1 THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND IT’S IMPLEMENTATION IN SINGAPORE Written by: 1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan 1 MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB) Urban Planner & Researcher, Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental Planning and Design Email: [email protected]http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/ This paper w as prepared originally prepared for MSc. Environmental Management, Environmental Law Course in 2005. But w e would like to share this in order to give clearer perspectives of integrated environmental law and its role in developing Sustainable City of Singapore. . Introduction Environmental Law is defined as a body of state and federal statutes intended to protect the environment, w ildlife, land, beauty, prevent pollution, over-cutting of forests, save endangered species, conserve w ater, develop and follow general plans and prevent damaging practices. The particular law gives individuals and groups the right to bring legal actions or seek court orders to enforce the protections or demand revisions of private and public activity w hich may have detrimental effects on the environment. 1 Environmental law has a different formula for every country since its different legal system, legislation system, and socio-economic condition. In several developed countries this particular regulation usually w as made after a huge environmental accident that draws public attention. This happened before the raise of sustainable development international aw areness in 1970’s. In 1980 The World Conservation Union (IUCN), United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (UNEP) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) introduced the World Conservation
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20100329 - The Integration of Environmental Law and It_s Implementation in Singapore
THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND IT’S IMPLEMENTATION IN SINGAPORE Written by: 1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan 1 MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB) Urban Planner & Researcher, Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental Planning and Design Email: [email protected] http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/
This paper was prepared originally prepared for MSc. Environmental Management, Environmental Law Course in 2005. But we would like to share this in order to give clearer perspectives of integrated environmental law and its role in developing Sustainable City of Singapore.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND IT’S
IMPLEMENTATION IN SINGAPORE
Written by:
1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan
1 MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,
Green Impact Indonesia
Integrated Urban, Drainage and Env ironmental Planning and Design Email: [email protected] http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/
This paper w as prepared originally prepared for MSc. Environmental Management,
Environmental Law Course in 2005. But w e would like to share this in order to give
clearer perspectives of integrated environmental law and its role in developing
Sustainable City of Singapore.
.
Introduction
Environmental Law is defined as a body of state and federal statutes intended to protect
the environment, w ildlife, land, beauty, prevent pollut ion, over-cutting of forests, save
endangered species, conserve w ater, develop and follow general plans and prevent
damaging practices. The particular law gives individuals and groups the right to bring
legal actions or seek court orders to enforce the protections or demand revisions of
private and public activity w hich may have detrimental effects on the environment. 1
Environmental law has a different formula for every country since its different legal
system, legislation system, and socio-economic condition. In several developed
countries this particular regulation usually w as made after a huge environmental
accident that draws public attention. This happened before the raise of sustainable
development international aw areness in 1970’s.
In 1980 The World Conservation Union ( IUCN), United Nations Environmental Protection
Agency (UNEP) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) introduced the Wor ld Conservation
2
Strategy (WCS) that initiate numbers of new action plans, policies and programs that
support the sustainability law . 2 This law further is elaborated in ‘Caring for The Earth that
contains minimum sustainability law such as:
• Land use planning and development control
• Sustainable use of renewable resources and non-wasteful use of non-renewable
resources
• Pollution prevention
• Eff icient use of energy
• Control of hazardous substances
• Waste disposal
• Conservation of species and ecosystems
All these aspects actually w ere introduced to create more comprehensive environmental
law than the previous one that usually talk only about pollut ion control.
