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1 TheCell
1.1 TheCellHumandevelopsfromSINGLEcellcalledZYGOTE
ZYGOTEisresultoffusionofovum(femaleeggcell)andspermatozoon(malegermcell)
1.2 CellStructureLivingcellsaremadeupofsubstancecalledPROTOPLASM
PROTOPLASM:slightlyopaque,colourless,softjellylikesubstanceconsistingof:
Water Organicandinorganicsalts Carbohydrates Lipids(fattysubstance) NitrogenousSubstance(aminoacidsobtainedfromproteins) Compoundsofabovesubstances1.3 CellMembranePROTOPLASMofthecelliscontainedwithinFINEMEMBRANEconsistingofproteinthreadsandlipids
Substancespassinto/outofcellthroughmembrane
ThismembraneisSELECTIVELYPERMEABLEonlyallowscertainsubstancestoenterandleave
1.4 CytoplasmCYTOPLASMisthePROTOPLASMINSIDEcellbutOUTSIDENUCLEUS
Thefollowingstructuresorganellesarecontainedwithinit:
1.4.1 TheNucleusWithinCellthereisacentralmasscalledNUCLEUSsurroundedbyNUCLEARMEMBRANE.
PROTOPLASMwith
this
membrane
is
called
NUCLEOPLASM
TheNUCLEUScontainstheGENETICMATERIALofthecell.
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NUCLEUScontrolsthefunctioningofallotherorganelleswithinCYTOPLASM
1.4.2 RibosomesSiteofPROTEINSYNTHESIS
1.4.3 Mitochondria(Energyformationofthecell)Formation
of
ATP
Energy
formation
of
the
cell
I.e.
meets
energy
requirements
1.4.4 EndoplasmicReticulumIMPROVESspeedofcommunicationbetweenNUCLEUS,CYTOPLASMandextracellularfluid
1.4.5 GolgiApparatusSECRETIONofsubstancesmanufacturedbycell
FORMATIONofLYSOSOMES
Formationandmaintenanceofcellmembrane
1.4.6 Lysosomes(Antibodies)ENGULF
and
DESTROY
any
foreign
substance
entering
cell
1.4.7 CentrioleContainedwithinspecializedzoneofCYTOPLASMcalledCENTRSOME
CENTROSOMEconsistsofmicrotubulesthatplayimportantroleincelldivision
2 AnatomyIntroductionAristotlegavethenameANATOMEtotheScienceofAnatomyin+ 300BC400BC
ANATOME:meanscuttingup method:thestudyofstructureoflivingthingsismadepossible
ANATOMYhascometoinclude
Microscopical
anatomy
Histology
Studyofdevelopmentbeforebirth
Embryology
Onemustbefamiliarwiththedescriptivelanguageandtermsinordertomakesenseofthebodys
typography.
PHYSIOLOGY: describesthestudyofthefunctionoftheNORMALhumanbody
PATHOLOGY: describesthestudyofabodyindiseasedconditions/changesproducedbydisease
2.1 AnatomicalPositioningAnatomicalposition:
Facefront,armsatthesidewithpalmsfacingforward,boththumbsouttotheside,legsstraightand
toesfacingforwards
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2.1.1 AnteriorTowards
the
font
the
nose
in
anterior
to
the
ears
the
sternum
is
anterior
to
the
spine
2.1.2 PosteriorTowardsthebackbuttocksthespineisposteriortothenaval
2.1.3 SuperiorTowardsthehead(topofthebody)thenoseissuperiortothemouth
2.1.4 InferiorTowardsthefeet(downwards)themouthisinferiortotheeyesandears
2.1.5 MidlineVertical
line
down
the
middle
of
the
body
sternum
lies
in
the
of
your
thorax
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2.1.6 MedialClosertothemidlineeyesaremedialtoyourearsLungsaremedialtoyourhips
2.1.7 LateralFurtherawayfromthemidlineyourearsislateraltoyournose
2.1.8 ProximalClosertothejointofattachmenttothebodyelbowisproximaltowristkneeisproximaltohip
2.1.9 DistalFurtherfromthejointofattachmenttothebodyankleisdistaltokneewristisdistaltoelbow
2.1.10 PalmarFrontregionofthehand
2.1.11 PlantarBottomregionofthefoot
2.2 JointsMovements2.2.1 FlexionActofbendingapartconditionofbeingbent
