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Chapter 5 Metropolis I. Metropolitan Trends in US 1. Urbanization and metropolitanization 2. Variables as causes of metropolitan growthII. Metropolitan Problems 1. What is social problem: definition 2. Classification of American metropolitan social problems 3. Social conditions related to social problems III. Components of Metropolitan AreasIV. SuburbanizationV. Residential SegregationVI. Summary

Key Terms and Words Laissez-faire (99-L) 自由（放任）主义 Procter and Gamble (99-L) （美国）宝洁公司（ The Procter & Gamble Company ） USA. Multi-national manufacturers of family, personal and household care products. Building Code (101-L) 建筑法规 Economies of scale (103-L) 规模经济 Diseconomies of scale (103-L) 规模不经济 Diseconomies of scale refers to the situation where production of a larger volume of goods and services increases costs faster than benefits.(The text) Social pathology (103-R) 社会病理学 Aging (105-L) 老（龄）化 Baby boom (105-L) “ 婴儿激增” Baby bust (105-L) “ 婴儿锐减”

Metropolitan Trends in US Urbanization and Metropolitanization 城市化与大都市区化（大城市化） Centralization vs. Decentralization 中心化与扩散化 Concentration & Dispersion 集中化与分散化 MetropolitanizationGrowth or emergence of a large population center consisting of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence, or of several neighboring cities or towns and adjoining areas, with one or more large cities serving as its hub or hubs.

Centralization vs. DecentralizationTwo Ecological Processes: 中心化与扩散化 Concentration: Americans were concentrating in urban areas while they were spreading outward. (P96) Decentralization: Within urban regions, people and institutions were decentralizing. They were moving to the outskirts of cities. (P97) Concentration & Dispersion 集中化与分散化 Concentration 集中 the tendency for an increased number of like people or institutions to locate within a given area. (The text, 41- L ) Dispersion 分散 the opposite of concentration. (41- L)

Different trends in the process of urbanization in the US Suburbanization 郊区化 Metropolitanization 大都市（区）化 Meglopolitanization 城市带（群）化 Exurbanization 远郊化 Counter-urbanization 逆城市化 Variables as causes of metropolitan growth1. Improvements in technologies of transportation;2. Advances in housing;3. Changes in technologies of manufacturing;4. Increases in foreign and rural migration;5. Lack of political intervention. (Textbook P97)

Class Discussion The influences of metropolitanization and life ways in metropolitan areas Different powers for driving machines Water Coal Oil (gasoline, Fossil fuels) Electricity Atom Energy

2007 年底，我国机动车保有量已达 1.598 亿辆 来自公安部的有关统计显示，截至 2007 年底，我国机动车保有量已达 1.598 亿辆。比 2006 年增长 10.02% ，其中汽车保有量 5696 多万辆，轿车保有量 2149 万辆，私人轿车保有量 1521 万多辆。日前预测， 2008 年我国汽车产销仍将保持两位数增长，并可望首次突破 1000 万辆大关。 　　统计表明， 2007 年我国载客汽车增长较快，比 2006 年增 21.86% ，载货汽车增长相对缓慢，仅比 2006 年增 7.41% 。私人机动车则继续保持增长，比 2006 年增 10.92% ，目前私人机动车的保有量已占机动车总量的 76.09% 。统计还显示， 2007 年我国机动车驾驶人也保持高增长，截至 2007 年底，机动车驾驶人达 1.64 亿人，比 2006 年增 9.17% 。

　自 2000 年我国汽车产销量突破 200 万辆大关以来，国产汽车产销量持续以每年超过 100 万辆的增量稳步增长。2006 年，中国新车消费首次超过日本仅次于美国而位列世界第二，产量则继续超过德国位列全球第三。　　 目前我国每千人拥有不到 44 辆汽车，而世界平均水平为 120 辆，有关专家指出，由于我国国民经济持续发展，国内对汽车产品的需求，未来几年仍家保持稳步的增长。 （来源：新华网）2008 年我国机动车保有量达 16803 万余辆 http://www.hx2car.com 2008-11-21 来源： hx2car.com 截止到今年 9 月底，全国机动车保有量达 16803 万余辆，与 2007 年底相比增长 5.17% 。其中，汽车 6289 万余辆，摩托车 8947 万余辆

机动车保有量继续增长，汽车和摩托车是机动车的构成主体，占全国机动车保有量的 90.68% 。汽车继续快速增长。全国汽车保有量为 6289 万余辆，占机动 车总量的 37.43% ，与2007 年底相比增加 10.4% 。载客汽车保有量为 3680 万余辆，占汽车总量的 58.52% ，与 2007 年底相比增长 15.64% 。 私人机动车保持增长。全国私人机动车保有量为 127683 万余辆，占机动车总量的 75.99% ，与 2007 年底相比增长 5.03% 。其中私人汽车 4018 万余辆，占汽车保有量的 63.89% ，与 2007 年底相比增加 484 万余辆，增长 13.71% 。私人摩托车 8721 万余辆，占摩托车保有量的 97.48% ，余2007 年底相比增长 3.35% 。

