2012 StarLNG Brochure_Issue 2.0

StarLNGTM

The leading small-to-mid scale standard LNG plant

2

3 Introduction

4 StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale LNG plant

6 Design Basis (base case)

8 Feed gas range

10 Capacity range

11 Refrigeration process technology

14 LNG storage tanks

15 Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks

17 Plant safety

18 Construction strategy

21 Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design

23 Linde Engineering´s global footprint

24 StarLNGTM benefits

26 Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through

27 StarLNGTM conclusion

28 Contact

Contents.

StarLNGTM is a trademark of The Linde Group

Linde´s pre-engineered solutionfor the small-scale LNG supply chain.

3

Introduction.

LNG is becoming more & more the preferred delivery method for natural

gas in many markets, because LNG can be produced at remote locations

and distributed to end-users quickly and easily.

Driven by growing global natural gas reserves, favorable gas prices and

stricter emission regulations LNG is beginning to substitute traditional oil-

based fuels in marine or heavy vehicle engines, power generation and

process industries.

This emerging small-scale market calls for decentralized LNG plants and is

now growing beyond a niche market. For example, LNG is fast becoming

the fuel of choice for the remote generation of electricity, but is also in-

creasingly being used as a fuel for transportation.

4

Linde Engineering has been supplying individually designed LNG plants for

many years; among them three recently built small-to-mid scale LNG plants

in Bergen and Stavanger, Norway, as well as in Kwinana, Australia. Today,

those plants serve as good technical references. To deliver the same level

of quality at lower cost and in shorter time, Linde Engineering, as world

leader in cryogenic air separation, has been translating the idea of product

standardization into the LNG business.

Plant modules are workshop pre-fabricated to maximum extent.

World´s first air liquefaction plant

(Linde was founded in 1879)

GOX 2,000 modularized air separation unit

(2,400 tpd GOX)

GOX 6,000 modularized air separation unit

(7,200 tpd GOX)

GOX 9,000 modularized air separation unit

(11,800 tpd GOX)

StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale standard LNG plant.

Standardization and modularization started with air separation… and is now translated into LNG.

In 2010, Linde formed a core team and spent more than 25,000engineering hours to develop the StarLNGTM standardization concept.

CAD model StarLNGTM plant

5

Benefits of Linde’s standardized LNG concept

The idea of StarLNGTM is to standardize and optimize a small-to-mid scale

LNG plant based on a wide set of process variations. This “Process Toolbox”

is designed to cover about 90% of real-life boundary conditions, with the

following major benefits:

– Safety as for world-scale LNG (QRA, HAZOP, same codes & standards)

– Fast-track EPC time schedule (reduction by up to 2 months)

– Reduction of CAPEX (saving potential greater 15%)

– Highly efficient process, easy to operate (lowest OPEX)

– Modularized units for pre-treatment, process and main pipe racks

– Toolbox concept with many options

Linde´s small to mid-scale LNG plants do not compromise on safety, reli-

ability and robustness in comparison to world-scale LNG facilities, while

execution risks and capital requirements are significantly lower. The per-

mitting standards used for StarLNGTM are world-class.

StarLNGTM delivers a scalable, flexible LNG plant design including many alter-

natives, with pre-engineered documents and a 3D CAD-model for a fully

modularized plant – combining highest safety standards, reliability, ease of

operations and efficiency with competitive prices and shortest delivery time.

With Linde Engineering’s global EPC-capabilities, making use of engineer-

ing and manufacturing subsidiaries in best cost countries as well as of

operational experience of Linde Gas, the standardized LNG plant concept

will enable small-to-mid scale LNG players to get:

– First class quality and safety LNG plant

– Attractive CAPEX and OPEX

– Shortest time to market

LNG plant in Bergen, Norway

66

Design basis (base case).

Feed gas design envelope

Feed gas compositions have been selected to cover most of the known

pipeline gases. Pipeline gas was selected (i.e. dew point controlled,

limited HHC’s, etc.), because the high technical effort for pre-treat-

ment of well-gases (as for world-scale LNG plants) has been deemed

economically prohibitive for small/mid-size LNG projects.

