2013 05 Sotiris University Counterhegemony

8/11/2019 2013 05 Sotiris University Counterhegemony

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University movements as laboratories for

(counter)hegemony

(Paper presented at the Third International Conference on CriticalEducation, Ankara 15-17 May !1"#

Panagiotis Sotiris

$epart%ent of &ociolo'y, ni)ersity of the Ae'ean

psot*soc+ae'ean+'r

I%%anuel ants The Con.ict of the /aculties so%eho0 denes the open2uestion re'ardin' the )ery idea of the ni)ersity in Modernity+ It isinterestin' that ant 3e'ins 0ith a co%parison 3et0een the di)ision ofla3our 0ithin acade%ia and the factory syste%, since this di)ision is in hiso0n 0ords fa3riken%4i' (ant 1676, #+ At the sa%e ti%e, ant insistson the need for philosophy to defend the autono%y of reason su''eststhat the /aculty of Philosophy is the one that can 'uaranty the autono%y

of pu3lic reason as opposed to the po0er constraints i%posed upon otherfaculties+ e kno0 fro% ants te8t 9An ans0er to the :uestion;


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conte%porary society+ In this sense, there has ne)er 3een a 'olden era ofa li3eral hu%anistic uni)ersityD fro% the 3e'innin' the li3eral hu%anistuni)ersity represented this tension and contradiction, 0as a condensationof contradictions, it 0as 3attleeld+

ac2ues $errida has oFered us i%pressi)e co%%entaries on this te8t on)arious occasions in an atte%pt to rethink the responsi3ility of theuni)ersity+ /or $errida rethinkin' the ni)ersity in its unconditionality%eans rethinkin' 3oth its potential for critical reasonin', 3ut also its)ulnera3ility to the per)asi)e in.uence of %arket forces that GeopardiHethe )ery idea of the ni)ersity+

Because it is a3solutely independent, the uni)ersity is also an e8posed,tendered citadel, to 3e taken, often destined to capitulate 0ithout

condition, to surrender unconditionally+ It 'i)es itself up, it so%eti%es putsitself up for sale, it risks 3ein' si%ply so%ethin' to occupy, take o)er, 3uyDit risks 3eco%in' a 3ranch oce of con'lo%erates and corporations+ Thisis today, in the nited &tates and throu'hout the 0orld, a %aGor politicalstake; to 0hat e8tent does the or'aniHation of research and teachin' ha)eto 3e supported, that is, directly or indirectly controlled, let us sayeuphe%istically 9sponsored> 3y co%%ercial and industrial interests=($errida !!1, ?#+

$erridas ans0er is that the )ery profession of teachin', especially in theeld of the Ju%anities includes a certain %oral responsi3ility, entails apu3lic ethical co%%it%ent to theory and conse2uently re2uires a criticalrethinkin' of the )ery notion of the Ju%anities+ This ethical co%%it%entand necessary resistance to the forces of the %arket cannot 3e li%itedonly to theory, 3ut also to an alliance 0ith forces outside acade%ia+

ne thus touches on the )ery li%it, 3et0een the inside and the outside,

nota3ly the 3order of the uni)ersity itself, and 0ithin it, of the Ju%anities+ne thinks in the Ju%anities that one cannot and %ust not let oneself 3eenclosed 0ithin the inside of the Ju%anities+ But for this thinkin' to 3estron' and consistent re2uires the Ju%anities+ To think is not anacade%ic, speculati)e or theoretical operationD it is not a neutral utopia+Ko %ore than sayin' is a si%ple enunciation+ It is on the al0ays di)isi3leli%it, it is at this li%it that 0hat arri)es arri)es+ It is this li%it that isaFected 3y the arri)in' and that chan'es+ This li%it of the i%possi3le, the9perhaps> and the 9if>, this is the place 0here the uni)ersity is e8posed toreality to the forces fro% 0ithout (3e they cultural, ideolo'ical political, or

other#+ It is there that the uni)ersity is in the 0orld that it is atte%ptin' tothink+ n this 3order, it %ust therefore ne'otiate and or'aniHe its