机动车驾驶人增幅上升，截止到 2008 年 9 月，全国机动车驾驶人为 1.76 亿人，与 2007 年底相比增长 7.17% 。其中汽车驾驶人 1.18 亿人，与 2007 年底相比增长 9.96% 。 2010 年我国机动车保有量达 1． 99 亿辆 据公安部交管局统计， 2010 年 9 月底，我国机动车保有量达 1． 99 亿辆，其中汽车 8500 多万辆。每年新增机动车 2000 多万辆；机动车驾驶人达 2． 05 亿人，其中汽车驾驶人 1． 44 亿人，每年新增驾驶人 2200 多万人。 公安部交管局所统计的 8500 万辆汽车，还包括大约 1500 万辆低速货车，也就是通常所说的农用车。减去农用车，我国汽车保有量实际上只有 7000 万辆，低于日本的 7500 万辆汽车保有量，相当于美国2.85 亿辆汽车保有量的四分之一。

从全世界范围来看，千人汽车保有量为 120 辆。而中国目前千人汽车保有量只有 54 辆，不到世界平均水平的一半。中国去年已经成为世界最大的汽车生产国和第一大新车市场，汽车保有量近年来也迅速扩大。 Factors that determine migration Political Factors Two factors in the political arena greatly influenced the shape of metropolitan areas: Large-scale business ownership; The laissez-faire attitude toward expansion. (Textbook P99)

Housing Types in Western Countries Detached house (Single-family house) Attached House (multiple-families dwellings) a. Duplex house b. Triplex c. Quadruplex d. Terraced house e. Townhouse Apartment a. Tenements b. High-rise c. Dorm c. Condominium Housing Types in China Courtyard house Compound (family housing)

Employee dormitory Apartment Building Village House Cave dwelling Row house Chapter 5 The American Metropolis I. Metropolitan Trends in US 1. Urbanization and Metropolitanization 2. Variables as causes of metropolitan growth II. Metropolitan Problems 1. What is social problem: definition 2. Classification of American metropolitan social problems 3. Social conditions related to social problems

III. Components of Metropolitan AreasIV. Suburbanization V. Residential SegregationVI. Summary Metropolitan Problems   1. What is social problem: definition    2. Classification of American metropolitan social problems    3. Social conditions related to social problems  

What is social problem: definition

    A formal definition might read: A social problem is a condition affecting a significant number of people in ways considered undesirable, about which it is felt something can be done through collective social action.    This definition has four distinct ideas: (1) a condition affecting a significant number of people; (2) in ways considered undesirable; (3) about which it is felt something can be done; and (4) through collective social action. 

Classification of American metropolitan social problems 1. Racism 2. Crime and violence 3. Poverty 4. Housing 5. Education 6. Environment 7. Finance 周江： 2002 年中国城市热点问题调查 中国社会科学院“社会形势分析与预测”课题组《 2003年中国：社会形势分析预测》，社会科学文献出版社出版。

当前中国城市的主要社会问题是什么 中国社会科学院“社会形势分析与预测”课题组《 2003年中国：社会形势分析预测》，社会科学文献出版社出版。不同社会阶层对热点话题的选择领导干部对 2002 年存在的问题的判断（ % ）（﹡限选四项，并依严重性程度排序） Certain conditions that are related to metropolitan problems1. Size of the metropolitan area2. Extreme density and crowding of settlement Social pathology

3. Homogeneity/Heterogeneity factors Homogeneity vs. Heterogeneity Differences in occupational choice Problems resulted from the heterogeneity 4. Aging of the population and buildings Population aging and Metropolitan aging5. Economic base conditions Fiscal crisis in central cities Imbalance or disjunction between the central city and the suburb6. Governmental inadequacy Ineffectiveness and inefficiency of local government 

Size of the metropolitan area and social pathology: Urbanism      Alienation     Anonymity      Impersonality     Bureaucracy      Anomie    Diseconomies of scale      Homogeneity      Heterogeneity (Textbook P101-103) 

Extreme density and crowding of settlement    Density is the number of persons, institutions per standard unit of (outer) space (square mile, or acre)    Crowding refers to the number of people per room in a dwelling. Density: Rat Studies  pen I pen II pen III pen IV  Density and CrowdingFour types of density: (P274) persons per land unit persons per housing unit housing units per structure persons per roomCrowding: (P276) persons per room  

Some studies that show both density and crowding to be related to social pathologies     a. Many adverse social conditions as overall death rate, infant death rate are all correlated with overcrowding;     b. When certain social structural variables are controlled for, relationship between density and social pathology become obscured;     c. However, relationships between overcrowding and pathologies are consistently found. What do homogeneity/heterogeneity patterns mean? Within metropolitan regions, the population is very diversified; however, local areas, such as neighborhoods, become more homogeneous. (P104L)

