2011 geo edu(seoraksan) material by chungbuk National University

2011 GEO-EDU in Korean NatureSeoraksan, 30 September-3 October Jeju Island, 6-10 November Leader: Prof. Chang Zin Lee Office: +82-43-261-2737 Mobile: +82-10-6553-8880 [email protected]

Information of field tripAll participants have to pay 100USD for theSeoraksan field tripFood, accommodation and travel expensesduring field trip will be shouldered by theorganizerPreparation: Hiking boats, mountain-climbingclothes, sun cream, hat, pencil, note, camera,computer, sunglass, wind jacket, knapsackWeather: 0-15C, Rain or bright

Seoraksan investigating members

Welcome to Seoraksan

Granite peaks exposed on the Seoraksan ridge

East sea coast from Daecheongbong Benevolent person delights in the mountain, wise person delights in the sea

Granite peaks exposed along the Dinosaur Ridge(GongryongNeugseon), the most dangerous and rough ridge of Seoraksan

Seoraksan National Park was designated the 5thnational park in Korea in 1970 and also internationallyrecognized for its rare species. Seoraksan wasdesignated as a Biosphere Preservation District byUNESCO in 1982.The total area of Seoraksan National Park is about400 km2 and it is divided two regions; Naeseorak andOeseorak. Seoraksan has a total of 30 imposingpeaks.Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan,including the Korea goral, Musk deer and others.There are also more than 1,400 rare plant species,such as the Edelweiss, here as well.

1st day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; September 30 Time Student Agenda Location September 30 05:30-10:00 Departure to Seoraksan CBNU Investigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist, Hangyeryeong Information September 30 porphyroblastic gneiss, granitic gneiss, augen Center(HIC) to 10:30-18:30 gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite, weathering and Jungcheongbong(JCB) erosional surface and geography of Seoraksan September 30 Walk down to Bongjeongam JCB to Bongjeongam 18:30-19:30 September 30 Temple style dinner Bongjeongam 19:30-20:30 September 30 Free time Bongjeongam 20:30

2nd day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; October 1 Time Student Agenda Location October 1 Departure to DCB Bongjeongam 8:00 Investigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist, October 1 porphyroblastic gneiss, migmatite, granitic gneiss, 8:00-17:30 DCB to Seorakdong augen gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite and geography of Seoraksan October 1 19:00-20:00 Dinner and free time Ilseong condominium October 1 20:00 Free time Ilseong condominium

3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; October 2 Time Student Agenda Location October 2 9:00 Departure to Ulsanam Ilseong condominium Investigation of some kinds of rocks, beach sand and geography Naksansa temple October 2 9:00-14:00 Buddhism and ancient culture by Prof. Yong hwan East Sea shoreline Kim October 2 Lunch East Sea shoreline 14:00-16:00 October 2 16:00 Free time Ilseong condominium

3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of YeongwolSeoraksan and Yeongwol; October 3 Time Student Agenda Location October 3 Departure to the field sites in Yeongwol Ilseong condominium 5:30 October 3 Buddhism explanation on Beopheungsa Beopheungsa temple 9:30-12:30 Temple by Prof. Yong Hwan Kim October 3 Investigation of geologic and sedimentary Yeongwol 12:30-14:30 structures, fossils and geography October 3 Moving from Yeongwol to Cheongju Yeongwol to Cheongju 14:30-18:00 October 3 The end of the Seoraksan field trip CBNU 18:00

Geographic Map and Hangyeryeong Pass Course Hangyeryeong Pass Course Travel Time : 13 hours 20 minutes Distance : 19.3 km Altitude : 1,000 m

Big Mass of Ulsanam GraniteIn the Seoraksan, there are many rocky peaks which are all composed of granite or gneiss.The peaks are well-exposed with some weathering evidences; exfoliation dome, castlekoppie, tor and panhole(weathering pan or solution pan). The Ulsanam is the best of the Seoraksan peaks in the view of spectacle, weathering evidences and scale.

