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Introduction
Flight Rules
VFR: Visual Flight Rules Visibility better than (5-)8 km (Special VFR) ATS flight plan optional (in some states...) Fewer training/equipage required
IFR: Instrumental Flight Rules Use of Radionavigation means ATS flight plan must be filed AND approved More training/equipage is required
Flight procedures:ICAO Document 8168
Procedures for Air Navigation Services:Aircraft Operations
PANS-OPS
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Introduction
VFR chart
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Introduction
VFR chart
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Introduction
IFR chart
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Introduction
Instrument flight procedures Provide flight guidance under IMC
Provide obstacle clearance
Provide separation with other procedures Help in managing air traffic
Ensure proper radionavigation coverage
IMC: Instrument Meteorological Conditions
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Introduction
Air Traffic Management Example
BAY TRACONTraffic Flow
South East Plan
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Introduction
Air Traffic Management Example
BAY TRACONTraffic Flow
South West Plan
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Radionavigation
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Radionavigation
Non Directional Beacon (NDB)Radio transmitter at a known location
190 kHz 1750 kHz (ICAO Annex 10)
280-530 kHz (Europe) 190-530 kHz (North
America)
Onboard Receiver:Automatic Direction
Finder (ADF)
Sensitive to meteorological effects,
terrain, aircraft bank...
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Radionavigation
VHF Onmidirectional Range (VOR)Radio transmitter at a known location
108 MHz 117.95 MHz (ICAO Annex 10)
Onboard Indicators: Omni Bearing Indicator
(OBI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Radio
Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
Reception range: 25NM 200 NMSignal more robust than NDB
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Radionavigation
Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)Radio transponder at a known location
1025 1150 MHz (airplane interrogator)
962 1150 MHz (ground transponder)
Band with 126 channels for interrogation
and 126 for replies
Usually collocated with a VOR station
Collocated also with ILS (and NDB)
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Radionavigation
Instrument Landing System (ILS)Localizer (LLZ): 108 112 MHz
Glide slope (GS): 329 335 MHz
Markers: 75 MHz
Outer Marker (OM), Medium
Marker (MM), Inner marker (IM)
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VOR DME
LOC GP
NDB
Radionavigation
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Radionavigation
Other radionavigation means:Locator (L):Same technology as NDB, but reduced coverage
Tactical AirNavigation (TACAN): Military version of
VOR+DME
Inertial Navigation/Reference Systems (INS/IRS)
Microwave Landing System (MLS)
Azimuth + Elevation angle (glide path)
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Radionavigation
Other radionavigation means:LORAN-C: Hiperbolic system
Direction Finder (DF)*
Surveillance Radar Equipment (SRE)*
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)*
* Typically surveillance systems, but can be used to issue
navigational information to the aircraft crew
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Global Positioning
[x,y,z,t]
GPS Accuracy: 10 to 100mAvailability?
INTEGRITY!!??
xy
z
Radionavigation
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GNSS Augmentation
Radionavigation
Example: SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System)
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GNSS Integrity
Estimatedaccuracy
IMAL
IMAL: Integrity monitoring alarm limit
HAL:Horizontal Alert LimitVAL:Vertical Alert Limit
IntegrityCheck
Use GNSSposition
DO NOT useGNSS
position!!
Radionavigation
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GNSS Integrity
Example:Vertical Alert Limit
(False Alarm) MI
MI
HMIMI: MisleadingInformation
HMI: HazardousMisleading Informatio
System Unavailable
Protection
Lev
Error
Radionavigation
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GNSS SARPS ICAO Annex 10 Vol I
Radionavigation
Horizontal Vertical Risk Alert limits Time-to-alert
En-route 3,7 km N/A 10-7/ h HAL 7.4 km 5 min 10-4/ h to 10-8/ h 0,99 to 0,99999
En-route, terminal 0,74 km N/A 10-7/ hHAL 3.7 to HAL
1.8515 s 10
-4/ h to 10
-8/ h 0,999 to 0,99999
Initial app.,
Intermediate app.,
Non-precision
a De arture
220 m N/A 10-7
/ h HAL 556 m 10 s 10-4
/ h to 10-8
/ h 0,99 to 0,99999
APV-I 220 m 20 m2x10
-7per
approach
HAL 40 m VAL 50
m10 s
8x10-6
in any
15 s0,99 to 0,99999
APV-II 16 m 8 m2x10
-7per
approach
HAL 40 m VAL 20
m6 s
8x10-6
in any
15 s0,99 to 0,99999
CAT-I 16 m 6 to 4 m2x10
-7per
approach
HAL 40 m VAL 15
m to 10 m6 s
8x10-6
in any
15 s0,99 to 0,99999
Accu racy (95%) Integrity
Continuity Availab ility
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RNAV = Area Navigation
Amethod of navigation which permits aircraftoperation onany desired flight path within thecoverage of station-referenced navigation aids,
or a combination of these.