Main design features:

– LNG production capacity:

200 tpd liquefaction capacity

– Product storage capacity:

4.000 m³

– LNG load–out rate:

2 x 50 m³/h (by truck) - 1000 m³/h (by ship)

As for every real project, a design basis was required to be determined

also for StarLNGTM. This generic design condition was fixed as the “base

case”. For this special standardization project attention has been given

to reflect a broad range of likely site conditions in addition.

base case, Vol. %

N2 0.85

CO2 4.80

CH4 88.71

C2H6 5.25

C3H8 0.36

C4H10 0.02

C5H12 0.00

C6+ 0.01

total 100.00

Selected feed gas composition for base case

Ambient conditions

– Site elevation: 0m above N.N.

– Yearly abs. max. temperature: 44°C

– Yearly abs. min. temperature: -4°C

– Design air temperature: 35°C

(for gas turbine and air cooler rating)

– Environment type: marine/coastal

Different climatic zones (alternatives)

considered for:

– Tropical climate

– Warm moderate climate (Mediterranean)

– Cold moderate (Northern Europe, USA)

– Arctic climate

Low CAPEX plant solutions standardized for all climatic conditions.

Kwinana LNG plant in Western Australia

7

Site layout

The 200 tpd base case LNG plant including pre-treatment, utilities and LNG

storage tank features a required plot space of only approx.135 x 150m

at the same time fulfilling all safety requirements.

Battery limit/interfaces:

– Civil (drainage, sewer system, roads)

– Piping (feed gas, utility water)

– Electrical power

Utility requirements

– Fuel gas (sourced internally from LNG plant)

– N2 from LIN import by truck

– MRC components (ethylene/ethane and butane) import by truck

– Process plant cooling provided by air (no cooling water required)

– Process plant heating provided by closed loop hot oil cycle

(internal system)

– Utility water available at battery limit,

all other utilities assumed to be generated inside battery limit

– Electric power available at battery limit

Basis of design, assumptions for codes & standards

Applied codes, standards and safety requirements (excerpt):

– “Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas” EN 1473

– “Standard for the production, storage and handling of LNG” NFPA 59

– Design codes for pressure bearing parts and piping ASME, EN, GB

– E&I design codes IEC, ANSI, NEC , NEMA

– Structural materials EN, ASTM

– Process safety API, NFPA

Utility LIN tank manufactured by Linde

8

Feed gas range.The StarLNGTM plant pre-treatment and lique-

faction section can be customized with a number

of pre-engineered modular additions to easily

adjust the plant design from the “base case”

to your actual project needs.

Range of feed gas conditions

– N2 content varying between 0.8 and 20 Vol.%

– Pressure varying between 20 and 60 bar abs

– Additional compression for lower pressures

– Let-down station for higher pressures

– Temperatures varying between 0 and 50°C

Generic feed gas compositions selected,to cover most of the known pipeline gases.

After extensive screening of relevant design

conditions, a versatile but still comprehensive

standard has been developed, based on a wide

design envelope of operating parameters.

Typical StarLNGTM feed gas compositions

Vol. % N2 rich HHC rich

N2 5.00 0.80

CO2 2.00 2.00

CH4 90.87 89.13

C2H6 1.86 4.86

C3H8 0.23 1.94

C4H10 0.04 0.78

C5H12 0.00 0.31

C6+ 0.00 0.18

total 100.00 100.00

9

Toolbox approach for different feed gas qualities

If a feed gas contains heavier hydrocarbons HHC (hexanes and heavier)

and aromatic material (BTEX), freezing will occur unless their concen-

tration has been lowered sufficiently. The simplest method is a separa-

tor (HHC knock-out drum) in the feed path of the main cryogenic heat

exchanger at a temperature, allowing the heavy components to be re-

moved as a liquid.

Both alternatives (simple knock-out drum and scrub column) are part

of the StarLNGTM Toolbox and are readily available for deployment. Tool-

box main features:

– High content of heavy hydrocarbons demands for HHC separation to

avoid freezing in LNG

– LNG specification (e.g. methane number, Wobbe-Index or max. C2)

demands scrub column

– High N2 may require nitrogen rejection depending on availability/

capability of flash gas sink (e.g. gas turbine)

Toolbox matrix for different feed gas qualities

Wide feed gas envelope allows for a highly flexible but still comprehensive toolbox concept for small scale LNG plant design with many alternatives, al-lowing the required adjustments to respond to over 90% of real-life projects.

main process unit

utility system

^ ^

^

^

^

^

^ ^ ^

^

^

Demin.

waterHot Oil

Liquefaction

N2

Rejection

Refrigeration

AirFuel Gas

NGL

Extraction

Pre-

treatment

Nitrogen

Storage

TRG

Compression

Make-up

System

Feed Gas

LNG

Feed gas range (e.g. HHC, C1, C2 or N2 content) has already been con-

sidered in the toolbox concept for all plant units.