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resistance+ And take its responsi3ilities+ Kot in order to enclose itself andreconstitute the a3stract phantas% of so)erei'nty 0hose theolo'ical andhu%anist herita'e it 0ill perhaps ha)e 3e'un to deconstruct, if at least ithas 3e'un to do so+ But in order to resist eFecti)ely, 3e allyin' itself 0ithe8tra-econo%ic forces, in order to or'aniHe an in)enti)e resistance,

throu'h its oeu)res, its 0orks to all atte%pts at reappropriation (political,Guridical, econo%ic, and so forth#, to all the other 'ures of so)erei'nty+($errida !!1, 55-5L#

It is o3)ious that $errida 0as not thinkin' si%ply in ter%s of a defence ofa traditional role of the ni)ersity and of a traditional conception ofreasonin' and rationality and the traditions of li3eral hu%anis%+ Je 0asthinkin' in ter%s of 3oth a redenition of the Ju%anities, their role andtheir orientation, and, at the sa%e ti%e, in ter%s of an alliance, a co%%on0ork and stru''le 0ith %o)e%ents outside the ni)ersity+ In order to%o)e the internal li%it of the uni)ersity, the li%it 3et0een criticalreasonin', teachin' and kno0led'e production and the forces of capital(and the constraints i%posed 3y political po0er# 0e need to o)erco%e theli%it 3et0een the uni)ersity and its outside+ As $errida notes theni)ersity is al0ays e8posed to forces and constraints fro% 0ithout+

Therefore, the 2uestion is ho0 to use other forces, co%in' fro% societyand its %o)e%ents, in order to defend the uni)ersity as a pu3lic uni)ersity+

If 0e are 'oin' to put up this


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e8ercise of po0er as he'e%ony, as a co%ple8 articulation of do%ination,direction, coercion, and consent+ It refers to one or %any institutionse%er'in' as the he'e%onic apparatus as the 3asis of the &tate in itsnarro0 coerci)e sense+

I ha)e re%arked else0here that in any 'i)en society no3ody isdisor'aniHed and 0ithout party, pro)ided that one takes or'aniHation andparty in a 3road and not for%al sense+ In this %ultiplicity of pri)ateassociations (0hich are of t0o kinds; natural and contractual or )oluntary#,one or %ore predo%inates relati)ely or a3solutely constitutin' thehe'e%onic apparatus of a social 'roup o)er the rest of the population (orof ci)il society#; the 3asis for the &tate in the narro0 sense of the'o)ern%ental-coerci)e apparatus (Nra%sci 1671, p+ L@-L5#+

As Peter Tho%as has su''ested a he'e%onic apparatus is 9is the %eans3y 0hich a classs forces in ci)il society are translated into po0er inpolitical society (Tho%as !!6, p+ L#+ Therefore ,0e are dealin' 0ith aconcept that atte%pts e8actly to see the co%ple8 and necessarilycontradictory %odalities of political po0er as transfor%ed social force+ It isalso al0ays related to a transfor%ation not Gust of the ideolo'ical 3alanceof forces, 3ut a %ore 'eneral transfor%ation of for%s of kno0led'e,consciousness and collecti)e practice+ 9The realiHation of a he'e%onic

apparatus, in so far as it creates a ne0 ideolo'ical terrain deter%ines arefor% of kno0led'e and of %ethods of kno0led'e; it is a fact ofkno0led'e, a philosophical fact> (Nra%sci 1671, p+ "L5-"LL#+ I think thatthis conception oFers us a 0ay to think 3oth the i%portance of theuni)ersity as a he'e%onic apparatus (or to 3e %ore precise as part of thehe'e%onic apparatus of the 3our'eoisie#, the 0ays the current neoli3eralentrepreneurial restructurin' of the uni)ersity has to 3e related to chan'esto actual he'e%onic strate'ies, 3ut also the political and(counter#he'e%onic potential of %o)e%ents 0ithin uni)ersities+ ThisNra%scian approach can also help us understand the non-teleolo'ical

historicity of the ni)ersity, ho0 it 3eca%e part of the 3our'eoishe'e%onic apparatus as the result of 0hole history of stru''les andstrate'ies, at all le)els+