Further the Caring for The Earth also w ent for the more advance prescription like: 3
• Application of precautionary principle and the use of best technology related to the
pollut ion
• Economic incentives and disincentives (based on taxes, charges and other)
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be conducted in the new developments
and new policies
• Environmental Audit ing that be conducted periodically
• Effective monitoring, detection of infringements and adjustment of regulations
when necessary
• Public access to EIA, environmental audit data and monitoring result
• Public access to production, use and disposal of hazardous substances
International Environmental law could be defined as “A plethora of legally-binding
international agreements now encompass a w ide variety of issue-areas, from terrestrial,
marine and atmospheric pollut ion through to w ildlife and biodiversity protection.” 4
The important principle adopted in most of international environmental law is The
Golden Rule, polluter pays principle, the precautionary principle, the principle of
3
sustainable development, environmental procedural rights, common but differentiated
responsibilit ies, intra-generational and inter-generational equity, the "common concern
of humankind," and the common heritage. 5
The law could be categorised in tw o types of law such as Soft and Hard Law . The
International Soft Law are the international agreements that binding only the parties that
ratif ied them. These include 1972's United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment, 1983's World Commission on Environment and Development, 1992's
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and 2002's World
Summit on Sustainable Development have been particularly important. The soft law
actually comprises mult ilateral and bilateral treaties (including convention, agreement,
protocol, etc.). 6
On the other hand, Hard Law or known as Customary International law comprises
norms and rules that bind all countries in the w orld. One example of customary
international law is the Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration. 7
Beside that, Judicial Decisions from International Court also are categorised under the
Hard International Law . This includes the International Court of Justice ( ICJ); the
international Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ( ITLOS); the European Court of Justice;
regional treaty tribunals. And probably the Wor ld Trade Organisation's Dispute
Settlement Board (DSB) w ould be included in the near-future. Some cases from the
courts are the Trail Smelter Arbitration, 33 AJIL (1939); and the various nuclear
weapons testing cases such as betw een New Zealand and France before the
International Court of Justice. 8
And all the International environmental law are very important for the w orld to be
sustainable and mitigate its degradation.
4
The Legislation Process of Environmental Law
Singapore is one island country w ith highly-urbanised city characteristic and presumably
no natural resources. Since the economic development comes from the trade and
industry, mostly of environmental issues in Singapore are related to industrial and urban
pollut ion, and the protection of nature areas.9
In the Constitut ion of The Republic of Singapore, Chapter 1, Part V, actually it is stated
that Singapore is led by the President, as the Head of State.10 Further also in the
Constitut ion, Chapter 2, Part V, it is stated that the Executive authority is vested in the
President and the Cabinet (consists of the Prime Minister and some Ministers). The
Cabinet w ill control the Government and w ill be responsible to Parliament. This actually
emphasises the parliamentary system in Singapore. The President shall appoint as
Prime Minister from a Member of Parliament that trusted by the majority of Parliament. 11
The Legislature in Singapore is actually President and the Parliament as mentioned in
the Constitution, Section 38.12 While law making process can be f ind in the Constitut ion,
Section 58 and 59. The bills are passed by Parliament and assented to by the President
and shall become law . Further the bills come into operation w hen publicised in the
Gazette.13 This process is also applies to the Environmental Law .
Further the Judicial System of Singapore is review ed. In the Article 93 of the Constitut ion
of the Republic of Singapore, w e can f ind that judicial pow er in Singapore and the
Supreme Court and subordinate courts. Further the Judiciary is led by the Honourable
Chief Justice.14
The Supreme Court consists of the Court of Appeal and the High Court that deal w ith
civil and criminal matters. 15 While the Subordinate Courts are constituted by the
Subordinate Courts Act, and comprise the District Courts, the Magistrates' Courts, the
Coroners' Court, the Juvenile Court and the Small Claims Tribunals. Several other courts
also are comprised in the Subordinate Courts.16
5
One more important element of law enforcement is the Attorney-General. The functions
are to advise the Government upon such legal matters, and to institute, conduct or
discontinue proceedings for any offence as the Public Prosecutor. Other important rule is
that The Attorney-General is independent, including from control of the government.
Further w e are going to focus on the Singapore Environmental Law . 17
Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law in
Singapore
Under the leadership of Prime Minister (PM) Lee Kuan Yew , actually many
environmental improvements had been achieved in Singapore. For instance the spitting
and littering, Singapore actually succeeds reducing these w ith a maximum fine of $2000
for offender. This show s the determination of the government to make Singapore from
the Third World Country to the First. 18
PM Lee also init iated the tree planting program that involve plant experts and soil
experts to study and advice this program. In November 1971, He started the annual tree
planting day, involving Member of Parliament, community centres, and leaders, also in
that time he sent botanists to bring back 8,000 varieties and get some 2,000 adapting to
Singapore and thriving. All these actions actually have delivered Singapore become the
Garden City.19
In reducing the pollution control, Singapore set up the Anti-Pollut ion Unit, and init iated
pollut ion control program, such as: cleaning up Singapore River, settling of street
vendors, phasing out the pig farms that pollute the stream, monitoring the air conditions,
reducing noise pollut ion. This is actually a great achievement in environmental
improvement. 20
This action has resulted in the present Singapore condition w hich can be considered
relatively clean, ordered and w ell-planned country. Nevertheless the problems of land
scarcity and high population actually continue reducing and disturbing the remaining
natural areas.