Block diagram - main process groups (in solid black, white boxes)

refer to optional steps, grey boxes refer to utility systems.

Pre-treatment units toolbox

All process steps in the pre-treatment section

have been selected with a strong focus on

simplicity, operability, reliability, suitability for

emerging markets and cost effectiveness.

– Inlet facilities

(KO drum, feed gas metering)

– Mercury removal (single guard bed)

– Sour gas removal (amine wash column)

– Dehydration (single guard bed

with molecular sieve adsorbent)

LNG Spec demande.g. removal of C2+

for adjustmentof Methane No.

LNG Spec demande.g. removal of N2

to meetfuel gas spec.

^

^

^

^

StarLNGToolbox

High N2

contentin feedgas

HHC(C6+, Benzene, etc.)

10

StarLNGTM has been developed for an LNG ca-

pacity range between 100 and up to 1600 tpd

with PFHE or up to 3000 tpd with CWHE; i.e. the

same, pre-engineered plant design concept

can be used for the above ranges with a simple

adjustment to the actual throughput. For the

liquefaction, two proprietary designs are avail-

able for the main cryogenic heat exchanger,

typically depending on plant capacity.

Capacity range.

road transportable module

from 100 tpd liquefaction capacity

stick built/customized large module

from 600 tpd liquefaction capacity

Bergen, Norway

120 tons per day

Kwinana, Australia

175 tons per day

Stavanger, Norway

900 tons per day

Shan Shan, China

1,300 tons per day

1x coldbox including up to 2

plate-fin heat exchangers with

400 tpd max. capacity each

1x coil-wound heat exchanger mounted into a steel

structure for capacities above 600 tpd or 2 or more

coldboxes incl. up to 2 plate-fin heat exchangers each

in a road transportable coldbox module

11

Refrigeration process technology.StarLNGTM plant configuration

The StarLNGTM plant comprises all systems typically needed for a small-

to-mid scale LNG business, i.e. it consists of feed gas pre-treatment, lique-

faction, LNG storage tank and truck filling station. The natural gasis pre-

cooled, liquefied and sub-cooled in a plate fin heat exchanger (alterna-

tively in a coil-wound heat exchanger) by a very efficient single mixed

refrigerant cycle. This cycle provides cold temperatures by Joule-Thomson

expansion and liquid vaporization of the mixed refrigerant.

The refrigerant is recompressed in an electric motor-driven integrally

geared turbo compressor. The liquefaction process is based on Linde’s

robust single mixed refrigerant cycle, containing methane (sourced from

dry feed gas), nitrogen (available as plant utility), as well as commercial

grade ethylene and butane.

1st in class efficiency with Linde MRC technology.

– Further development of proven LIMUM® technology

– Benefits from 30 years of Linde experience in LNG

– Cost savings with PFHE-based process design

MRC technology now as easy to operate as N2-expander.

– MR-process design validated in dynamic simulations

– Designed for high degree of automation with possibility

of remote control

– Linde offers unique experience in both EPC contracting

and plant operation

Dynamic simulations performed for base case

1212

Benefits of Linde multi stage mixed refrigerant

(LIMUM®) liquefaction process:

– Single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC)

– Simple process, low equipment count,

easy to operate

– Only one refrigerant cycle providing

refrigeration duty

– Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and

sub-cooling cycle realized with one to up to

four plate-fin heat exchangers or with one

coil-wound heat exchanger, depending on

required liquefaction capacity

– Approx. 30 % lower specific energy con-

sumption compared to an N2-expander process

Linde’s patented LIMUM® single-flow mixed refrigerant cycle process– the liquefaction process of choice.

