Figure 1 Annual average economic growth, 1995–2013 (GDP in constant prices) Note: Country groups are those used by the IMF as described in the appendix of the IMF’s World Economic Outlook, Apr. 2014. Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, Apr. 2014. -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 World Advanced economies Emerging market and developing economies Real GDP growth (%)
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Figure 1Annual average economic growth, 1995–2013 (GDP in constant prices)
Note: Country groups are those used by the IMF as described in the appendix of the IMF’s World Economic Outlook, Apr. 2014.Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, Apr. 2014.
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
World Advanced economies Emerging market and developing economies
Real GDP growth (%)
Figure 2Annual average global real wage growth, 2006–13
Note: Global wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages in 130 countries, covering 95.8% of all employees in the world (for a description of the methodology, see Appendix I). Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.8
3.1
1.2
1.6
2.2
1.0
2.2
2.02.1
2.4
0.5
0.7
1.4
0.1
1.3
1.1
Global Global (without China)
Growth (%)
Figure 3Annual average real wage growth in the G20, 2006–13
year G20 developed G20 G20 emerging2006 0.7 2.6 8.32007 0.8 3.0 9.2
Note: The estimate for the G20 uses the methodology specified in Appendix I, but is restricted to 18 out of 19 individual countries for which data are available (Argentina identified some inconsistencies in its wage series for some years and has been excluded).Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0.7 0.8
-0.8
0.60.9
-0.4
0.3 0.3
8.3
9.2
6.5
4.0
5.9
4.8
6.7
5.9
2.63.0
1.21.6
2.4
1.2
2.42.2
G20 - developed G20 - emerging G20
Growth (%)
Figure 4Annual average real wage growth in developed economies, 2006–13
region year realwagegrowthDeveloped Economies 2006 0.9Developed Economies 2007 1.0Developed Economies 2008 -0.3
Note: Wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages in 36 countries (for a description of the methodology, see Appendix I). Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.9
1.0
-0.3
0.8
0.6
-0.5
0.1
0.2
Growth (%)
Figure 5Average real wage index for developed G20 countries, 2007–13
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201390
94
98
102
106
110108.9
105.0
101.6
102.7
94.3
98.7
92.9
101.4
Index (base year=2007)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Australia 100.0 99.3 101.9 104.2 104.7 107.3 108.9Canada 100.0 100.5 101.7 103.5 103.1 104.2 105.0France 100.0 100.5 101.8 101.8 101.7 101.6 102.3Germany 100.0 99.6 99.4 100.5 101.3 102.1 102.7
Figure 6Average real wage index for selected European countries most affected by the crisis, 2007–13
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201370
80
90
100
110
75.8
98.1
103.4
96.8
Index (base year=2007)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Greece 100.0 100.2 99.6 96.1 88.3 80.6 75.8Ireland 100.0 101.0 102.8 102.5 100.8 99.4 98.1Portugal 100.0 101.9 105.5 108.1 105.2 103.4Spain 100.0 100.9 104.4 103.3 101.3 98.3 96.8
Figure 7Trends in growth in average wages and labour productivity in developed economies (index), 1999–2013
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013100
103
106
109
112
115
118
Index (base year =1999)
Note: Wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages in 36 economies (for a description of the methodology, see Appendix I). Index is based to 1999 because of data availability.Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013100
103
106
109
112
115
118
Index (base year =1999)
Note: Wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages in 36 economies (for a description of the
Labour productivity, real wages, and estimated real compensation per employeein developed economies (indices), 1999–2013
Note: Wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages in 33 economies (for a description of the methodology, see Appendix I). Iceland, Israel and Malta were excluded from this figure for reasons of data availability; these three countries collectively contribute less than 1 per cent of the total employees in developed economies. Index is based to 1999 because of data availability.Sources: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013100
103
106
109
112
115
118
Index (base year =1999)
Figure 9Estimated real labour compensation per employee and labour productivity growth in the largest developed economies, deflated by the CPI and GDP deflator, 1999–2013
Estimated real labour compensation per employee and labour productivity growth in the largest developed
Figure 10Adjusted labour income share in developed G20 countries, 1991–2013
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201352
56
60
64
68
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of GDP at market prices per person employed).
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201352
56
60
64
68
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of GDP at
Figure 11Adjusted labour income share in selected European countries most affected by the crisis, 1991–2013
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201345
49
53
57
61
65
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of GDP at market prices per person employed).