A method of navigationusing flight tracks
joining any two points withoutthe need for theoverflyof specific groundfacil ities.
RNAV Concept
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RNAV = Area Navigation
RNAV is NOTfree flight !
RNAV Concept
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RNAV capable system
DME/DME
VOR/DMEGNSS INS/IRS
(Loran C)(with augmentation
system) FMS + DB
Aircraft Position
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RNAV positioning
RNAV System
VOR/DME
Automatic VOR/DME selection
Automatic position computation
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RNAV positioning
RNAV System
DME/DME
Automatic DME selection
Automatic position computation
Good geometry required
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RNAV positioning
RNAV System
GNSS, INS/IRS, (Loran C)
GNSS: Good geometry required
41 315N2635E
41 112N2675E
412322N5241E
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RNAV positioning
Good geometry?
DME/DMEa = intersection angle
30 < a < 150
a
a
a
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RNAV positioning
Good geometry?
GNSS
DOP (Dilution of precision):
# Satellites in viewGeometry
Satellite outage
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RNAV positioning
The RNAV system:
Selects the best source of navigationif morethan one is available.
Always f lies to the next waypoint and provides
guidance datato the autopilot system.
Provides guidance datato the flight directorin
order to f ly manually.
Express waypoints in WGS84 coordinates
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RNAV advantages
RNAV navigation allows:
More direct routes (flight time reduction)
Less fuel consumption
Delay reduction (more routes, no bottlenecks)Noise reduction
Less track dispersion
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RNAV advantages
ConventionalNavigation
RNAVNavigation
Contents of the presentation
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Contents of the presentation
1 - Radionavigation means2 - Flight procedures
3 - Airspace management
4 - Instrument approach procedures
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Flight Phases and Procedures
Top of Climb (TOC, T/C)Top of Descent (TOD, T/D)
Climb Descentruise
Climb phase
Cruise phase
Descent phase
Departure phase
En-route phase
Arrival/App phase
Aircraft
Performance
Air Traffic
Management
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Flight procedures
Departure
Procedures
Standard
Instrumental
Departures (SID)
Fli ht d
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Flight procedures
Departure
Procedures
Omnidirectional
Departures
Fli ht d
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Flight procedures
En-route procedures Airways
Fli ht d
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Flight procedures
Arrival
Procedures
Standard
Terminal Arrival
Routes (STAR)
Fli ht d
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Flight procedures
Arrival
Procedures
Omnidirectional
Arrivals
Fli ht d
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Flight procedures
Approach
Procedures
C ti l P d
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Conventional Procedures
FIXES
Facil ities
Intersections
Timing
C ti l P d
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Conventional Procedures
FIXES vs. POINTS
FIX
Point
C ti l P d
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Conventional Procedures
Namedpoints/fixes:
IAF Initial Approach Fix
IF Intermediate FixFAF Final Approach Fix
FAP Final Approach Point
MAPt Missed Approach Point
C ti l P d
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Conventional Procedures
LEGS
VOR radialNDB course
DME arc
Dead reckoning
ILS Localizer / MLS azimuth
Conventional Procedures
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Conventional Procedures
NDB course
V
OR
radial
DME arc
DeadReckoning
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
DeadReckoning
DeadReckoning
Turn
Turn
Turn
Turn
Turn
RNAV procedures
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Namedwaypoints:
IAF Initial Approach Fix
IF Intermediate Fix
FAF Final Approach Fix
MAPt Missed Approach Point
MAHF Missed Approach Holding Fix
[NOTE: IAWP, IWP, FAWP, MAWP removed in amendment 12, ICAO Doc 8168]
RNAV procedures
Fly-Over waypoints
Fly-by waypoints
RNAV procedures
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Fly-by
Fly-over
No lead
radials!!
RNAV procedures
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
RNAV Path and Terminators
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RNAV Path and Terminators
Transform proceduresintocodedflight path
Howtonavigate froma starting point/location to a
terminatingpoint/condition
Example:TF: Track between Fixes
TF Guided Path
Non-guided Path
RNAV Path and Terminators
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RNAV Path and Terminators
DF
Transform proceduresintocodedflight path
Howtonavigate froma starting point/location to a
terminatingpoint/condition
Example:DF: Direct to a Fix
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
RNAV Path and Terminators
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RNAV Path and Terminators
Transform proceduresintocodedflight path
Howtonavigate froma starting point/location to a
terminatingpoint/condition
Example:CF: Course to a Fix
77o
CF Guided Path
Non-guided Path
RNAV Path and Terminators
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RNAV Path and Terminators
Path and Terminator
Specification:ARINC 424standard
Set of two alphabetic characters
Instructionsto navigate to a specific pointor a
terminating condition
23different path terminators
Procedures are transformed into a coded flight
path With RNAV the aircraftflies according to the data
base not the charts!!!