Althou'h I co%e fro% an Althusserian tradition, I 3elie)e that Althusserscriticis% of the concept of he'e%onic apparatus is not Gustied+ Especiallyin Mar8 in his li%its, a 167? %anuscript he chose not to pu3lish, Althusserinsisted that the pro3le% is that Nra%sci does not dene 0hat the 3asis ofthe he'e%onic apparatuses is+ Althusser asks; 9a petrol en'ine runs onpetrolD an Ideolo'ical &tate Apparatus runs on ideolo'yD 3ut 0hat does ahe'e%onic apparatus run on=> (Althusser !!L, p+ 1@!# In %y opinion this

is e8actly pro3le% 0ith Althussers conception of the Ideolo'ical &tateApparatuses+ The pro3le% is to theoriHe the co%ple8ity of the


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of he'e%onic apparatus instead of tryin' to think of the% only in ter%s ofideolo'y+ Moreo)er, a he'e%onic apparatus is not a 9%achine> runnin' onideolo'y, 3ut a co%ple8 process that transfor%s social force into politicalpo0er and he'e%ony+ Conte%porary uni)ersities incorporate ideolo'ical,econo%ic, disciplinary, political practices, in su% they for% a he'e%onic,

not si%ply an ideolo'ical apparatus+ I 3elie)e that 0e should re-read theusefulness of the concept of he'e%onic apparatus, in the sense that itincludes and e8pands the insi'hts of Althussers o0n conception of theIdeolo'ical Apparatuses of the &tate+ Althusser hi%self criticiHed thenotion of the he'e%onic apparatus 3ecause he 0as thinkin' of he'e%ony%ainly in ter%s of consent and not in ter%s of a co%ple8 theory of the%odalities of political po0er+ I 3elie)e on the contrary that the concept ofthe he'e%onic apparatus ena3les us to think the strate'ic character ofcurrent transfor%ations of the ni)ersity, includin' co%%odication,entrepreneurialiHation and pri)atiHation, as aspects of a chan'in'

capitalist he'e%ony+ At the sa%e ti%e, such an approach can 3rin'for0ard the %any 0ays that class stru''les trans)erse he'e%onicapparatuses+ Althussers self-critical insistence on the pri%acy of 9classstru''le o)er do%inant ideolo'y and o)er ideolo'ical apparatuses>(Althusser 1665, p+ 55# %ust 3e read in the %ore 'eneral sense of thepri%acy of stru''les o)er the he'e%onic function of apparatuses such aseducation, e8actly 0hat PoulantHas tried to theoriHe in his conception ofthe &tate as the %aterial condensation of class relations of force(PoulantHas 16?!#+

Therefore, thinkin' in ter%s of he'e%onic apparatuses can help us thinkof the current role of ni)ersities+ ni)ersities do not produce si%plekno0led'e or de'rees+ They do not si%ply help capitalist prota3ility inter%s of applied research+ They do not si%ply reproduce social di)isions ofla3our and professional hierarchies+ They also act as strate'ic nodes in thede)elop%ent of strate'ies (3oth do%inant and su3altern#, in theproduction of su3Gecti)ities, in the transfor%ation of collecti)e practices+

They aFect 9co%%on sense>, they disse%inate for%s of thinkin', and theyact as paradi'%s of successi)e entrepreneuris% 3ut also of successful%o)e%ents+ The e)olution of %ass Ji'her Education i%plies that they

aFect a 'ro0in' nu%3er of the conte%porary 0orkforce+ That is 0hystru''les 0ithin acade%ic institutions ha)e to 3e studied in their relationto the 3roader social and political conGuncture+