Block diagram of LIMUM®

liquefaction process with PFHE or CWHE

LP MR HP MR

BOG

^^^

^^

^

^^

Hg H2OCO2

Feed gas

Alternative AReturn gas

Alternative BReturn gas

Compressor skid

Atmospheric storage tank

with in-tank pumps

MRC compressor skid

LNG

Feed gas pre-treatment units

Plate-finheat exchanger

(base case)

Coil-woundheat exchanger

(alternative)

Main features for liquefaction process with plate-fin heat exchanger

(base case):

– Typical for small-scale LNG plants with liquefaction capacities

up to 400 tpd per PFHE block

– Maximum feed gas pressure limited to approx. 60 bar

– Most economic type of main cryogenic heat exchanger

– Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling cycle

realized with one to up to four plate-fin heat exchangers in

parallel arrangement

– Highest efficiency

– Part load capability of approx. 50 %

– Minimized on-site installation works due to installation of

PFHEs in road-transportable, workshop-assembled coldbox

(max. 2 PFHE per coldbox)

Main features for liquefaction process with coil-wound heat exchanger

(alternative):

– Typical for mid-scale LNG plants for liquefaction capacities above 600 tpd

– Suitable also for very high feed gas pressures

– Robust design allowing for easy start-up

– Three separate refrigerant fractions providing separately refrigeration

for the pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling

– Part load capability of approx. 30 %

– On-site works (requiring installation of CWHE and associated piping and

equipment in supporting steel structure)

Kwinana LNG plant GT (gas turbine) - drive ↓

13

Driver concept:

– Refrigerant cycle compressor with E-motor drive (alternative: GT-drive)

– Return gas compressor with E-motor drive

Comparison between electrical motor and GT (gas turbine)-drive

– Electric motor drive system offers higher design flexibility compared to

GT direct drive due to limited available GT models

– In case no adequate power supply from grid is available, a GT-driven

cycle compressor combined with a gas engine generating electric

power for all other consumers is the standard solution.

– Electric motor drive system boosts efficiency of plant operation

– Shorter delivery times for E-motor compared to GT

– LNG production capacity is not impacted by ambient temperature swings

– An electrically driven LNG facility requires less maintenance compared

to a gas turbine driven compressor solution. Frequent turnarounds are

not required for E-motor driven LNG plant.

– LNG plant operation can be exceptionally profitable considering reli-

able availability of electricity at low cost, e.g. from a nearby hydro-

electric facility

Liquefaction and storage pressure

Compared to large-scale LNG business with its atmospheric downstream

LNG distribution chain, a pressurized storage is worth to be considered for

the small-scale LNG business, due to:

– Small required storage capacities allowing economical pressurized

storage tank design

– Downstream LNG distribution (by ship/truck) up to end consumer

being typically pressurized (please refer to page 26)

→ Benefit of saving up to 20% in liquefaction energy

1414

LNG storage tanks.

Example 2: Stavanger LNG tankExample 1: Bergen LNG tank

LNG storage tank example 1

– Flat bottom, steel-steel, full containment

– Working volume: 2000 m³

– Operating pressure: Atmospheric

LNG storage tank example 2

– Flat bottom, concrete-steel, full containment

– Working volume: 30,000 m³

– Operating pressure: Atmospheric

Example 3: Kwinana LNG tank

LNG storage tank example 3

– Sperical, double integrity

– Working volume: 4,000 m³

– Operating pressure: 3.5 bar abs

Linde is one of few companies in the world capable of offering all LNG storage tank technologies typically applicable to small-to-mid scale LNG

plants. We are glad to provide guidance, if required to our customers, mainly based on:

– Storage volume

– Storage pressure

– Safety topics

Depending on storage volume/operating pressure, the following tank

types can be applied:

– Flat bottom tank 2000 – 40.000 m³ (larger capacities are feasible)

– Spherical tank 1000 – 8.000 m³

– Bullet tank 100 – 1.000 m³

It is a common approach in the small-to-mid scale LNG business to design

the storage volume for 3 to 10 days of plant production in order to provide

for adequate buffer and the required flexibility for the downstream

supply chain. Depending on storage pressure, the following selection

might be narrowed down to:

– Atmospheric pressure → flat bottom

– Pressurized → sphere / bullet type

Since the catastrophic Cleveland accident in 1944, safety of LNG storage

tanks has been everywhere given highest priority and therefore double or,

nowadays most common, full integrity LNG storage tanks have become the

world standard. Depending on safety design of an LNG tank, the following

scenarios could happen in the unlikely event of a catastrophic tank failure:

– Single integrity tank type → uncontrolled LNG spill into the environment

– Double integrity tank type → LNG spill into secondary containment

(dike, pit), and uncontrolled vapor release to ambient

– Full integrity (containment) tank type → no LNG spill to environment,

only controlled vapor release (recommended for plant located in densely

populated area)

Today, single integrity tanks are typically accepted for very small storage

volumes only, e.g. EN 13645 applies for capacities up to 200 tons of LNG

– an understandable limit considering the major hazard potential repre-

sented by its energy equivalent (10 TJ!). With safety as our top priority

Linde considers that single integrity LNG storage is only acceptable in

remote areas not exposing any population to the inherent risk.