RNAV Path and Terminators
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RNAV Path and Terminators
IF Initial FixDF Direct to fixTF Track between fixesRF Radius to fixCF Course to fixCD Course to DME arc
CR Course to VOR radialCA Course to altitudeCI Course to intercept next legHF Hold/racetrack to fixHA Hold/racetrack to altitudeHM Hold/racetrack for manual
termination (clearance)
PI Procedure turn to interceptnext leg
FC From fix to a distanceFD From fix to a DME arcFA From fix to an altitudeFM From fix to manual
terminationAF DME arc to fixVD Heading to DME arcVA Heading to altitude (climb)VM Heading to manual
termination (vectors)
VI Heading to intercept next legVR Heading to VOR Radial
RNAV path terminators. Others used to code conventional procedures
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Controlled Airspace
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Types of controlled Airspace
AWY: Airway
CTR: Control Zone (from surface level)
CTA: Control Area
TMA: Terminal Maneuvering Area
ATZ*: Aerodrome Traffic Zone (usually 1500' and 5NM)
* The ATZ can be non-controlled or with traffic information
Controlled Airspace
Controlled Airspace
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Controlled Airspace
TMA/CTA
CTR CTR
ATZ ATZ ATZ
UIR
FIR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=8X2KkNQWobw
CTR
ATZ
AWY
Controlled Airspace
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Controlled Airspace
Example:Controlled airspace in Spain
Controlled Airspace
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Controlled Airspace
Airspace Design
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Airspace Design
Example: high altitude sectors in the continental USA
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ATS sectors (TMA)
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ATS sectors (TMA)
Sectors in
Area 8
Washington
Center
Airspace Design
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Airspace Design
Example1: Barcelona SIDs and STARs strategic deconfliction
SIDs: Above FL70
Airspace Design
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Airspace Design
Example2: Palma de Mallorca SIDs and STARs strategic deconfliction
SIDs: Maintain 6000 ft
SIDs: Maintain 4000 ft
Airspace Design
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Airspace Design
Example 3: Heathrow strategic deconfliction
Airspace Design
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Airspace Design
Example 4: Heathrow new ERAT project (www.erat.aero)
ERAT Heart 1a concept
http://youtu.be/e0C7SR1gSs0
Contents of the presentation
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1 - Radionavigation means2 - Flight procedures
3 - Airspace management
4 - Instrument approach procedures
IFR approaches
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IFR approaches
DME
NDB
SRE
VOR2D
Departure
En-Route
ArrivalApproach
Conventional
Radionavigation
ILS PAR
MLS
3DPrecisionApproach (PA)
VOR (+DME)
NDB
2D
Non PrecisionApproach (NPA)
SRE
L
LOC
MLS azimuth
DF
Final Approachsegment
VOR: VHF Omnidirectional Range
DME: Distance Measurement Equipment
NDB: Non Directional Beacon
SRE: Secondary Radar Equipment
DF: Direction Finder
L: Locator
LOC (or LLZ): Localizer (ILS)
MLS: Microwave Landing System
ILS: Instrumental Landing System
PAR: Precision Approach Radar
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IFR approaches
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IFR approaches
LNAV/VNAV(Lateral Navigation/Vertical Navigation)(APV BaroVnav):SBAS class 2, Baro-VNAV system.
LPV (Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance)(APV SBAS):SBAS class 3-4.
RNAV Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)
GLS(GNSS Landing System):GBAS, dualfrequency SBAS, ...
RNAV Precision Approach (PA)
IFR approaches
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Category A: Vat< 169km/h
Category B: 169km/h < Vat< 224km/h
Category C: 224km/h < Vat< 261km/hCategory D: 261km/h < Vat< 307km/h
Category E: 307km/h < Vat< 391km/h
Category H: Helicopters
Airspeed at Treshold (IAS)Vat= 1.3Vs1g at MLW
pp
Approach procedures designed for different
Aircraft Categories*:
IAS: Indicated AirSpeed
MLW: Maximum Landing Weight* ICAO Doc. 8168 PANS-OPS Vol-I
IFR approaches
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Approach procedures designed for different
Aircraft Categories*:
Category A: Cessna 172, Piper PA28, Beech Baron,...