Tor Panhole Exfoliation dome Castle wall-shaped Ulsanam

Geologic Sequence of Rocks and Strata in Seoraksan Geologic age Name Relation Quaternary Alluvium UnconformityCenozoic Period Era Tertiary Dilluvium Unconformity Period Granite Porphyry Intrusion Ulsan Granite Intrusion Masanite Intrusion Pinkish Granite IntrusionMesozoic Cretaceous Jeombongsan Granite Intrusion Era Period Biotite Granite Intrusion Seoraksan Granite Intrusion Hornblend Granite Intrusion Seoraksan Formation Unconformity Precambrian Gneiss Complex

Porphyritic Granite including feldspar porphyry(left) Granodiorite(right)

Granite, coarse-grained

Quartz vein in granite

Occurrences and Processes of Igneous RockOccurrences: A = magma chamber(batholith); B = dike; C = laccolith; D = pegmatite; E = sill; F = stratovolcanoProcesses: 1 = newer intrusion cutting through older one; 2 = xenolith; 3 = contact metamorphism; 4 = uplift due to laccolith emplacement

Basic Classification of Igneous Rock

Basic Classification of Igneous RockRhyolite: Greek rhyax "stream of lava"Dacite: Dacia, a province of the Roman Empire which lay between the Danube Riverand Carpathian Mountains (now modern Romania)Andesite : Andes mountain range.Basalt: Latin basaltes, misspelling of L. basanites "very hard stone," which was importedfrom Ancient Greek, basanity*s (basanites), from basano*s (basanos, "touchstone")Komatiite: Komati River in South AfricaGranite: Latin granum "grain"Diorite: Greek diorizein "distinguish"Gabbro: A town in the Italian Tuscany regionPeridotite: Peridot, a gemstone and pale green olivine

Porphyroblast: A large mineral crystal in a metamorphic rock which hasgrown within the finer grained groundmass. Porphyroblasts arecommonly euhedral crystals, but can also be partly to completelyirregular in shape.Gneiss: Middle German gneist, to spark(because the rock glitters)Schist: Greek schistos, to splitSlate: French escalate, to split thin platePhyllite: to split into sheetsHornfels: hornstoneMigmatite: Greek migma, to mix

Two types of Seoraksan Gneiss Complex Left: Porphyroblastic Gneiss including feldspar crystals Pressure,=Temperature

Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course Augen Gneiss Jungc. Daec. Intrusive rock Soc. Miarolitic Aplite texture Porphyroblastic Banded texture Pinkish feldspar Gneiss Granite White feldspar Granite Pinkish feldspar GraniteHangyeryong The upper part of Seoraksan: Metamorphic rock, Gneiss The lower part of Seoraksan: Granite

Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course 8. Banded Gneiss High Pressure>High Temperature Augen Gneiss High Pressure>,=High Temperature Porphyroblastic Gneiss High P

Types of Metamorphism Regional metamorphism Important factor: Pressure and temperature Regional metamorphism occurs large areas of continental crusttypically associated with mountain ranges, particularly subduction zones. Contact metamorphism Important factor: Temperature>>pressureContact metamorphism occurs typically around intrusive igneous rocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of magma into cooler country rock. Dynamic metamorphism Important factor: Pressure>>Temperature Dynamic metamorphism is associated with zones of high to moderate strain such as fault zones. Cataclasis, crushing and grinding of rocks into angular fragments, occurs in dynamic metamorphic zones, giving cataclastic texture.

Rock Cycle 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 =sediments and sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting

Types of Volcanic Rock Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Trachyte

Types of Intrusive Rock Gabbro Diorite Granite Pegmatite

Types of Metamorphic Rock (I) Hornfels Marble Cataclastic Rock Migmatite

Types of Intrusive Rock (II) Slate Schist Phyllite Gneiss

Augen Gneiss

Bongjeongam; small temple, accommodation available

Talus, weathering products near Gwitaegichungbong

Dome-shaped granite mass

Daecheongbong

Observatory and mountain cabin(left) located near summit(right) of Seoraksan

Daechungbong summit and Jungcheongbong cabin Direction of Daechungbong summitDaechungbong summit Jungchungbong cabin

Squirrel in Soraksan

Interaction between Matteo andKorean squirrel

Fall foliage, scarlet mapple leaves

Sunset; photographing near Jungcheongbong

Rocky mountains near Cheonbuldong valley

Cubic joint in Chunbuldong granite

V-shaped valley(left) and entrance(right) of Cheonbuldong valley

Water fall flowing on granite in Cheonbuldong valley

Migmatic gneiss

Augen gneiss

Aplite dyke in augen gneiss

Naksan sand beach and lagoon lagoon

Questionnaire of Seoraksan Field Trip1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in the valley area?2. Compare the metamorphic condition between augen gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss.3. What is the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism?4. The Seoraksan granites show coarse-grained texture, which indicate the evidence crystallized at deep Earth crust. However all the granites are found on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason.5. Explain the formational processes the metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks distributed in our field course.