The current capitalist crisis and the transfor%ations it has 3rou'ht alon'ha)e led to ne0 0a)e of neoli3eral restructurin's of the uni)ersities+Austerity has led to an e)en hi'her dependence on hi'h tuition fees andsearch for )arious for%s of pri)ate fundin' of research+ Bud'et constraintsand the search for alternati)e for%s of fundin' has accelerated ne0 for%sof acade%ic %ana'e%ent 3ased on the use of representati)es of the3usiness 0orld in steerin' acade%ic or'ans, especially in countries such

as Nreece 0ith a stron' tradition of acade%ic de%ocracy and studentparticipation+ This ne0 0a)e has also 3een increasin'ly authoritarian in

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the sense of representati)es of the ne0 for% of entrepreneurial acade%ic%ana'e%ent tar'etin' collecti)e practices and acti)is% 0ithin acade%ia+/ro% the iconic stru''le and occupation of Middlese8 ni)ersity o)er theclosure of the philosophy depart%ent to the disciplinary proceduresa'ainst %ilitant acade%ics in Turkey, and fro% the )arious anti-union

initiati)es in A%erican uni)ersities to the atte%pt in Nreece to li%it thepossi3ility of %ass student action, there are %any e8a%ples of suchauthoritarian attacks on uni)ersity %o)e%ents+ In certain cases thea''ressi)e character of these refor%s 'oes 3eyond the actual realities ofconte%porary resistances to neoli3eralis%, su''estin' a strate'y close to0hat Al3erto Toscano has descri3ed as 9counter-re)olution-0ithout-a-re)olution> (Toscano !1"a, p+ 1!!#+

This authoritarian turn should not 3e seen only in its


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)arious faces of austerity, students (and acade%ics# ha)e an e)en 'reaterthan 3efore kno0led'e of and e8perience of the realities of the 0orkplace+Current stru''les, not only in their discourse 3ut also as %aterialtendencies and practices are not si%ple de%ands for 3etter education and0ork prospects+ They for% one of the e8pressions the 3roader stru''le

3et0een capital and la3our takes place+ This is e)ident in the discourse ofconte%porary %o)e%ents and their rene0ed anti-capitalist radicalis%(&olo%on and Pal%ieri (eds+# !11D After the /all !1!#+ In this sensecrucial aspects of the 3alance of forces that deter%ine he'e%ony in itsrelational and practical sense, are 3ein' deter%ined 0ithin ni)ersities+ To'i)e a recent e8a%ple; An i%portant aspect of the recent ree%er'ence ofradical %o)e%ents all o)er the 0orld fro% the Ara3 &prin' to theIndi'nados %o)e%ent, and fro% the Nreek stru''les to the ccupyMo)e%ent had to 0ith the radicaliHation of i%portant se'%ents ofuni)ersity trained intellectual and aFecti)e 0orkers+ This in its turn had to

do 0ith the continuin' reproduction of )arious for%s of student radicalis%+

Jo0e)er, 0e should not li%it this perspecti)e only to student %o)e%entsand their results+ As stated a3o)e, conte%porary uni)ersities in theirresearch and teachin' functions can 3e considered la3oratories ofcapitalist he'e%ony+ In this sense, stru''les o)er 0hat is 3ein' tau'ht orproduced as research can also aFect the he'e%onic 3alanced of force+ Butthese stru''les cannot 3e dened si%ply in ter%s of content, of 0hat istau'ht or 3ein' produced as research outco%e+ I do not 0ant tounderesti%ate these aspects, nor the 0ork that has 3een done in critical

directions+ Jo0e)er, I think that si%ply teachin' su3Gects or producin'papers in critical directions is not enou'h, and it can also act as ale'iti%iHation process of the entrepreneurialiHation of uni)ersities+ It is asif uni)ersity ad%inistrations are sayin'; 9e %i'ht ha)e su3Gected thecore of our research operations to the de%ands of pri)ate sponsors, 3ut0e are not so 3ad, 3ecause 0e can still fund a cultural studies 'raduatepro'ra% in a post-%ar8ist direction+>