Category B: ATR72, Falcon 10,...
Category C: Airbus A320, Boeing 737, MD83,...Category D: Airbus A340, Boeing 747, DC10,...
Category E: Concorde
Category H: Helicopters
* ICAO Doc. 8168 PANS-OPS Vol-I
pp
IFR approaches
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pp
Approach procedure segments:
1- Initial SegmentAllows the aircraft to descend and align with the runway
2- Intermediate Segment**
Allows the aircraft to transition to the landing cofiguration (speed, flap/slats...)
3- Final Segment*Allows a safe descend to the runway for landing
4- Missed Approach Segment*Allows a safe climb in case of aborted landing
* Mandatory segments in ALL type of approaches
** Mandatory segment only in PA and APV approaches
IFR approaches
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pp
Types of approaches
Straight-in approachIf final approach track moved 30 deg or less from runway
centerline ANDfinal descent gradientwithin specified limits*
Circling approach (circle to land)If not Straight-in approach
- free visual manoeuvering (circling)
- visual manoeuvering using prescribed tracks
In function of:
Final segmentalignment
* See ICAO Doc. 8168 PANS-OPS Vol-II
IFR approaches
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pp
Types of approaches
Non Precision Approach (NPA) Lateral Guidance
MDA/H: Minimum Descent Altitude/Height
MAPt: Missed Approach Point
Precision Approach (PA) and Aproach with Vertical
Guidance (APV)
Lateral AND Vertical Guidance DA/H: Decision Altitude/Height
Altitude cross-check with marker beacons and/or DME
In function of:
Final segmentguidance
IFR approaches
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FAF (or end of turn)
Missed
Approach Point
(MAPt)
Missed
approach
pp
Non Precision Approach (NPA)
Visual Landing
Minimum
Descent
Altitude/Height
(MDA/H)
Non-guided
descent
IFR approaches
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FAP
Decision
Altitude/Height
(DA/H)
Missed
approach
pp
Precision Approach (PA) or Approach withVertical Guidance (APV)
Visual Landing
Guided
descent
Marker
beacon
IFR approaches
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Example chart: PAU PYRENEES
Type(s) of aircraft? Type(s) of appraoch(es)? (ILS, LPV, NDB, LOC,VOR,...)
For each approach:
Straight-in, circling or visual prescribed tracks?
Precision Approach, Non Precision Approach, APV?DA(H) or MDA(H)?
pp
French nomenclature:MVL (Manoeuvre a Vue Libre) = Visual circling
MVI (Manoeuvre a Vue Impose) = Visual prescribed tracks
Initial Segment
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Start: IAF
End: IF or FAF or end of turn
Free (for the procedure designer!) trajectories:
- Straight with track guidance
- Straight dead reckoning
- Curved with track guidance (DME arc, RNAV RF leg)
Pre-defined trajectories:Used if initial turn exceeds 120and/or to provide room for extra
descent and/or to increase final segment lenght- Reversal procedure (or procedure turn)
- Racetrack procedure
g
Initial Segment
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T
Intersection or
timing (T)
Reversal Procedure: 45/180 procedure turn
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
Facility
End of turn
Initial Segment
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Reversal Procedure: 80/260 procedure turn
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
T
Facility
Intersection or
timing (T)
End of turn
Initial Segment
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Reversal Procedure: Base turn (tear drop)
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
Facility
Intersection or
timing (T)
End of turn
Initial Segment
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Reversal Procedures: Entry
Arrivals outside the direct entry sector must integrate a hold(usually defined above the facility) first prior to the reversal
procedure
Initial Segment
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Racetrack Procedure:
Guided Path
Non-guided Path
Same holding
procedures entry andturn principlesapply
Facility
T
A RacetrackIS NOT a holding
procedure!!
Intersection or
timing (T)
End of turn
Intermediate Segment
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Start: IF or end of turn
End: - Non Precision Approaches: FAF
- Precision Approaches and APV: FAP
Horizontal (constant altitude) and straight segment *
Segment with track guidance
Minimum lenght: 30 at initial segment speed Mandatory segment for Precision Approaches and APV
* Some exceptions might apply.
See ICAO Doc. 8168 PANS-OPS Vol-II
Final Segment
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Start: - Non Precision Approaches: FAF or end of turn- Precision Approaches and APV: FAP
End: - Non Precision Approaches: MAPt- Precision Approaches and APV: when reaching DA/H
MAPt definition:
Overflying a facility Intersection
DME distance or timing from a FIX/Facility
Final Segment
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Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA/H)
Specified altitude/height in a non-precision approach or a circling
approach below which descent must not be made without the
required visual reference.