6
Actually in the f irst Singapore Green Plan (1993), nineteen (19) terrestrial sites and four
(4) coral reefs area were identif ied and designated as “nature areas” which covers 5 %
of Singapore’s total land area. But so far the government has only gazetted of Sungei
Buloh and the Labrador Nature Park to the existing ones.21 The Government actually
can do more w ith the nature reserves in Singapore.
Facing lack of w ater supply, Singapore had initiated a lot of environmental policy,
excluding the w ater import policy from Malaysia. Those tw o environmental policies are
desalinisation project and pollution control in the w ater bodies. These show that
Government is aw are of the environmental problem because of its relation to the
livelihood of the country. 22
The other environmental problem actually is the marine pollut ion w hich comes from sea
transportation that passes Singapore. 23 Because the sea transports are very important
to the Singapore economy, this problem actually needs more attention.
Actually the agencies’ jurisdiction in enforcement of Environmental Law in Singapore can
be described in the next table: 24
Table 1. Singapore Authorities and Agencies related to Environmental Law
Ministry Area of Competence
Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources (MEWR) 25
Div isions under MEWR
Planning Div ision Corporate planning process of the MEWR
3P Network Division
Corporate communications and public education strategies
International Relations Division Co-operation at Government-to-Government level and with international organizations; and multilateral env ironmental agreements
Strategic Policy Div ision Strategic policies, research and analysis
Water Studies Division Strategic env ironmental policies, research and analysis relating to water, wastewater and drainage
Agency under MEWR
National Environment Agency, NEA26
Env ironmental protection, environmental public health, meteorological serv ices
Public Utilities Board, PUB27
Secure adequate supply of water at affordable cost.
7
Ministry Area of Competence
Ministry of National Development (MND)28
Div isions under MND
Strategic Planning Land use planning, development strategies, control & planning system, urban redev elopment and nature conserv ation
Housing Public housing and Town Councils
Planning & Research Unit Policy reviews and economic research and analysis
Agency under MND
Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)29
Urban dev elopment
Building Construction Authorities (BCA)30
Building and public works construction, saf ety and management
National Parks Board (NParks)31
National Parks and nature conservation in general and manage recreational parks
The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA)32
Animal quarantine, control of trade in wildlif e
Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)33
Economic Development Board, EDB34
Foreign inv estment promotion
International Enterprise Singapore, IE Singapore35
Trade promotion
Jurong Town Corporation, JTC36
Management of industrial zones
SPRING Singapore37
Standards and certif ication to enhance the competitiv eness of enterprises
A*STAR 38
Science and technology dev elopment
The Singapore Tourism Board (STB)39
Dev elop and champion tourism
Energy Market Authority, EMA40
Regulates the energy utilities market
Sentosa Dev elopment Corporation, SDC41
Manages and dev elops Sentosa to be leisure destination in South-East Asia
Ministry of Health42
Department of Scientific Serv ices Food testing
Health Promotion Board43
Promoting Healthy Lifesty le, Affordable and Reliable Medical Services
Ministry of Manpower44
The Quality Workplaces Department (QWPD) Occupational safety and health at work
Occupational Saf ety and Health Training and Promotion Centre (OSHTC)
Occupational safety and health training and promotion
The Ministry of Transport (MOT)45
The Civ il Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS)46
Standard in saf ety, quality and serv ice in civil av iation and airport operations
Land Transport Authority (LTA)47
Vehicular matters
Maritime and Port Authority (MPA)48
Marine pollution
8
Ministry Area of Competence
The Public Transport Council (PTC)49
Create a comprehensive and integrated bus network; assure quality bus serv ices; and maintain affordable bus and train f ares for the public
Because of its economic sources in Industry and trade, actually Singapore government
tries to implement environmental law that does not discourage investors to put their
money in Singapore. One of policies is actually not providing Mandatory Environmental
Impact Assessment Law . This seems a good indication how Singapore set more
investor-friendly environment law .
Further w e are going to examine the Singapore Environmental Law and suggest the
improvement in the framew ork of sustainability law .