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201345
49
53
57
61
65
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of
Figure 12Average real wage growth in emerging and developing economies, by region, 2006–13
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
7.3 7.7
5.16.5 6.3
5.45.9 6.0
Asia
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
11.6
14.2
8.3
-3.4
6.0
4.5
8.4
5.8
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
4.02.9
0.20.8 0.9 1.1
2.3
0.8
Latin America and the Caribbean
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
1.0 1.3
-1.5
1.1 1.10.1
5.03.9
Middle East
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
3.1 2.83.7
1.0
5.8
-5.5
1.2 0.9
Africa
Growth (%)
*Growth rates published as “tentative estimates” (based on coverage c.40–74%).( ) Growth rates published but likely to change (based on coverage of less than 40%).Note: Regional wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages. For a description of the methodology, see Appendix I. Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
11.6
14.2
8.3
-3.4
6.0
4.5
8.4
5.8
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
4.02.9
0.20.8 0.9 1.1
2.3
0.8
Latin America and the Caribbean
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
1.0 1.3
-1.5
1.1 1.10.1
5.03.9
Middle East
Growth (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
1.0 1.3
-1.5
1.1 1.10.1
5.03.9
Middle East
Growth (%)
Note: Regional wage growth is calculated as a weighted average of year-on-year growth in average monthly real wages. For a description of the methodology, see Appendix I.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-6.0
-3.0
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
1.0 1.3
-1.5
1.1 1.10.1
5.03.9
Middle East
Growth (%)
Figure 13Real wage growth in the largest emerging and developing economies, 2012–13
*Data for 2013 are not available for Egypt.Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
China Brazil Mexico Russian Federation Ukraine Egypt* South Africa Saudi Arabia
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
9.0
4.1
-0.5
8.5
14.4
0.2
3.1
5.0
7.3
1.8
-0.6
5.4
8.2
-0.1
5.62012
2013Growth (%)
China Brazil Mexico Russian Federation Ukraine Egypt* South Africa Saudi Arabia
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
9.0
4.1
-0.5
8.5
14.4
0.2
3.1
5.0
7.3
1.8
-0.6
5.4
8.2
-0.1
5.62012
2013Growth (%)
Figure 14Employees as a share of total employment, 1999 and 2013
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
1999 2013
Per centage of total employment
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Region 1999 2013
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of GDP at market prices per person employed).
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201327
36
45
54
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: Adjusted wage share, total economy, as a percentage of GDP at current market prices (compensation per employee as a percentage of GDP at
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201327
36
45
54
Adjusted labour income share (%)
Unadjusted labour income share in China, 1992–2011 (System of National Accounts revised series)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 201142
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
Unadjusted labour income share (%)
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 201230
35
40
45
50
55
Labour income share (%)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 201230
35
40
45
50
55
Labour income share (%)
Global monthly average wage distribution in 2000 and 2012 (2012 PPP$)
<--China
<--United States
0.0
002
.000
4.0
006
.000
8D
ens
ity
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Monthly average wage in 2012PPP$
2000
2012
Inequality in a sample of developed economies in the crisis years, 2006–10: (a) top–bottom inequality (D9/D1); (b) middle-
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
(a) Top-bottom inequality
2006 2010
Ratio D9/D1
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
(b) Middle-class inequality
2006 2010
Ratio D7/D3
Inequality in a sample of emerging and developing economies over the past decade: (a) top–bottom inequality
Brazil Argentina China PeruRussian FederationUruguay Mexico Chile Viet Nam South Africa Indonesia India0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
(a) Top -bottom inequality
Around 2000 - 02 Around 2006 - 08 Around 2010 - 12
Ratio D9/D1
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
(b) Middle-class inequality
Around 2000 - 02 Around 2006 - 08 Around 2010 - 12
Ratio D7/D3
Figure 23Recent evolution of real household income in selected economies
Netherlands Norway
Denmark Spain
Portugal Romania
Russian Federation Brazil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
004
)=10
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
04)=
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
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20
30
40
50
60
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90
100
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Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
004
)=10
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
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Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
04)=
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
10
20
30
40
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60
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90
100
110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
004
)=10
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
06)=
100
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
002
)=10
0
2002 2006 20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
01)=
100
2001 2006 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
002
)=10
0
2002 2006 20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
01)=
100
2001 2006 2012
Viet Nam Mexico
India South Africa
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: For methodology, definitions and databases, see Appendix II.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(2
002
)=10
0
2002 2006 20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
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80
90
100
110
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130
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
00)=
100
2000 2008 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
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150
160
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(1
999
)=10
0
1999 2004 20110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
00)=
100
2000 2005 2010
Recent evolution of real household income in selected economies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
04)=
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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80
90
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Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
04)=
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
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110
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
06)=
100
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0
10
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90
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110
120
130
Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
01)=
100
2001 2006 2012
0
10
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Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
01)=
100
2001 2006 2012
0
10
20
30
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Ind
ex b
ase
yea
r(20
00)=
100
2000 2008 2012
0
10
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ex b
ase
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r(20
00)=
100
2000 2005 2010
The labour market effect: wage effect and employment effect
Labour market effect
Wage effect
Employment effect
Employment effect
Change in inequality between the top and bottom 10 per cent (D9/D1) in developed economies, 2006–10
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: For methodology, definitions and databases, see Appendix II.