It is to be noted that a secondary shell made out of carbon steel (like

e.g. in standard bullet type tanks) does not meet the criteria for a double

integrity tank, as this shell will fail due to brittle fracture when being

brought in contact with the cryogenic liquid in the event of an inner tank

failure.

15

Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks.

Flat

-bot

tom

ste

elSp

here

Bul

let

Flat

-bot

tom

con

cret

e

Low Medium High

not applicable

Cryogenic steel

Insulation protection

Concrete

Outlet piping

not common

Cryogenic steel

Insulation protection

Concrete

Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet piping

not common

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Earth

Outlet piping

not allowed acc. to EN 1473 / NFPA 59 A

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet pipingCryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

ConcreteOutlet piping

Cryogenic steel

Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete

Outlet piping

1616

Linde’s LNG storage & loading units are safe,easy to operate and cost effective.

Truck loading/unloading

Standard design:

– Simultaneous and independent loading of

2 trucks at 2 loading bays

– Loading flow rate per bay: 50 m³/h

– Typical LNG truck working volume: 50 m³

– Typical LNG truck mechanical design pressure:

6 – 10 bar g

– Expandable for more loading bays, if needed

– Alternatives for LNG ship loading (bunkering)

Truck unloading at satellite station

Truck loading at Kwinana LNG plant

17

For Linde Engineering Division, occupational safe-

ty, health, environment and quality (QHSE) have

always been top priority when planning and buil-

ding our plants all over the world: QHSE is 100%

of our behaviour, 100% of the time!

Safety requirements

– Safety rules as for world-scale LNG

(codes, standards, safety practices)

– Generic P&IDs validated in HAZOP

(hazard and operability study)

– Generic plant layout validated in QRA

(quantitative risk assessment)

– Various LNG storage alternatives

validated in generic QRA

– Hazardous area classification

– Depressurization concept

– Fire protection concept

Plant safety.

StarLNGTM makes small-scale LNG as safe as world-scale LNGat the same time not compromising on safety!

Quantitative risk analysis issued for base case

Local authorities have been convinced to approve plant installationin sensitive environment with developed infrastructure,thereby significantly reducing project CAPEX.

Example Stavanger 900 tpd LNG plant, Norway

For the Stavanger plant Linde’s design met one

of the highest safety standards world-wide:

– Close to residential area

– Located on old refinery site within industrial

zone with nearby ferry terminal,

– HAZOP, qualitative risk assessment and

sensitivity study conducted

– Linde successfully supported the client in

presenting the LNG plant safety concept,

convincing local authorities and neighboring

residential communities

Top view on available plot size of Stavanger LNG plant

before construction shown against actual location

Distances to local infrastructure

at Stavanger LNG plant

Ferry terminal ~200 m

Residential area ~1.000 m

Industrial park ~500 m

~200 m

~90 m

1818

Standard versus alternative construction approach.

Linde is a globally renowned EPC contractor with experience in both

stick-built as well as modularized construction strategies.

Our standard approach is “stick-built” construction, i.e. materials are

supplied with a low degree of pre-fabrication to site for installation.

A strategy providing minimum transport cost and low overall EPC cost

on construction sites with moderate labor cost and good labor qualifica-

tion/efficiency.

The alternative strategy is to reduce the on-site construction work by

supplying highly pre-fabricated assemblies to site. Similar to Linde’s FLNG

approach, the entire plant could be supplied as a transportable unit

- certainly not completely applicable for small to mid-scale LNG plants,

but useful to illustrate the various strategies for such a modularized con-

struction approach, all driven by one key factor: transportation cost to site.

The larger in size and more complete the module, the lower on-site hook-

up requirements and cost, compete with higher transport cost – up to the

point where transportation becomes simply impractical.

Construction strategy.

Differing from most of our competitors, we are ready to assume respon-

sibility for the entire EPC scope and hence do not only optimise the module

fabrication cost but also focus on finding the lowest cost for the overall

EPC scope. If required, we are glad to provide guidance to our clients, based

on their project conditions for e.g.:

– Cost and availability of on-site labor

– Geographically suitable & best cost workshop alternatives

– Size and weight limitations of related transportation routes

from yard to site

– Local availability of suitable transport ships and/or vehicles

– Transportation cost and risk, considering e.g. special permit and

escort requirements for oversize road transports, barge solutions, etc.