Land Use Planning and Development Control
Land use planning holds the main role of reducing the impact of pollution as w ell as
revitalizing the economic activity and reducing cost of the urban and industrial
infrastructure. Thirteen obvious regulations in planning are:
• Planning Act (Chapter 232)
• Urban Redevelopment Authority Act (Chapter 340)
• Building And Construction Authority Act (Chapter 30a)
• Building Control Act (Chapter 29)
• Building Maintenance And Strata Management Act 2004 (No. 47 Of 2004)
• National Parks Board Act (Chapter 198a), Section 6
• Parks and Trees Act 2005 (No. 4 of 2005)
• Land Transport Authority of Singapore Act (Chapter 158a), Section 6
• Housing And Development Act (Chapter 129), Section 13
• Jurong Tow n Corporation Act (Chapter 150), Section 12
• Sentosa Development Corporation Act (Chapter 291 ), Section 9
• Public Utilit ies Act (Chapter 261), Section 6
• Public Transport Council Act (Chapter 259b), Section 4
Further only tw o acts are going to be presented in the paper.
9
Planning Act (Chapter 232)
As described in the act, the main purpose of this act is to provide for the planning and
improvement of Singapore. Planning Act (Chapter 232), Section 5, describes that
Minister of National Development appoints the competent planning authorities to
produce Master Plan and its amendments, Certif ied Interpretation Plans, Conservation
areas and guidelines for building or lands. This regulation affects every development
including the nature reserves.
In Part III of this act, actually the Development and Subdivision of Land are controlled.
This means that no person shall w ithout planning permission carry out any development
of any land outside a conservation area; and no person w ithout conservation permission
carry out any works within a conservation area. The conviction for offender is a
maximum fine $200,000.
Further application for planning permission, conservation permission or subdivision
permission shall be made to competent author ity to determine this permission w ith
reference to Master Plan.
Urban Redevelopment Authority Act (Chapter 340),
The main authority that regulates land use planning in Singapore is actually Urban
Redevelopment Authority (URA). This is described in the Urban Redevelopment
Authority Act (Chapter 340), Section 6. The main duties of URA are:
• to prepare or execute or prepare and execute proposals, plans and projects for
the clearance, development and redevelopment of such land … approved by the
Minister …
• to undertake land planning and to manage and control the development of land in
Singapore
• to inform and advise the Government on matters relating to land planning and the
development of land in Singapore, etc
10
The statutes actually give a very clear description how URA take controls in land use
planning that further affect the urban and environmental quality of Singapore.
These tw o laws actually are f ine references how Singapore succeeds in land use
planning and development, but still there is a loophole in the dual land use, for example
the Mac Ritchie Reservoir that used by Public Utility Board (PUB) and National Park
Board (NParks) w hich needs further jurisdiction clarif ication and management
cooperation betw een agencies.
Sustainable Use of Renewable Resources, Non-Wasteful Use of
Non-Renewable Resources and Efficient Use of Energy
Because Singapore has limited natural resources, the Government has created certain
laws that regulate the eff icient use of resources such as:
• National Environment Agency Act (Chapter 195), Section 11
• Public Utilit ies Act (Chapter 261), Section 6
• Energy Market Authority of Singapore Act (Chapter 92b), Section 6
• Electricity Act (Chapter 89A)
• Gas Act (Chapter 116A)
• District Cooling Act (Chapter 84A)
• Fisheries Act (Chapter 111), Section 9 to Section 12
National Environment Agency Act (NEA) (Chapter 195)
NEA Act (Chapter 195), Section 11 actually describes the role of National Environment
Agency (NEA) to promote energy eff iciency, the use of clean energy, the use of clean
technologies, the use of eff icient pollution control technologies and w aste recycling.
Public Utilities Act (Chapter 261)
Public Utilities Act (Chapter 261), Section 6, actually obliges the Public Utilit ies Board to
promote w ater conservation.
11
The tw o examples above actually describe how the government is aw are of these
resources use, although these regulations do not apply to resident of Singapore or
encourage them to participate. In the future more specif ic law in this aspect needs
improvement.