2.2.2 ExtensionMovementthatbringslimbtostraightcondition
2.2.3 Abduction Abb byeMovementoflimbAWAYfromthemidlineofthebody
2.2.4 Adduction AddaddaddtomeMovementoflimbTOWARDSfromthemidlineofthebody
2.3 AnatomicalPlanes2.3.1 FrontalPlaneCoronalPlane
DividesthebodyinFRONTandBACKparts(Equally/unequally)
AnteriorVENTRAL towardsthefront
PosteriorDORSALtowardstheback
2.3.2 TransversalPlaneCross
horizontal
plane
DividethebodyintoUPPERandLOWER
Upper:CRANIALorCEPHALAD
Lower:CAUDAD
2.3.3 MedianPlaneMidlinepasseslongitudinallyfromfronttobackthroughmiddleofthebody
Dividesleftfromrighthalves
MEDIAL:howCLOSElocationisonbodytothemedianplane
LATERAL:howFARlocationisonbodytothemedianplane
2.3.4 SagittalPlaneVertical
plane
runs
PARALLEL
to
midline
DividesbodyintoUNEQUALleftandrightparts
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Larynxliesinthemidlineoftheneck
LateraltoLarynxLeftandrightCAROTIDarteriescanbepalpatedthesearethemainarteriesthat
supplyoxygenatedbloodtothebrain.
Externaljugularveinsextendfrombaseofthenecklateraltomidlineassistinreturningdeoxygenated
bloodfromthebrain.
CervicalVertebraesituatedposteriorlyinthenecktosupportstheheadpassingdownwardsthroughthe
vertebraeisthespinalcord.
3.3 ThoraxTRUNK
consists
of
the
thorax
(chest)
and
the
abdomen.
Thoraciccavitycontains:heart,lungs,andoesophagus,greatvessels(aortaandtwovenaecava
(deoxygenatedblood)
Formedby12thoracicvertebrae(T1T12)and12pairsofribs10pairsofribsareconnectedposteriorlytothoracicspineandanteriorlytosternum
11th
and12th
ribsareconnectedtothoracicspinebutnotsternum:referredto:FLOATINGribs
Spacebetweenribs:INTERCOSTALSPACE
Lowerboarderofribcagecalled:CASTALARCH
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AttheINFERIORendofthesternum,thesternumnarrowsintoasmallprocessofcaritliagecalledxiphoidprocess.1/3downthesternumthereisaslightelevationknownastheANGLEOFLOUIS/STERNALANGLE3.4 AbdomenSecondmajorbodycavity:containdigestiveandexcretoryorgansDiaphragmisamusculardomeformsinferiorboundaryofthethoraxandupperboundaryofabdomenEPIGASTRIUM:inferiorregiontocoastalarcharoundmidlineandaboveumbilicus
JugularNotch
IntercostalSpace
AnteriorRibsPosteriorRibs
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3.4.1 AbdominalQuadrants
RUQ: liver,gallbladder,portionofascendingandtransversecolonLUQ: stomach,spleen,portionoftransverseanddescendingcolon,portionofliverRLQ: caecum,portionofascendingcolon,appendixLLQ: descendingandsigmoidcolonRectumliesinpelvisSmallintestinetendstolieinall4quadrantsPancreasliesinRUQandLUQbutinRETROPERITONEALspaceKidneysalsolieinRETROPERITONEALspacelieseithersideofspinejustabovelevelofumbilicusPELVICCAVITY:lowerportionofabdominalcavity:containing:urinarybladder,rectum,(andinfemalesreproductiveorgansuterusandovaries)3.5 UpperExtremitiesUpperextremitiesextendsfromshouldergirdle(scapula,clavicle,humerus)Downtofingertipsandconsistsofshoulder,uppersarm(humerus),Forearm(radius,ulna)andwrist(carpals)andhand(metacarpalsandphalanges)RadialpulsefeltinthewristBrachialpulseintheupperarm(humerus)
CostalArch
Umbilicus
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3.6 LowerExtremitiesLowerextremitiesconsistsofthigh,legandfootextendfromhipdowntofoot
Threejointsconnectpartsoflowerextremityhip,kneeandankle
Popliteal
(patella)
and
dorsalis
pedis
pulses
can
be
felt
in
lower
limb