– Requirement for local availability of heavy lift cranes

Road-transportable generic module concept

Responding to projects where a modularized construction strategy appears

suitable, StarLNGTM includes a fully modularized CAD-model design of the

“base case” plant. Module sizes have been chosen in a way that road

transportation (possibly involving escorts or extra permits) will be feasible

in many places while targeting for minimum hook-up work on site and

moderate lifting capacity requirements.

Transport dimensions of skid packages/modules:

Fully modularized - 80% of piping work already performed in moduleassembly yard - all equipment and modules designed for transport by truck, ship and lifting by mobile crane.

Maximum width: 6 m

Maximum height (incl. 0.8m trailer height): *5.9 /10 m

Maximum overall length (e.g. coldbox): 36 m

Maximum overall weight: *50/100 t

Note*: disassembled/assembled

Transport of Kwinana coldbox on public road

19

Installation of modularized pre-treatment unit at Kwinana LNG plant site ↓

Transport of pre-fabricated modules

Off-Site module pre-fabrication in best cost countries reduces project budget in a high cost labor environment.

↓ Off-loading of modularized pre-treatment unit

CAD model of modularized pre-treatment unit of Kwinana LNG plant ↑

Road transport of modularized pre-treatment unit to Kwinana LNG plant site ↓

20

Linde modularization experience for large cryogenic natural gas plants (transport by barge, not suitable for normal road transport)

Extensive modularization experience for cryogenic natural gas plants in both Linde owned as well as associated module workshops in Germany, USA, China, etc.

Transport of coldbox module with CWHE ↑

Modular transport concept for Hammerfest LNG plant project ↓

2121

Calling on more than 125 years of experience as

cryogenic plant designer, Linde is able to offer

natural gas liquefaction plants, NGL plants and

LNG receiving terminals for a wide range of uses

and capacities.

EPC contractor providing technologies

and key components.

– Recognized as a reliable technology provider

and EPC contractor by the financial world

– Cooperating during all phases of a project

with local EPC partners, no third contracting

party is required

– Experienced with modularization concepts

applied during various contracts, e.g. Snøhvit,

Kwinana, etc.

– Unique profile as LNG technology provider, EPC

contractor and manufacturer of key cryogenic

equipment minimizing project interfaces and

risk to the greatest benefit of the client

– Powerful process simulation tool OPTISIM®

enables the design of optimized pre-engi-

neered plant solutions with regard to invest-

ment & operational costs

Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design.

Off-loading at LNG receiving terminal Nynashamn/Sweden ↑

900 tpd LNG plant in Stavanger/Norway

22

Manufacturing of plate-fin heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany

Linde´s experience to design, manufacture and

operate.

– Manufacturer of coil-wound heat exchangers

for new LNG projects, i.e. North West Shelf

Australia LNG T4 & T5, Snøhvit, Sakhalin and

Pluto LNG

– Manufacturer of replacements for APCI coil-

wound heat exchangers in Brunei

– Manufacturer of LNG coldboxes including

plate-fin heat exchanger for Idku (Egyptian

LNG), Darwin LNG, Gladstone LNG, Arzew

replacements, Bergen, Kwinana, etc.

– Manufacturer of vacuum insulated pressure

vessels for LNG storage in various applica-

tions, e.g. semi-trailers, rail cars, local storage

in satellite stations, etc. and for a multitude

of customers worldwide

– Many years of operational experience gained

by The Linde Group member BOC on an SMR

based LNG plant in Dandenong, Australia and

brand new plants in Tasmania and California

– Operational experience gained on a mid-scale

LNG import terminal recently completed (2011)

by The Linde Group member Cryo AB in Sweden

Differing from most of our competitors, Linde

will not only accommodate the PFHE inside the

per-lite-insulated coldbox, but also the related

cryogenic equipment and piping as far as possi-

ble. Reflecting the usual standard in the ASU-

business. This approach comes obviously with a

slightly higher cost, but provides an extremely

durable and high quality insulation to all these

components and thereby helps to save the high

maintenance cost for continuous repairs typically

required on conventional cold insulation systems

for piping and equipment.

Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany

Competence & ownership in core cryogenic equipment combinedwith long-term operational experience.

23

Linde Engineering´s global footprint.