Pollution Prevention, Control of Hazardous Substances and
Waste Disposal
Singapore has a lot of regulations related to the pollution controls, control hazardous
substances and waste disposal. Several related acts that deal w ith this matter are:
• Environmental Protection Control Act (EPCA) (Chapter 94A)
• National Environment Agency Act (NEA) (Chapter 195)
• Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA) (Chapter 95)
• Factories Act (Chapter 104)
• Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollut ion) Act
(Chapter 180), Section 27
• Prevention Of Pollution Of The Sea Act (Chapter 243), Section 6 and 17
• Public Utilit ies Act 1995 (No. 26 of 1995.), Section 130
• Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act (Chapter 184)
• Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Act (Chapter 122a)
The tw o laws that are further discussed in this paper are the National Environment
Agency Act (NEA), and Environmental Protection Control Act (EPCA) (Chapter 94A)
National Environment Agency Act (NEA) (Chapter 195)
The success of pollution control in Singapore can not be separated to the existence of
NEA as the agency that control environmental impact in Singapore. The main functions
of NEA are clearly described in this act in the section 11 w hich are:
• to identify, … environmental health concerns … , and to develop strategies of
prevention and control in connection w ith such matters;
• to ensure cleanliness of public areas through the supervision of cleansing
services and the prevention of littering;
12
• to manage and regulate air emissions from industrial premises, trade premises
and vehicles;
• to monitor and assess the w ater quality of inland and coastal w aters, and to
manage and regulate the discharge of trade eff luent, oil, chemicals, sew age and
any other pollut ing matter into w ater courses or on land;
• to construct, develop, manage and regulate refuse treatment and disposal
facilities and to regulate refuse collection and disposal;
• to control land contamination and regulate the remediation of contaminated land;
• to regulate the import, export, possession, storage, transportation, sale and use
of hazardous substances and the import, export, storage, transportation,
collection, treatment and disposal of toxic industrial w aste;
• to manage and regulate environmental noise, and to monitor and assess ambient
air and noise levels;
• to promote energy eff iciency, the use of clean energy, the use of clean
technologies, the use of eff icient pollution control technologies and w aste
recycling;
• to embark on educational programmes to promote and encourage public
aw areness of and participation in environmental matters; etc
It actually show s how broad is the jurisdiction of NEA, and the indication that the NEA
off icers may be out number. One interesting statement made by NEA is, “The NEA
cannot do its w ork alone. It w ill w ork w ith its partners in the community, in industries and
commerce, and the public sector to sustain a clean and healthy living environment loved
and cared for by everyone.”50
Environmental Protection Control Act (EPCA) (Chapter 94A)
One f ine example of the pollut ion control tools in Singapore is the Environmental
Protection Control Act (EPCA). The EPCA actually is passed to replace the Clean Air
Act, the Water Pollution Control and Drainage Act, the Poisons Act and to enforce the
Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA).
13
EPCA actually controls 4 main areas: Air pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollut ion, and
Toxic and hazardous substances
The EPCA regulation is administrated by the Director of Environmental Pollut ion Control
with a team of Deputy and assistant. Actually It doesn’t oblige for the Director-General
or off icer to inspect any building or site to ascertain the compliance to this act that
emphasizes that compliance is identif ied from the factory managers’ reports.
Further in Section 7, Part III, EPCA authorizes Director-General to give licence to ensure
that environmental pollution is managed and controlled w hich require the ow ner of
factory:
• to install and operate industrial plant, fuel burning equipment, control equipment
or treatment plant in or on the scheduled premises;
• to repair those equipments;
• to erect or alter the height or dimension of any chimneys;
• to alter the method of operation or process used to prevent or reduce air, water
or noise pollut ion or hazards;
• to install and operate instruments and carry out tests and keep records that
required; to use a specif ied type of fuel to prevent or reduce air pollut ion;
• to carry out any of the requirements imposed on him under this paragraph w ithin
such period as may be specif ied
The highly polluted industry also requires permissions before starting, w hich shows that
the Government has implemented the pollut ion prevention.
This regulation also emphasises the emission standard in the Clean Air Standards
Regulations.51 In the Air Pollut ion Control Part, EPCA obliges the user to maintain and
operate air pollution control equipment, to prohibit dark smoke from chimney, to control
of air impurities according to the standard rate of emission prescribed in that industry.