Therefore, 0e ha)e to understand the nature of the conte%poraryhe'e%onic function of the ni)ersity+ If 0e treat the he'e%onic functionsi%ply in ter%s of content, in ter%s of the discourses articulated 0ithin

acade%ia, then 0e %iss a 'reat part+ The uni)ersity is not si%ply a )enueor a foru% of ideas, it a co%ple8 articulation of practices and strate'ies+

The ne0 e%phasis on co%%odication, the functionin' of the uni)ersityas a co%%ercial pro)ider caterin' for custo%ers needs, the ne0e%phasis on co%petence, the ne0 for%s of ad%inistration, thesi'nicance of de3t, all these are parts of the he'e%onic function of theuni)ersity+ The ni)ersity acts as a node or a hu3 in the de)elop%ent ofne0 capitalist strate'ies, in the e)olution of techni2ues, in the articulationof the do%inant discourses+ At the sa%e ti%e the uni)ersity is %ore thaninstru%ental in the i%position of the current for% of neoli3eral


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deep, per)asi)e, anthropolo'ical character of student de3t (QaHHarato!11D McClanahan !1"#, the ne0 pressure on students, facin' e8tre%eprecariousness, to ac2uire as %any 2ualications as possi3le, all theseattest to the actuality of the current he'e%onic function of the uni)ersity+

At the sa%e ti%e, this can account for the counter he'e%onic potentialof current stru''les 0ithin uni)ersities+ If 0e %ana'e to ha)e alternati)epractices, collecti)ities, sensiti)ities 0ithin stru''les in ni)ersities, if 0e%ana'e to intensify the contradictions of its functionin', if 0e %ana'e toha)e %aGor )ictories a'ainst current restructurin's, then 0e can say that0e are actually aFectin' the 3alance of forces in a process that 'oes3eyond si%ple de%ands and can aFect the 0hole of society+

f course this also re2uires redenin' 0hat constitutes a potentialcounter-he'e%ony+ &i%ply articulatin' resistances to neo-li3eralis%, ordefenses of the pu3lic uni)ersity is not enou'h+ If 0e associate counterhe'e%ony as the strate'ic condensation of a ne0 politics of la3our, anatte%pt at social e8peri%entation 3eyond capitalis%, ne0 for%s ofde%ocracy and collecti)ity and ne0 for%s or social interaction, in su%0hat one %i'ht descri3e a socialist perspecti)e, then 0e need to think in a%ore radical 0ay+ I a% not referrin' to re)olutionary re)eries or articialintellectual constructions, 3ut to the ela3oration and proGection of thetraces of co%%unis% e)ident as %aterial potentialities in todaysstru''les a'ainst austerity, pri)atiHation, co%%odication andentrepreneurialiHation+ But such a perspecti)e cannot 3e reduced todefendin' pu3lic uni)ersities, in their present for%, especially if 0e takeinto consideration that the current for% of pu3lic uni)ersity is alsoper)aded 3y %arket practices, is also su3Gect to pressures to present%arketa3le results, and represents a certain he'e%onic function+ That is0hy Al3erto Toscano is ri'ht to insist that 0e cannot si%ply de%and afor%al de%ocratiHation of uni)ersities and instead search for thesu3)ersi)e potential of conte%porary stru''les in the sense of a searchfor a diFerent practice of the ni)ersity (Toscano !1"#+

hat 0e need is a strate'y to defend, re-appropriate and transfor%uni)ersity throu'h stru''les and %o)e%ents+ Instead of the dual

sche%atic reactions of either self-li%itation 0ithin the contours ofacade%ic functionin' and trade unionis% or of an e8odus fro% theuni)ersity a recurrin' the%e in radical student politics fro% 16L?on0ards, 0ith students tryin' to %o)e fro% uni)ersity politics to society I0ould like to su''est a strate'y of dual po0er 0ithin uni)ersities+ sually,0e associate dual po0er si%ply 0ith a situation of a catastrophice2uili3riu% 3et0een the %o)e%ent and the forces of capital, 3ut I thinkthat 0e %ust see it in the %ore strate'ic sense of a conGuncture ofe%er'in' ne0 social and political for%s, collecti)e practices andcon'urations+

