autosomal STR Loci , one Y STR Locus and two sexing loci

With the change to GlobalFiler and the additional loci, the current DCI Lab statistical calculator was no longer viable since it did not address the additional STR loci in its statistical program

WHY THE CHANGE

PCAST (President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology)

September 2016 Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods

Finding 3: DNA analysis of complex-mixture samples: Combined Probability of Inclusion (CPI) based methods. DNA analysis is

of complex mixtures based on CPI-based approaches has been an inadequately specified, subjective method that has the potential to lead to erroneous results. As such, it is not foundationally valid.

DNA analysis of complex mixtures should move rapidly to more appropriate methods based on probabilistic genotyping.

WHY THE CHANGE

As a result, the current in-house statistical calculating program will not account for the additional DNA loci in the new kit and therefore cannot be used

The DNA Unit is currently using a commercial Software Program called Armed Expert (semi-continuous model) to replace our old in-house program (Note: this model does not take into account peak height.

The DCI Casework DNA Unit has purchased a Probabilistic Genotyping Software Program (STRMix) that will use a continuous Likelihood Ratio Model to interpret Data, especially for mixtures.

This software is a complete paradigm shift from current DNA methods of data interpretation, and therefore requires training of attorneys, judges and law enforcement

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PROBABILISTIC GENOTYPING

Probabilistic Genotyping (PG) Is really for use with 1)complex mixtures, 2) low level (touch DNA), and 3) degraded samples

Probabilistic Genotyping doesn’t necessarily need to be used with: 1) Simple two person mixtures, 2) Mixtures where you can assume a donor(vaginal swab from a sexual assault) and 3)Single source samples (blood from a homicide scene)

RANDOM MATCH PROBABILITY

RMP has been widely used in the Iowa DCI Lab for more than a decade when reporting out statistics of single source profiles

In situations of simple resolvable mixtures and single source DNA profiles, the DNA Laboratory can likely use Random Match Probability as the statistical tool. RMP is a statistic that represents the frequency of a DNA profile and the chance of a random match between two profiles.

RMP Statistics is what your are used to seeing in the Iowa Crime Lab DNA reports: “The DNA profile developed from the bloodstain matches the known DNA profile of JOHN DOE. The probability of finding this profile in a population of unrelated individuals chosen at random would be less than out of 100 billion”.

COMBINED PROBABILITY OF INCLUSION (CPI)

CPI is what the DCI lab has been using when reporting mixture results. Typically these results were reporting values typically more common than 1 in 1000.

CPI is the probability that a person would be included (not excluded) usually on straight allele presence

CPI deals with situations where there is a mixture with allele drop out.

There has been much criticism within the forensic community on its use

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SAMPLE SCENARIOS

Three Case Examples with the following information for each case:

-Hypothesis

-Conclusion

-Verbal Scale

HYPOTHESIS

H1 : Prosecution Hypothesis-The DNA originated from the person of interest

H2 : Defense Hypothesis-The DNA originated from someone else

All likelihood ratios (LR)must have opposing propositions. The set up of these opposing propositions are critical in generating a proper LR

At least one assumption must be made for the specific calculation

CONCLUSION

Based on the DNA typing results obtained it is: ______ times more likely if the observed DNA profile from the evidence originated from JOHN DOE and two unknown contributors than if it originated from three unrelated, unknown contributors.

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VERBAL SCALE

The analysis provides ________________ support that JOHN DOE is a contributor to the DNA profile developed from the ________.

WHAT DOES A LR VALUE MEAN?

LR 0

1-99

100-999

1000-9999

10,000-+++

Strength of Association Exclusion

Uninformative

Moderate

Strong

Very Strong

AVOID LOGICAL FALLACIES

Prosecutor Fallacy

Defense Fallacy

Uniqueness fallacy

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PROSECUTOR FALLACY: TRANSPOSED CONDITIONAL

Confuses the probability of the evidence given a specific hypothesis with the probability of the hypothesis itself

There is a high probability that an animal has four legs if it is an elephant. Pr(Evidence/Proposition) = Correct

So there is a very high probability that an animal is an elephant if it has four legs? Pr(Proposition/Evidence) = Incorrect

COURT READY

In US STR Mix has been accepted for admissibility hearings in New York, Michigan, and Texas

Evidence used successfully in more than 65 other court cases in NY, CA, ID, MI, TX, GA, WY,SC, WI and FL

Court Case information is available on line by ESR for STRMix

VIDEO IS AVAILABLE ON WEBSITE

http://strmix.esr.cri.nz/

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USAGE: MARCH 30, 2017

17 Labs in US are currently using STR Mix Software

55 labs in US are in stages of installation, validation, or training

STR MIX Software has been used in Australiasia since 2012

GOAL: STR MIX ONLINE

The DNA Unit’s plan is to have this software in use this year

The DNA Unit will place additional information on our DCI Lab website concerning LR’s

Please send questions or comments to: [email protected]

TURNAROUND TIME

As a result of additional DNA Loci and the use of PG software, cases are taking longer to technically review

DNA Unit has over 1000 cases pending greater than 30 days old

Average Turnaround time is 225 days (7.5 mo.)