Bulgaria
Romania
Netherlands
Portugal
Norway
Denmark
Hungary
Luxembourg
Belgium
Slovenia
Germany
Italy
Greece
Czech Rep.
United Kingdom
Austria
Poland
Ireland
Finland
Estonia
France
Iceland
Slovakia
Latvia
Cyprus
Sweden
Lithuania
United States
Spain
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Actual change in inequality (D9/D1) Other income sources Wage effect Employment effect
Figure 26Change in inequality within the middle class (D7/D3) in developed economies, 2006–10
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Romania
Netherlands
Bulgaria
Italy
Portugal
Czech Rep.
Greece
Belgium
Hungary
Norway
Denmark
Austria
Slovakia
Finland
Slovenia
Poland
Germany
France
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Iceland
Latvia
Lithuania
United States
United Kingdom
Sweden
Estonia
Spain
Ireland
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Actual change in inequality (D7/D3) Other income sources Wage effect Employment effect
Figure 27
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Change in inequality between the top and bottom 10 per cent (D9/D1) in selected emerging and developing economies, selected years
Brazil (2001-2012)
Argentina (2003-2012)
Peru (2004-2012)
Russian Federation (2002-2012)
Uruguay (2004-2012)
Mexico (2000-2012)
Chile (2000-2009)
Viet Nam (2002-2010)
-4.50 -3.00 -1.50 0.00 1.50 3.00
Actual change in inequality (D9/D1) Other income sources Wage effect Employment effect
Figure 28
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Change in inequality within the middle class (D7/D3) in selected emerging and developing economies, selected years
Brazil (2001-2012)
Argentina (2003-2012)
Russia (2002-2012)
Peru (2004-2012)
Mexico (2000-2012)
Uruguay (2004-2012)
Chile (2000-2009)
Viet Nam (2002-2010)
-0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Actual change in inequality (D7/D3) Other income sources Wage effect Employment effect
Figure 35Motherhood wage gap in selected emerging and developing countries, latest year
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Note: The motherhood pay gap is defined as MPG = ((Enm – Em)/Enm)*100, where Enm is the gross average monthly earnings of women who are not mothers and Em is the gross average monthly earnings of mothers.
Russian Federation Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Peru Uruguay0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 37
(a) Developed economies
(b) Emerging and developing economies
Eliminating the unexplained gender wage penalty: Mean wage gap before and after adjustment in selected economies, latest year: (a) developed economies; (b) emerging and developing economies
United StatesIreland
United KingdomEstoniaIceland
Czech Rep.CyprusNorwayAustria
NetherlandsGermany
GreeceSlovakiaBelgiumEuropeFinland
BulgariaFrance
ItalySpain
LuxembourgDenmark
LatviaRomaniaPortugalHungary
PolandSloveniaLithuaniaSweden
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Explained wage gap Actual wage gap
Russian Federation
Argentina
Uruguay
Brazil
Chile
China
Peru
Mexico
Viet Nam
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Explained wage gap
Actual wage gap
Russian Federation
Argentina
Uruguay
Brazil
Chile
China
Peru
Mexico
Viet Nam
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Explained wage gap
Actual wage gap
Figure 40
(a) Developed economies
(b) Emerging and developing economies
Source: ILO Global Wage Report 2014/15.
Eliminating the unexplained migrant wage penalty: Mean wage gap before and after adjustment in selected economies, latest year
Cyprus
Spain
Greece
Italy
Portugal
Iceland
Estonia
Denmark
Ireland
Europe
Netherlands
Austria
Luxembourg
France
Finland
Norway
Poland
Belgium
Latvia
United Kingdom
Sweden
Germany
Slovenia
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Explained wage gap
Actual wage gap
Argentina
Uruguay
Chile
Brazil
-120.0 -100.0 -80.0 -60.0 -40.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0
Explained wage gap
Actual wage gap
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