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&o 0hat 0e need is to co%3ine the de)elop%ent of %o)e%ents andresistances to the current 0a)e of neoli3eral entrepreneurial refor%s 0iththe full .ourishin' of alternati)e kno0led'e practices+ hat is i%portant isthat these alternati)e practices are already part of the current repertoireof stru''les 0ithin uni)ersities+ The ne0 solidarity 3et0een students and

professors as apprehension of the co%%on de%ands for pu3lic education3ut also of the i%portance of a critical peda'o'ical relation, thee8peri%entation 0ith collecti)e kno0led'e practices as part of sit-ins andoccupations, the )ery concept of the ccupation as a re-appropriation ofspace (in 3oth its %aterial and sy%3olic function#, the e8tended use ofne0 %edia in order to disse%inate critical discourses, the ne0 desire toproduce not only de%ands 3ut also discourses, )isions e)en theory fro%the part of strikin' students, all these attest to ne0 possi3ilities forcounter-he'e%onic practices 0ithin uni)ersity %o)e%ents+

This also %akes i%perati)e a diFerent approach fro% the part of radicalacade%ics, a ne0 collecti)e ethos of research, teachin' and 0orkin'0ithin the %o)e%ent+ This de%ands that 0e 'o 3eyond si%ply tryin' to3e critical and radical in 0hat 0e produce as theoretical outco%e+ I a% notdenyin' the need for hi'h standards of acade%ic 0ritin', 3ut 0e %ustthink 3eyond si%ply 3ein' the left-0in' or radical li%it of conte%poraryacade%ic scenery+ Kor do I think that 0hat 0e need is si%ply ha)in' %ore


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%ost i%portant aspects of conte%porary %ass %o)e%ents is thee%phasis they lay on pu3lic de3ate and discussions of ideas+ /ro% Ke0

Uork to Athens people ha)e 3een openin' up their ears to alternati)eproGects and %ilitant acade%ics ha)e a %oral o3li'ation to contri3ute 0ithideas, infor%ation, and analyses of the conGuncture+ Thirdly, 0e need ne0

for%s of collecti)e theoretical production 0ithin %o)e%ents; a %o)e%entto 'ht precariousness of la3our %ust also include the production ofkno0led'e on conte%porary capitalist restructurin'sD a %o)e%ent to 'hten)iron%entally dan'erous %inin' practice %ust also produce kno0led'eon the econo%ics and tactics of the %inin' industryD a %o)e%ent infa)our of pu3lic health %ust also produce research on the social andhealth costs of neoli3eralis%+ To all these alternati)e kno0led'e practicespossi3le 0e can still %ake 'ood use of uni)ersities, especially in ti%es ofstru''les+ It is true that uni)ersity authorities in the past years ha)e done0hate)er they can in order to li%it these possi3ilities+ /ro% %easures such

as the a3olishin' the uni)ersity sanctuary in Nreece, to increasin'ly hi'hercosts for the use of uni)ersity roo%s for purposes other than teachin', to%o)es such as the dis%antlin' of Q at the ni)ersity of Qondon, to allfor%s of institutional 3arriers to such practices, 0e can see all si'ns of thispre-e%pti)e authoritarian transfor%ation of the uni)ersity+ But 0e can stillnd 0ays to re-appropriate the uni)ersity as pu3lic space+ And if this is notpossi3le 0e can al0ays e8it the uni)ersity and create alternati)e pu3licspaces+ The sa%e can 3e said for the use of other aspects of theinfrastructure of pu3lic uni)ersities+ /or e8a%ple in Nreece the 3attlearound 0hether athens+indy%edia+or', a radical alternati)e collecti)e

ne0s-0e3site could 3e hosted in the ser)ers of the Athens Polytechnic 0assuch an e8a%ple+