Decision Altitude/Height (DA/H)
Specified altitude/height in a precision approach or APV at whicha missed approach must be initiated if the required visual
reference to continue the apporach has not been established.
Obstacle clearance Altitude/Height (OCA/H)
The lowest altitude/height used in establishing compliance withappropriate obstacle clearance criteria.
Final Segment
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Obstacle clearance Altitude/Height (OCA/H)
The state mustdetermine and publish it
Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA/H) and Decision
Altitude/Height (DA/H)
The state may publish a lower bound* for the (M)DA/H and/or
RVR. The operator must stablish (M)DA/H and RVR or Visibility(airport minima) and the state mustaprove them.
* Also known as the minimum-minimum
RVR: Runway Visual Range
Final Segment
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FrenchDGAC
AENA
Perpiny
ILS/LLZ RWY 33
Granada
ILS RWY 09
Final Segment
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FAA
Long Beach (CA)
ILS/LOC RWY 30 DA/RVR*
DH (military minimas)
* In hundreds of feet
(if RVR) or staute
miles (if Visibility)
Different RVRs (or
Visibility) as a
function of the airport
lighting system status
Final Segment
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OCA OCH
MDA
or DA
MDH
or DH
Mean Sea Level
Threshold
elevation
Highest applicable
Obstacle*
MDA/H or DA/HLower bound**
Operational Safety
Margin**
Obstacle clearanceSafety Margin*
** ICAO Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft.
* ICAO Doc. 8168 PANS-OPS Vol-II
Final Segment
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* No criteria published (yet)
ConventionalApproaches
RNAVApproaches
PrecisionApproaches (PA) Precision
Approaches (PA)
CAT I
CAT II
CAT III ACAT III B
CAT III C
CAT I
(CAT II)*
(CAT III A)*(CAT III B )*
(CAT III C )*
Approaches with
VerticalGuidance (APV)
APV I
(APV II)*
Vertical performance
Final Segment
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Navigation system requirements
Vertical
3,7 km N/A HAL 7.4 km 5 min
0,74 km N/A 15 s
220 m N/A HAL 556 m 10 s
APV-I220 m 20 m 10 s
APV-II 16 m 8 m 6 s
CAT-I 16 m 6 to 4 m 6 s
Accuracy (95%) IntegrityContinuity Availabil ity
Horizontal Risk Alert limits Time-to-aler t
En-route 10-7/ h10-4/ h to
10-8/ h0,99 to0,99999
En-route, terminal 10-7/ h HAL 3.7 toHAL 1.85
10-4/ h to10-8/ h
0,999 to0,99999
Initial app .,Intermediate app.,Non-precision app,Departure
10-7/ h10-4/ h to
10-8/ h0,99 to0,99999
2x10-7 per
approach
HAL 40 m
VAL 50 m
8x10-6 in any
15 s
0,99 to
0,99999
2x10-7 perapproach
HAL 40 mVAL 20 m
8x10-6 in any15 s
0,99 to0,99999
2x10-7 perapproach
HAL 40 mVAL 15 m to
10 m
8x10-6 in any15 s
0,99 to0,99999
Example: GNSS SARPS (ICAO Annex 10 Vol 1)
Final Segment
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Example: GNSS Alarm limits
HAL: Horizontal Alert Limit. VAL: Vertical Alert Limit
Represents the containment of the uncertainty on aircraft position at 10-7probability
Navigation system requirements
Final Segment
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Decision Height (DH) VisibilityCAT I: DH 200 ft Visibility 800m
or RVR 550m
CAT II*: 200 ft DH 100 ft RVR 350 m
CAT III-A*: 100 ft DH 0 ft RVR 200 m
CAT III-B*: 50 ft DH 0 ft RVR 50 mCAT III-C*: No DH limiation No RVR limitatio
* Subject to operations and airworthiness evaluation
(aircraft equipment, crew training, maintenance
procedures, airport infrastructure, ATC trainning... RVR: Runway Visual Range
Approach Minima-Minima (ICAO Annex 6)
PrecisionApproaches
(PA)
APV I: DH 250 ft RVR 600m
APV II: To be defined To be defined
Approacheswith vertical
guidance (APV)
Missed Approach Segment
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Start: - Non Precision Approaches: MAPt- Precision Approaches and APV: when reaching DA/H
End: When attaining the Minimum Obstacle Clearance(MOC) of the following segment
After the Missed Approach, the aircraft will be able to:
Integrate into a holding pattern Try the approach again
Resume navigation into the en-route airway structure
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and thats all!
Thank you
for your interest!