201115985 power point slides ( matter and matterial)

MATER AND MATERIALS

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTER

Edited by MUSA ELVIS CHAUKE

3RD YEAR STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG

201115985

Chemistry

A physical science that involves the study of the properties, composition,& structure of matter and the changes it undergoes.

What is a chemical?

Any substance that has a definite composition or is used or produced in a chemical process.

Sugar is an example of a chemical

MATTER

Anything that has mass and occupies space

All matter is composed of atoms

Atom:

Extremely small chemically indivisible particle

Atom is Greek for “that which cannot be divided”

Greek philosopher Democritus is given credit for idea

Modern science can now divide an atom, so new definition includes chemically indivisible

An atom cannot be divided and retain it’s chemical properties

Three Major Classes of Elements

Metals- located on the left of the Periodic Table- most of the elements

Non-Metals- located on the right of the Periodic Table

Metalloids- on the zigzag line between Metals and Nonmetals- have properties that are skewed- ie…Silicon is conductive

You will have to memorize the symbol and element name for approximately 40 common elements

More ways to describe matter

Element: any substance that cannot be broken up into simpler substances by chemical means

silver, copper, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen

Compound: a substance formed when atoms of two or more elements join together

H20 (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Mixture: a material of two or more substances that are not chemically bound to each other and can be separated

Blood: water-based mixture including

Proteins, sugars, salt, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

Metals are malleable (can be shaped)

Metals are ductile (can be drawn into wires)

Metals have high tensile strength

Metals have luster (shiny)

PropertiesProperties of Nonmetalsof Nonmetals

Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and Electricity

Nonmetals tend to be brittle

Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature

What is not matter?

• Light

• Electricity

• Sound

Fixed composition Cannot be separated into simpler

substances by physical methods (physical changes)

Can only be changed in identity and properties by chemical methods

Properties do not vary- Unique Density, Constant Boiling and Melting Points

Compounds

Chemically joined elements- Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ratio

Elements Cannot be

decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes

Section 3-4Compounds (cont.)

• The properties of a compound are different from its component elements.

Section 3-4Compounds

• A compound is a made up of two or more elements combined chemically.

• Most of the matter in the universe exists as compounds.

• Table salt, NaCl, and water, H2O, are

compounds.

Section 3-4Compounds (cont.)

• This figure shows electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen.

Variable composition Components retain their

characteristic properties May be separated into pure

substances by physical methods sifting, evaporation, magnetism, etc…

Mixtures of different compositions may have widely different properties

Do NOT have definite boiling/melting points

Homogenous mixtures look the same throughout but can be separated by physical means

Examples: salt water, soda

Have the same composition throughout

Components are indistinguishable

Can exist between all phases of matter: air (gases) brass (alloy- blend of multiple metals -solids)

soda (gas, solid, liquid)

Solutions are homogenous mixtures that do not scatter light. These mixtures are created when something is completely dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they are easily separated by distillation or evaporation. Appear in one phase of matter

Examples: sugar water, salt water

Parts of a solution

Solvent- part that does the dissolving- water is our universal solvent

Solute- part that was dissolved (salt)

How do we increase solubility of a solid into a liquid

Heat it- more collisions between solute and solvent

Mix- Fresh solvent to solute

Crush- more surface area- more contact

Increase solubility of a gas in a liquid

Henrys Law- solubility of the gasis directly proportional to the pressure above the liquid-

Effervescence- rapid escape of gas from liquid

Decrease temperature- slows down diffusion

Heterogeneous mixtures are composed of large pieces that are easily separated by physical means (ie. density, polarity, metallic properties, size).

Pond Water, Vegetable Soup- Suspensions Visible particles

Starch Water: invisible to the eye :colloid

Physical Properties – Observable traits of a material that may be measured without altering the substance

Examples: Mass, Color, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density

We can use physical properties to separate mixtures:Please determine a method to separate the

following and determine the type of matter:

Oil and Water

Iron and Sand

Sand and Salt

Sulfur and Sugar

What are the physical properties of the substance to the right?

What do you think the material is that made this bracelet?

How could you be sure?

Density- the amount of material in a given volume- unique to the material

Chemical Change- an irreversible change that changes the identity and make up of the materialExamples:RustingBurning

There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change.

In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another

Energy comes in two forms :

Kinetic Energy: Movement

Potential Energy: Stored

All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These

changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.

A physical change occurs when the substance changes state but does not change its chemical composition. It is not permanent and is reversible! Example Phase Changes!

Physical Change

For example: Ice melting to water. The form or appearance has changed, but the properties of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the same melting point, boiling point, chemical composition, etc.)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing substance into another substance

Color

Odor

Taste

Size

Physical state (liquid, gas, or solid)

Boiling point

Melting point

Density

Names of Water Phase ChangesEndothermic Requires Energy

to go forward

Melting: Solid Liq

Boiling (forced)

Liquid Gas

Evaporation ( spon)

Liquid Gas

Sublimation

Solid Gas

Exothermic Gives energy off

Condensation

Gas Liq

Freezing:

Liq Solid

Deposition:

Gas Solid

A substance changes into something new. It is irreversible.

All Chemical Changes can be written as a reaction

A + B AB

A, B are the starting materials- reactants

AB is the result- product

Reaction with acids

Reaction with bases (alkalis)

Reaction with oxygen (combustion)

Ability to act as oxidizing agent

Ability to act as reducing agent

Reaction with other elements

Decomposition into simpler substances

Corrosion

Physical and chemical properties may be intensive or extensive.

Intensive properties such as density, color, and boiling point do not depend on the size of the sample of matter and can be used to identify substances.

Extensive properties such as mass and volume do depend on the quantity of the sample.

Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.

The physical properties of sodium metal can be observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density.

Hardness, color, melting point and density are all physical properties.

Specific Heat

Physical Property that is unique to the material

Amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

-Why do you choose to sit on the wooden bleachers on a cold fall day for a football game instead of the metal bleachers?

Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances.

These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest.

One of the chemical properties of alkali metals such as sodium and potassium is that they react with water. To determine this, we would have to combine an alkali metal with water and observe what happens.

In other words, we have to define chemical properties of a substance by the chemical changes it undergoes.

.States of Matter

The physical forms of matter, either solid, liquid, or gas, are called the states of matter.

• Solids are a form of matter that have their own definite shape and volume.

• Liquids are a form of matter that have a definite volume but take the shape of the container.

.States of Matter (cont.)

• Gases have no definite shape or volume. They expand to fill their container.

• Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature.

Resources MenuChemistry Online

Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Standardized Test Practice

Image Bank

Concepts in Motion

Reference

Atreasuredsecret.(2013). Matter and material. Available from : http://www.slideshare.net/musachauke/savedfiles?s_title=matter-16243469&user_login=atreasuredsecret [ Accessed 06 March 2014]

Braisitz(2011). Matter and change. Available from :http://www.slideshare.net/briansitz/matter-and-change-9735404[06 March 2014]

Hamz, J.(2010). Chemistry and change. Available from: //www.slideshare.net/jhamze/cmc-chapter-03 [06 March 2014]

Hernandez,E.(2012).Matter and material. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/alexrhernandez7777/matter-27998160?qid=6343c4ae-f420-4fb7-bab5-c888b8836185&v=default&b=&from_search=1 [Accessed 06 March 2014]