At the sa%e ti%e it is necessary to see ho0 also %o)e%ents can also 3ekno0led'e sites and processes ho0 0e can co%3ine acti)is% 0ithcollecti)e learnin' and also for%s of %ilitant research+ As radicalacade%ics 0e ha)e %uch to oFer to this direction+ In a 0ay, this 0ill 3eour opportunity to 0ork to0ards processes helpin' the e%er'ence of ne0


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Qet us or'aniHe culture in the sa%e 0ay that 0e seek to or'aniHe anypractical acti)ity+ Philanthropically, the 3our'eoisie ha)e decided to oFerthe proletariat the Popular ni)ersities+ As a counterproposal tophilanthropy, let us oFer solidarity, or'aniHation+ Qet us 'i)e the %eans to'ood 0ill, 0ithout 0hich it 0ill al0ays re%ain sterile and 3arren+ It is not

the lecture that should interest us, 3ut the detailed 0ork of discussin' andin)esti'atin' pro3le%s, 0ork in 0hich e)ery3ody participates, to 0hiche)ery3ody contri3utes, in 0hich e)ery3ody is 3oth %aster and disciple+(Nra%sci 16?5, 57#

All these should not 3e read as an atte%pt at si%ply creatin' parallelstructures and a)oidin' direct confrontation 0ith the forces of capital+ nthe contrary, 0e are refereein' to a process that 'oes alon' centralstru''les, supports the%, and helps their politiciHation+ The ai% of allthese practices is not si%ply to create alternati)e kno0led'e practices,3ut to create conditions of counter-he'e%ony+ Political proGects cannot 3econcei)ed si%ply in ter%s of catch phrase and 'eneral directions+Producin' a'ain


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The educati)e-for%ati)e 0ork that a ho%o'eneous cultural centre carriesout, the ela3oration of a critical consciousness that it pro%otes andfa)ours on a specic historical 3ase 0hich contains the concrete pre%isesfor such an ela3oration, cannot 3e li%ited to the si%ple theoreticalenunciation of


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T+ Cohen (ed+#+ ac2ues $errida and the Ju%anities+ A Critical Oeader+Ca%3rid'e; Ca%3rid'e ni)ersity Press+

Este3a, N+ (!!7#+ Oeclai%in' our /reedo% to Qearn+ Ues Ma'aHine+http;000+yes%a'aHine+or'issuesli3erate-your-spacereclai%in'-our-

freedo%-to-learn(last accessed 1" May !1"#+

Nra%sci A+ (16?5#+ &elections fro% Cultural ritin's+ Ed+ 3y $+ /or'acs andN+ Ko0ell-&%ith+ Tr+ 3y + Boelho0er+ Qondon; Qa0rence and ishart

Nra%sci, A+ (1671#+ &elections fro% Prison Kote3ooks+ Tr+ :+ Joare and N+Ko0ell &%ith+ Qondon; Qa0rence and ishart+

Nra%sci, A+ (1677#+ :uaderni di Carcere+ Ed+ + Nerratana+ Milano ;Einaudi+

ant, I%% W17?@X (16?6#+ An Ans0er to the :uestion;


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Toscano, A+ (!1"#+ Qa uni)ersidad co%o espacio pol[tico+ Pro3le%as yperspecti)as+ In ose3a /ernZndeH NonHZleH, Mi'uel r3Zn y Carlos &e)illaAlonso (coord+# $e la nue)e %iseria+ Qa uni)eridad en crisis y la nue)are3eliYn estudiantil+ Madrid ; Akal+

Toscano, A+ (!1"a#+ Qos l[%ites de la autono%[a+ El capitalis%o co'niti)oya las luchas uni)ersitarias+ In ose3a /ernZndeH NonHZleH, Mi'uel r3Zn yCarlos &e)illa Alonso (coord+# $e la nue)e %iseria+ Qa uni)eridad en crisis yla nue)a re3eliYn estudiantil+ Madrid ; Akal+

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2013 05 Sotiris University Counterhegemony

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