↑ Workshop and office building, Dalian, China

↓ LEI Linde Engineering Vadodara, India

↓ Linde Engineering headquarters in Pullach, Germany

↓Linde Process Plants Inc.

Engineering, manufacturing and module construction facilities in Tulsa, USA

Linde Engineering manufacturing workshop in Schalchen, Germany ↓

Global procurement.

Ordering of equipment & bulk material through our local procurement centres in best cost countries.

Collaboration with best cost centers. Integration of Linde Engineering India for detail engineering (approx. 500 engineers).

2424

Set of generic standard documents prepared

and validated for base case and selected alter-

natives.

– Equipment specifications and lists

– Plant CAD model

– Plot plan

– Start-up concept

– Automation philosophy

– Operating manual

– Process simulation models (OPTISIM®)

– Process sketches and descriptions

– PFD template

– Nearly 100% P&ID prepared

– Set of design concepts for all disciplines

– HAZOP report template

– Conceptual HAZAN for PFHE

– Value engineering of critical equipment

– 100% process data sheets completed

– Winterization concept

Accelerated proposal preparation and project executionthrough readily available generic standard documents covering90% of typical technical project requirements.

StarLNGTM benefits.

Set of generic standard documents

25

Optimized plant & coldbox layout for base case

– Piping design and plant layout concept

– Modularization concept

– Coldbox concept

– Plant layout plans (CAD Model)

– Plant safety layout plans

– Plant main piping layout

Infrastructure

Plot space requirements of mid-scale LNG

plants differ significantly from world-scale LNG

projects. Small- to mid-scale LNG plants includ-

ing pre-treatment, utilities, buildings, flare, LNG

tank and truck loading installations typically

require a plot space of less than 175m x 175m,

while large base load LNG plants require at a

minimum ten times more plot space.

Pre-engineered deliverables optimized throughextensive value engineering,e.g. plot plan, PID and modularization/transport concepts.

Plant CAD-model completed:

100% piping completed in smart plant 3D CAD modelincluding various alternatives – both pipe sizes and piping specificationseasy to modify to adjust for different plant capacities.

Pre-engineered plant CAD model

Operational requirements

Minimum operator manning requirements:

Plant is designed for partly manned, automated

operation from a central control room or remote

operating center. Automation toolbox for auto-

mated cold start and plant operation optimiza-

tion is available.

Fully modularized small-scale LNG plant

in Kwinana, Australia

Pre-fabricated and workshop-tested

instrument container

26

Key drivers

LNG is starting to breakthrough as a fuel, due to:

– Fuel cost advantage: sustainable spread of USD 8-12/MMBTU between

LNG and diesel

– Engine conversion: mature LNG engine technology for ships and trucks

available now

– Air emission advantages: No SOx, no particle, low NOx

– LNG fuel meets stringent emission regulations, like MARPOL imposes

strict NOx and SOx emission limitations for ships in ECAs “Emission

Controlled Areas”(e.g. North & Baltic Sea) from 2015

The great benefit of small-scale LNG applications is the rapid response

time between idea sharing and turn-key plant delivery.

26

Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through.

Today, LNG is a mature technology chain, offering significanteconomic and environmental benefits; hence small-scale LNGis a very promising new business model for tomorrow’s markets.

Typical examples of LNG distribution chains

LNG

plant

LNG

truck loading

LNG

tank

Satellite

station

Truck/ship

fuel tank

LNG

fueling station

Truck/ship

engine

^^

^

^^

^

^^

^

^^

^

^^

^^

^

^^

^

^^

Gas engine/

gas turbine

Evaporation

pressure

control/pump

LNG

export/import

plant

Import

terminal

LNG

ship loading

LNG

tank

Pressure

increase &

regasification

Export to grid

transport

transport

Pipeline

back to grid for high demand period

Pressurized LNG distribution chain

Atmospheric or pressurized LNG distribution chain

Atmospheric LNG storage

E-power

to customer

LNG

peak shaving

plant

Pressure

increase &

regasification

LNG

tank

Small-scale LNG typical business models

StarLNGTM is developed especially for the emerging small to mid-scale LNG mar-

ket with the objective to offer a plant with lowest CAPEX and shortest execu-

tion time ideally targeting the specific needs of small-scale LNG distribution

chains.

2727

Pre-engineered toolbox for most flexible and cost effectiveLNG plant solutions.

With our long-term experience in building and operating cryogenic plants, Linde will secure your good investment.