Matteo Lindners Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in the valley area? On the base of the mountain we mainly observed coarse grained granite with a composition of 40% quartz, 40% feldspar, and 20% biotite. The crystals diameter of 3-5mm led us to the conclusion that the granite was formed in a slow cooling process in a batholith. Occasionally we also found medium grained granite, which formed in a dyke where the cooling process is faster. Moreover, we found some evidence contact metamorphism between mudrock and granite that resulted in hornfels and a quartz vein. Towards the top of the mountain we observed various types of gneiss, which covers the granite. We also found small amounts of andesite, which must have come from a dyke.2. Compare the metamorphic condition between augen gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss. Augen and poryphyroblastic gneiss forms through regional metamorphism. The regular alignment of the layers and eyes in Augen gneiss is due to high pressure. Poryphyroblasts form in gneiss when it recrystallizes due to high temperature.

Matteo Lindners Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip3. What were the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism? On Seoraksan the original rocks would be mudrock or granite.4. The Seoraksan granites show a coarse-grained texture, which indicates crystallization deep in the earth crust. However, all the granites can be found on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason. The earth crust consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving. When two plates move towards each other and one moves under the other, its called subduction. The exposed granites on Seoraksan crystallized deep inside the Earth crust, but the subduction of the Eurasian and the Pacific plate moved the granites of the Eurasian plate to the surface. After the geotectonic movement the upper part of the crust, which lay on the granite, were eroded over a long geologic period.5. Explain the formational processes of the metamorphic and igneous rocks that were distributed over our hiking course. The igneous rock granite crystallized deep in the earth crust (we also call this intrusive) in batholiths. The igneous rock andesite crystallized in dykes. The metamorphic rocks were formed through regional metamorphism, which occurs in large areas of the continental crust typically associated with mountain ranges, particularly subduction zones. The original rocks were either mudrock or, of course, granite, which was metamorphosed.

Bongjeongam Temple below Socheongbong

Bongjeongam TempleDancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings

Naksansa TempleDancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings

Sinheungsa Temple(left) and Buddha Statue(right)

Yeongwol Geo-parkGeology, Geography, Biology, Culture and Sports 500million-years-old strata & fossils Karst Danjong topography Jangneung Donggang rafting Biodiversity Museum complex

in the northeastern region, South Korea

Stratigraphy of Yeongwol Quaternary strata ~unconformity~ Mesozoic strata ~unconformity~Late Paleozoic(Carboniferous-Permian) strata ~unconformity~ Early Paleozoic(Cambrian-Ordovician) strata

PALEOZOIC STRATA and FOSSILS, YEONGWOL GUN, KOREA Algal mat Algal mat & desiccation crack Stromatopoloid Invertebrate & trace fossils

algal matsdesiccation crack

Origin of Stromatolitea. When it gets sun light, blue-green algae starts photosynthesis combining CaO and CO2 and making oxygen.b. Suspended particles, mostly fine sand, are stuck to algae when the sun sets. Deposition on the bottom.c. When the sun rises, algae repeat its daily process growing up day by day.d. After several thousand years, it turns into rock looks like a mushroom.

Trace fossil

Reference Trace fossils Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ikhnos "trace, track"), are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism

Stromatoporoid

General characteristics of stromatoporoid The stromatoporoids had massive calcareous skeletons that are preserved as rather conspicuous fossils. The surface of the skeleton, where most of the living tissue resided, has raised structures called mamelons. The stromatoporoid grew by secreting calcareous sheets. This growth process resulted in layers, termed laminae, parallel to the substrate and rod-like pillars perpendicular to the laminae. Some stromatoporoids formed domes in excess of 5 m in diameter.

Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks and stromatolites are found in a bed, what is the depositional environment of the bed.2. Explain about the formational process of stromatolite.3. What is the difference between stromatolite and stromatoporoid? And do they have something in common with each other?4. What is the trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils?5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as below. Please interpret the depositional environment. Limestone Shale Mudstone Siltstone Sandstone Conglomerate

Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks, and stromatolites are found in a bed, wh at is the depositional environment of the bed? Its intertidal. Ripple marks dont necessarily need to be found in intertidal zones; they can also be found in subtidal zones, but they show that the bed was once in the shallow marine. Mud cracks (also: desiccation cracks) form as muddy sediment dries and contracts. They show that the bed was somewhen underwater. Stromatolites are sedimentary structures found in shallow water. Alltogether, we now that the bed comes from a place where shallow ocean water somewhen receded, so the depositional environment must have been in an intertidal zone.2. Explain the formational process of a stromatolite. a) Microorganisms (cyano-bacteria, aka blue-green algea) in shallow water trap CaO and CO2 during the day. They bind the CaO and CO2 for photosynthesis, and produce O2. b) After the sunset the sand sticks to the algae. c) Like that, layer after layer of CaCO3 is binded by new algae every day. d) After several 1000 years the result is a layered concentric structure.

Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip3. What is the difference between stromatolites and stromatoporoidea? And do they have something in common? Stromatolites are fossils of sedimentary structures (see question 7), whereas stromat oporoidea are fossils of an extinct sponge-like animal with a calcareous skeleton. What the two have in common is their concentric layered shape. They can be disting uished by the color and texture within the layer. The stromatoporoideas layers are w hite and have a gridiron texture, whereas the stromatolites have a gray and simple texture.4. What is a trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils? Trace fossils are geological records of biological activity, also called bioturbations. There are: - Dwelling trace fossils (Domichnia), e.g. burrows. - Surface trace fossils (Cubichnia), e.g. the trace a starfish makes when its moved there and back by waves or the footprint of a dinosaur. - 3-dimensional feeding trace fossils (Fodinichnia) - Locomotory trace fossils (Repichnia), e.g. the crawling traces of a trilobite. (The trace fossils are also classified as the next plate(82))

Reference Trace fossils Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ikhnos "trace, track"), are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism

Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as below. Please interpret the depositional environment. The fact that the coarsest sediments are located in the lower part of a bed and the finest sediments and limestone in the upper bed part of a bed points towards a transgressional depositional environment i.e. a bed (stratum) which is underwater where the sea level continuously increases.

Homagnostus Agnostotes Haniwoides Pseudoyuepingia Eochuangia obesus orientalis longus asaphoides hana(pygidium)Pseudorhaptag nostus Ivshinagnostus Irvingella megalops(cephalon) Irvingella megalops() Some Trilobite fossils from the Early Paleozoic strata in Yeongwol

Trilobite fossil and its external morphology

Relationship between the Pyeongan Supergroup and the Choson Supergroup: DisconformityColumnar section of the Permo-Carboniferous strata in the Yeongwolcoalfield showing stratigraphicdistribution of some typical fusulinids

The vertical sandstone and conglomerate of the Carboniferous strata

Quartzite pebble in conglomerate

Fold structures: simple anticline and drag folding

Fusulinid Fossil range: middle Carboniferous- Permian Scientific classification Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Foraminifera Order: FusulinidaFusulinoidean grain (left; x 2) and scientific classification (right).The fusulinids are an extinct group of foraminiferan protozoa. They producecalcareous shells, which are of fine calcite granules packed closely together;this distinguishes them from other calcareous forams, where the test is usuallyhyaline. Fusulinids appeared late in the Mississippian Period. They were a partof the Carboniferous and Permian marine communities. They are excellentindex fossils for Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks. However, fusulinidsbecame extinct at the end of the Permian Period

Some stone pillar in a stractite grotto

Sink hole in Doline

Carren in the Karst topography

Karst topography near Kunming in China

Limestone pillars in Karst topography, Kunming

Korean peninsula-shaped topography formed by meandering river in Yeongwol, Gangwondo

Donggang rafting

Danjong was enthroned in 12, but after less than 3 years, he was deprived his throne by Sejo, hisuncle. Sayuksin including Seong, Sammun planned his restoration, but the plan was revealedbefore it was carried out. Danjong was banished in Yeongwol. He died in 17.

2011 geo edu(seoraksan) material by chungbuk National University

Technology

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field trip

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yeongwol field

yeongwol field

matteo lindners

seoraksan

matteo lindners