We will attempt to hire two fill two additional vacant Criminalist Positions for DNA this year

DNA Report Writing Sample Cases  

  Example report verbiage/case studies:  

1) Cutting from the hat band of a baseball hat left at a robbery and the assumption was made that the DNA profile was a mixture from three individuals:  Hypothesis: H1: JOHN DOE (suspect) and two unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture. H2: Three unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture.   Conclusion:   Based on the DNA typing results obtained, it is at least 57 octillion times more likely if the observed DNA profile from the baseball hat band originated from JOHN DOE and two unrelated, unknown contributors than if it originated from three unrelated, unknown contributors.   Verbal Scale: This analysis provides very strong support that JOHN DOE is a contributor to the DNA profile developed from the baseball hat.    

2) Swabbing of a knife handle from an assault and the assumption was made that the DNA profile was a mixture from four individuals. A known buccal swab from ANDREW DOE (suspect) and WILLIAM SMITH (victim) were submitted as references. No other suspects have been developed in the case:  Hypothesis A: H1: ANDREW DOE and three unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture. H2: Four unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture.  

Conclusion:  Based on the DNA typing results obtained, it is at least 1.2 times more likely if the observed DNA profile originated from ANDREW DOE and three unrelated, unknown contributors than if it originated from four unknown, unrelated contributors.   Verbal Scale: The analysis of the knife handle swabs with regards to ANDREW DOE is uninformative.   Hypothesis B: H1: WILLIAM SMITH and three unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture.  H2: Four unrelated, unknown contributors comprise this mixture.   Conclusion: Based on the DNA typing results obtained, it is at least 110 quadrillion times more likely if the observed DNA profile originated from WILLIAM SMITH and three unrelated, unknown contributors than if it originated from four unknown, unrelated contributors.   Verbal Scale: This analysis provides very strong support that WILLIAM SMITH is a contributor to the DNA  profile developed from the knife handle.  

3) Vaginal swab in a sexual assault kit. Assuming that the DNA profile originated from three individuals. The victim was assumed to be a contributor to the vaginal swab. A known buccal swab of JANE DOE (victim) and a known buccal swab of STEVE SMITH (suspect) were submitted. The police have not been able to locate JIM JONES (victim’s consensual partner).  

 H1: The DNA types are a mixture of the victim, the suspect, and one unknown, unrelated contributor.  H2: The DNA types are a mixture of the victim, and two unknown, unrelated contributors.   

Conclusion: Based on the DNA typing results obtained from the vaginal swab, it is at least 24 quintillion times more likely if it originated from JANE DOE, STEVE SMITH, and one unknown, unrelated contributor than if it originated from the victim and two unknown, unrelated contributors.   Verbal Scale: This analysis provides very strong support that the suspect is a contributor to the DNA profile developed from the vaginal swab.  

Rapid DNA Act of 2017 May 2017 passed by Congress

(Sec. 2) This bill amends the DNA Identification Act of 1994 to require the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to issue standards and procedures for using Rapid DNA instruments to analyze DNA samples of criminal offenders.

Rapid DNA instruments carry out a fully automated process to create a DNA analysis from a DNA sample.

DNA samples prepared by criminal justice agencies using Rapid DNA instruments in compliance with the FBI-issued standards and procedures may be included in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

(Sec. 3) The bill amends the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 to allow the FBI to waive certain existing requirements if a DNA sample is analyzed using Rapid DNA instruments and the results are included in CODIS.

BILL: Felony Arrestee: did not pass last Iowa legislative session:

Currently approx.. 32 labs in US with arrestee legislation

CODIS 8.0 SOFTWARE

Software will be installed in March 2018. This software will have the capability to perform RAPID DNA searches if the States and local booking stations have the capability

RAPID instruments are NOT approved by FBI to be used for running Forensic Samples: Forensic samples run on RAPID instruments cannot be entered or searched in CODIS. Several local agencies are using the instrument to run questioned samples: $270,000.00 for instruments and approx. $250.00/ sample to run. No instruments have been set up to handle the new megaplex kits for running knowns

Rapid Instruments are only going to be approved to run known buccal swab samples at this time.

Infrastructure will require Livescan capability at the booking station to allow immediate fingerprint confirmation of individual at arrest before RAPID DNA collection and run can take place. Once run, samples would be uploaded and searched at State and National Levels against samples of special concern. Results of hits will be returned to booking agency and the arresting/booking agency will be notified in approx.. 2.0 hrs.