StarLNGTM - how to get your star?

Please contact our Linde Engineering head-

quarters or one of our local offices near you (see

contact details on the back page) to get more

information about StarLNGTM or a quote for your

individual small to mid-scale LNG project.

To achieve maximum benefit from our pre-engi-

neered StarLNGTM Toolbox a complete and final

Basis of Design (BoD) during the early bidding

phase will be appreciated. This document is re-

quired to develop a process design package (PDP)

including PFD, heat & material balance and pro-

cess data sheets before a contract award, so that

long lead equipment like compressors and cryo-

genic heat exchangers can be ordered immedi-

ately after the effective date of the contract.

Fast-track EPC time schedule

Pre-engineered process design, standard-

documentation and modularized plant layout

for shortest delivery time with minimum on-

site construction.

Lowest CAPEX

– Toolbox approach allows for customizing

plants, at the same time maintaining stan-

dardization benefits

– Global organization offers engineering and

procurement capabilities in best-cost coun-

tries

– Proven competence in EPC projects and

LNG plant operator experience

Safe, simple and highly efficient (lowest OPEX)

– Focusing on HSE to make small/mid-scale

LNG as safe as for world-scale plants

– Ability to execute plants in most challenging

HSE-environment, thereby enabling our clients

to use most cost efficient plant location

– Simple and robust to operate mixed refriger-

ant technology with highest energy efficiency

StarLNGTM conclusion.

LNG

/3.

5.e/

12

Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how in the planning,

project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.

The range of products comprises:

− Petrochemical plants

− LNG and natural gas processing plants

− Synthesis gas plants

− Hydrogen plants

− Gas processing plants

− Adsorption plants

− Air separation plants

− Cryogenic plants

− Biotechnological plants

− Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries

The Engineering Division

and its subsidiaries manufacture:

− Packaged units, cold boxes

− Coil-wound heat exchangers

− Plate-fin heat exchangers

− Cryogenic standard tanks

− Air heated vaporizers

− Spiral-welded aluminium pipes

− Submerged combustion vaporizers

− Cryogenic pumps

− Boil-off reliquefaction units

− Helium liquefaction units

Linde AGEngineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany

Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: [email protected], www.linde-engineering.com

LNG and Natural Gas Processing: Phone +49.89.7445-3706, Fax +49.89.7445-4928, E-Mail: [email protected]

More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in internationalplant construction.

Engineering DivisionSchalchen PlantTacherting, GermanyPhone +49.8621.85-0Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Dresden GmbHDresden, GermanyPhone +49.351.250-30Fax [email protected]

SELAS-LINDE GmbHPullach, GermanyPhone +49.89.7447-470Fax [email protected]

Cryostar SASHésingue, FrancePhone +33.389.70-2727Fax [email protected]

Linde CryoPlants Ltd.Aldershot, Great BritainPhone +44.1.252.3313-51Fax [email protected]

Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A.Rome, ItalyPhone +39.066.5613-1Fax [email protected]

Linde Kryotechnik AGPfungen, SwitzerlandPhone +41.52.3040-555Fax [email protected]

Bertrams Heatec AGPratteln, SwitzerlandPhone +41.61.467-7525Fax [email protected]

CRYO ABGothenburg, SwedenPhone +46.3164-6800Fax [email protected]

Linde Process Plants, Inc.Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.Phone +1.918.4771-200Fax [email protected]

Selas Fluid Processing Corp.Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.Phone +1.610.834-0300Fax [email protected]

Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda.São Paulo, BrazilPhone +55.21.3545-2255Fax [email protected]

Linde Process Plants (Pty.) Ltd.Johannesburg, South AfricaPhone +27.11.490-0513Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Dresden GmbHMoscow Office, RussiaPhone [email protected]

Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd.Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.1.419-1193Fax [email protected]

Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd.Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.3.887-1191Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Middle East LLCAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesPhone +971.2.6981-400Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.Vadodara, Gujarat, IndiaPhone +91.265.3056-789Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd.Seoul, South KoreaPhone +82.2789-6697Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering DivisionBangkok, ThailandPhone +66.2751-9200Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Dalian, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.411.3953-8819Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Hangzhou, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.571.87858-222Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering DivisionBeijing Representative OfficeBeijing, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.10.6437-7014Fax [email protected]

Linde Engineering Taiwan Ltd.Taipei, TaiwanPhone +886.2.2786-3131Fax [email protected]

Designing processes – constructing plants.