In the Water Pollution Part, EPCA prescribes licence for discharge of trade eff luent, oil,
chemical, sew age or other polluting matters. Part icularly in Section 15, it is said that
“Any person w ho discharges or causes or permits to be discharged any trade eff luent, oil,
chemical, sew age or other pollut ing matters into any drain or land, w ithout a licence from
14
the Director-General, shall be guilty of an offence.” The offender can get maximum
$5000 f ine.52
This part also set the obligation to set treatment plant for trade eff luent w ith non-
compliance f ine maximum to $20,000. it also gives penalties for discharging toxic
substances or hazardous substances into inland w aters to maximum $50,000 or to 12
months imprisonment or to both.
In Section 18 of EPCA, The Director-General also is authorised to require any person
that has polluted the w ater or land to clean it up w ithin a specif ied time. This is one
implementation of the polluters-pay principle.
Additionally in Section 19, The EPCA obliges person w ho carries out storing or
transporting of toxic substance:
• to use a method of storage, operation or process to prevent water pollution;
• to install and operate pollut ion monitoring equipment to prevent and detect any
leakage or discharge;
• to carry out specif ic tests on equipment, tanks or any other related facilities and
to submit the results of these tests;
• to prepare and submit contingency plan for events of accidental discharge or
spillage of oil, chemicals, trade eff luent or other pollut ing matters; and etc
And any person who fails to comply this must pay a maximum fine of $20,000. This is
an excellent implementation of the precautionary principle.
Part V II of EPCA regulates the importation and sale of hazardous substances. In Section
22, It is said that, “No person shall import, possess for sale, sell or offer for sale any
hazardous substance unless he holds a licence ...”
Noise identif ied from building and road construction is regulated under Part VIII of EPCA.
The construction ow ner is obliged to notify the Director-General and gets permission
before doing such activity. In Section 4, it is said that, “Any person who fails to comply
with a notice issued under subsection (3) shall be guilty of an offence and … liable on
conviction to a f ine not exceeding $10,000.” Industrial noise also is regulated in Part VIII,
especially the limitation and permit in premises.
15
Further in Part X, it is described the obligation to study on pollution control, self-
monitoring and submission of results and mandatory insurance. While under Part XI, the
authorisation of pow ers of arrest, and to enter on land adjacent to w orks also penalty for
obstructing Director-General in his duty are provided.
It can be concluded that EPCA is a more comprehensive than the previous acts. But it is
reported that control of land contamination w as not effective enough since many polluter
doesn’t report and to comply w ith this regulation. It is has happened because of
overlapping jur isdiction betw een JTC and NEA in the industrial area. 53
There are several Environmental Pollut ion Control Regulations or Subsidiary Law s that
support this act under Chapter 94a, Section 77 (1), w hich control Air Impurities,
Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises, Noise at Construction Sites, Hazardous
Substances, Ozone Depleting Substances, Prohibition on The Use of Open Fires Order,
Trade Eff luent, and Fees for Licences. Two other regulations that also support EPCA are
Rental H ouses in Bandung Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar ment Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Site Pl an “S. Par man” Elite H ousing Studi o Coordinator 2002
Under PT. Imesco Dito
Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Architect 2002
21
Name of Project Position Year
Freelance Project
Cibangkong Low Cost H ousing, Bandung Indonesia
Final Year Student 2001
Design Development of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages, Bandung Indonesia under Cipta
Bina Sarana
Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2001
Master Plan of Cipulir Housi ng Site Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir.
Danisworo
Junior Architect 2001
VI. Awards, Prestige, A ctivities, and Publication
Awards/ Prestig e
Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007
Shell Grant Bursar y Holder in MEM National Uni versity of Si ngapore, 2005-2006
Second C hampion of Design Competition of Infor mal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma IT B Year 2001
Activities Bandung Independent Li ving Center (BILIC)
2003 - 2004 : Vol untary Attendant for Difabl e (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Person in Several Location i n Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Forum)
2002 : F orum Gel ar Kota Secretariat
2001 : Juni or Researcher
Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadhar ma Student Uni on of Architecture Department of ITB)
2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sus tainable Human Settlement Discussi on Group
Coordinator of TOR T eam of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar
1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)
Publication s Integration of Sustai nable Pl anni ng Policy and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of Sustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, M aranatha Uni versity, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung,
Indonesi a, 2009.
Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.
Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bi ntan Island, Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singapore (Bes t
Dissertation Award)
Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum on Urb an Solid W aste Management, January 2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture
Semi nar Report of Housing Devel opment Based on Low Economy People.