It means that there are more ethnic, racial age, and class differences and residential segregations. Some problems resulted from the Homogeneity/Heterogeneity Patterns    a. Difficulties to have programs and services that satisfy different needs and desires.    b. Homogeneity of neighborhoods can lead to de facto segregation of school systems.     c. The tight knit interaction patterns required for the district to operate can make urban renewal programs exceedingly difficult.    d. Competition between central city and autonomous suburbs. (Textbook P104R)_  

Aging of the population and buildings Definition: P104 Population aging Metropolitan aging a. general infrastructure aging in the older cities b. the most severe aging problems in older cities in the Northeast and upper Midwest. Economic base conditions fiscal(financial) crisis in central cities as the result of decentralization. imbalance or disjunction between ability to pay for urban service, use of those service, and taxation from the central city and the suburban cities.

Governmental inadequacy   Ineffectiveness and inefficiency of local government 1. Erosion of the economic base; 2. Increased demand for service; 3. Political fragmentation, and 4. Increased centralization of power, particularly at the federal level. (Text P106) Chapter 5 The American Metropolis 

I. Metropolitan Trends in US 1. Urbanization and Metropolitanization 2. Variables as causes of metropolitan growthII. Metropolitan Problems 1. What is social problem: definition 2. Classification of American metropolitan social problems 3. Social conditions related to social problemsIII. Components of Metropolitan AreasIV. Residential Segregation V. Summary

III. Components of Metropolitan Areas 1. Central city: the primary city in a Metropolitan Statistical Area, which frequently derives its name from that city. 2. Suburbs: the areas with urban character located outside the central city but within the urbanized area. (P107) 3. Exurbs: the zones has a few small groupings of well-to-do urban style homes. (P110) 4.The Urban fringe: an area between the suburbs and exurbs, in which urban and rural land-uses are mixed (intermingled). （ P111 ） 5. Satellites: scattered and small cities of between 10,000 and 100,000 population within and between metropolitan regions. （ P111 ）

Types of Residential Segregation• Occupational segregation• Racial segregation• Ethnic segregation• Residential segregation by age Occupational segregation• The greatest increase in segregation by occupation was between professional and managerial workers and clerical workers.• Conversely, clerical workers tended to become somewhat closely, residentially, to the lower-occupational categories.

• Service workers, however, were less segregated from higher groups than other relatively low-status occupations.  Racial segregationRacial segregation from 1950 to 1970 · Black and white members of the metropolitan population were highly segregated and the pattern was relatively stable. (P120-1) · Whites were less segregated from other whites of different  occupation than they were from blacks. (P120-1) · The greatest declines in racial segregation were found in small SMSA; where the minority population of population was small; (P120-2)

· Where the minority populations were large, no declines occurred. (P120-2) The major causes of the patterns of Racial segregation Social-psychological-attitudinal forces. Social structural forces. a. socio-economic patterns and the relative position. b. the size of the black population vis-à-vis the white. c. population transformation or transposition in central cities. Ethnic segregation The first generation of immigrants tended to settle in separate areas;the younger generation rend to resettle in other areas of the city.

The key variable of ethnic segregation is social status, some other factors include language, age structure, and generation. Residential segregation by age Elderly tend to live near the centers of cities and their proportion of the population declines as one moves toward the edges of the metropolitan area. The older people are much less segregated from the rest of the population than are blacks. The older population is not as segregated and ill-housed as the stereotypes have suggested. Measures of Segregation Dimensions and Index Definition

Measures of Evenness （不）均等测量 Evenness measures of segregation compare the spatial distributions of different groups.

Measures of Exposure 暴露（接触）测量 Exposure measures the degree of potential contact, or possibility of interaction, between minority and majority group members.Measures of Concentration 集中性测量 Concentration refers to the relative amount of physical space occupied by a minority group in the metropolitan area.Measures of Centralization 中心化测量

Centralization is the degree to which a group is spatially located near the center of an urban area.Measures of Clustering 聚集测量 Clustering measures "the extent to which areal units inhabited by minority members adjoin one another, or cluster, in space“.VI. Summar 1、大都市化与城市带。 19 世纪中后期，美国城市出现了大都市化趋势，主要表现为郊区城市的扩展。 20 世纪中期以来，大都市化又造成城市带的出现。促成成大都市化的主要因素包括交通、制造业中科学技术的发展、外来移民的增加和社会体制中自由放任的传统等。

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2、在大城市化也带来各种社会问题，如种族主义、犯罪问题、规模不经济、环境问题、财政问题。按照一些学者的观点，这些问题与城市规模、居住密集、文化多样性以及地方政府权力的分散及弱化有直接联系。 3、大都市区包括郊区、远郊住宅区、城市边缘地区和卫星城市组成。这些不同的地区具有不同的社会结构和土地利用功能。 4、大城市化的直接导因是郊区化。在大都市地区，存在着各种复杂的居住隔离现象，反映了不同人口集团在社会地位、族裔文化、职业和教育背景上的明显差别。