20100309 - Is EIA a Relevant Tool in the South East Asian Context Ed

8/14/2019 20100309 - Is EIA a Relevant Tool in the South East Asian Context Ed

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Is EIA a Relevant Tool in the South East Asian Context?

Written by:

1Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan

1MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)

Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact IndonesiaIntegrated Urban, Drainage and Env ironmental Planning and DesignEmail: [email protected]://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Introduction

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) w as f ist developed in US betw een 1969

and 1971, under US National Environmental Policy Act. In 1972 EIA concept w as

accepted in UN Stockholm Conference. Further in 1974, UNAID published EIA

Guidelines for Development Projects. In 1980s many countries also accepted EIA and

set up EIA legislat ion. Other international agencies that adopted EIA are UN-ESCAP,

UNEP, World Bank, ADB, and OCED. This proves that EIA now is accepted w orldw ide.1

Several South East Asia countries have also enacted mandatory EIA. For

example Philippines enacted it in 1978; Indonesia, and Malaysia in 1987; and Vietnam in

1993. But still Brunei, Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar, and Singapore have not enacted it in

their legislation.2

South East Asia Context

South East Asia (SE Asia) is a new economic emerging region w ith population of

522 million, and some of them live in poverty. This is the reason w hy most SE countries

really need economic development. 3 Now new industrial activities, urban settlements

and transportations contribute enormous air, water and land pollution to SE Asia

environment.4


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SE Asia actually comprises forest in 48 % of total land area. But population

increase, urbanization, logging and agriculture have caused the deforestation of 1.8 %

forest area per year (2.4 million hectares).

SE Asia currently deposits 50% the worlds biodiversity. And 30 per cent of

worlds coral reefs also are located in SE Asia. But w ith high rate of deforestations; and

coastal and marine degradation, resources depletion is seemed inevitable in the future.5

With these conditions how can EIA can be implemented and reduce environmental

impacts in SE Asia?

How EIA reduce SE Asia environmental problems

EIA purpose is actually to anticipate important possible effects of proposed

activities on biophysical systems (w ater, soil, air, biological systems); man-made

environment (settlement, infrastructures, etc); socio economic systems (including w ork,

education, recreation, and health services); and cultural systems (beliefs, art, literature).6

So theoretically EIA can reduce SE Asia environmental impacts f rom present and future

development if conducted correctly.

Important principles that should be addressed in EIA are: 7

1. EIA should focus on the main issues of the project

2. It needs trained professionals and experts to ensure quality of practices.

3. It needs public participation in its process.

4. It provides information and data to decision making process.

5. Implementation of EIA in decision-making process holds the key to success to w hole

EIA process.

6. Clear consideration of alternatives and mitigation in EIA is important.

EIA Methodologies

There are four groups of methodologies developed in EIA practices, which are:8

1. Task-oriented methodologies

2. Component methodologies

3. Integrated methodologies


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Morris and Therivel (1995) suggest incorporating w ide aspects in EIA practices.

The aspects include social economic impact; noise; landscape; archaeological and

cultural assets; air and climate; soils and geology; water; terrestrial ecology; fresh water

ecology; coastal ecology; and interactions betw een impacts. 11 Even though not all

aspects are significant, but still the certain project w ill cover part of these aspects.

For every components assessment, Morris and Therivel (1995) suggest to

conduct these steps:12

1. Preliminary review to screen significant project and scope the impact that included.

2. Selecting re levant parameter to be investigated.

3. Collecting baseline data, from secondary sources; or f ield surveys and sampling.

4. Analyse baseline survey.

5. Describe proposed project and alternatives that are related to environment.

6. Identify potential impacts including primary, secondary, and cumulative impacts in

short, medium or long period.

7. Propose mitigation measures to avoid or minimise the impact.

8. Propose monitoring program during construction, operation, decommissioning.

9. Cross check relationship betw een monitoring component.

10. Carry out monitoring program.These steps can be further described in Diagram 1-2.

Integrated Methodologies

Integrated methodologies are created to integrate many sectors and stages in

the two previous methodologies. Tw o examples from this group are Mongkol (1982) and

Sondheim (1978).

Mongkol (1982) suggest four steps, w hich are:

1. Impact identif ication by three dimensional matrix, noting on the important impacts for

mitigation measures

2. Build use function value method to indicate the specif ic impact magnitudes to

measures the environmental change


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Table 1-1. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management (AEA M) steps after

Jones and Greig (1985) 16

Main Steps Activities

Initial Organisation Set a core group w ith a project manager, some analys ts, and

subject specialists, that equipped w ith computer modelling,

and discussions facilitating skill

Scoping Session The core group discusses the environmental problem and

produces preliminary concept model. Later they identify the

workshop participants including the senior decision-makers,

managers, and disciplinary specialists.

First Workshop The core group develop a computer environmental

simulation. Af ter understanding the problems, workshop

participants identify possible management actions and

monitoring indicator.

Part icipants decide the spatial and temporal scope.

They also identify main subsystems in model and critical

information flow s between subsystems. Then next steps are

to build the overall model and establish research programme

Research Programme Special teams investigate specif ic issues raised by the

workshop and continue to model the environment

Second Workshop The core team produce the final version of the model based

on research finding. Later model is used to analyse

management policies using scenarios and gaming methods

Communication The result of modelling and policy are communicated to the

public

The AEAM brings advantages such as the communications betw een managers

and scientists, and aw areness of managers to environmental problems, mitigation

measures and monitoring plan. The limitations are on the longer time, big cost and

limited expertise skill to conduct the process.


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Advantage and Disadvantage of EIA Methodologies for SE Asia

The advantages of implementing EIA are very clear. EIA actually prevents

unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, excessive pollutions, and natural

degradation. While in social aspect, EIA offers the w in-win situation for all stakeholders

with the public consultation scheme. This is also one of the sustainable development

criteria from Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. 17

EIA informs decision-makers about future impacts from the development. This

will give benefit to the projects by reducing time delays and additional costs from social

conf lict and environmental disasters.

Since EIA involves many experts and other stakeholders, it actually costs more

than the traditional planning process. Sometimes EIA also causes time de lays for

verification findings and is considered not contributing to economic development. These

are the disadvantage of EIA.

SE Asia countries really need practical tools to assess environmental impact. EIA

sometimes is found too expensive, too difficult and taking to much time. EIA often are

not conducted properly or not conducted at all, because the government projects often

only have limited budget and time. Thats w hy SE Asia really needs less cost and

simpler methodologies of EIA.

Further SE Asia countries also have difficulties to implement public participation

properly. This is because the political regime that does not support democracy and

bottom-up approach in planning and development. Public participations sometimes also

are found not effective enough since low level of people education.


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EIA Practices and Problems in the World and South East Asia

Generally three problems are concerned by experts in EIA w orldw ide practices.

They are:

1. Institutional arrangements problem;

2. Low qualityof EIA practices; and

3. Lack of implementation of EIA in decision making process.

The first and second problems are recognized in the International Study of the

Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment 18 ; and Environmental Impact Assessment

in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Srilangka Reports by World Resources Institute in

1995.

While the third problem is described in Development Disasters Japanese-Funded

Dam Projects in Asia, A publication of Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia (RWESA),

Internat ional Rivers Netw ork (IRN) and Friends of the Earth Japan (FOEJ).

First most of the EIA institutional problems exist in the developing countries. It is

related to under-funding, under-staffing government agencies and lack of political w ill to

endorse EIA in all projects. Other institutional problem is not strict enforcement of EIA

requirements because of corruptions and collusions. These cases had been found In

Indonesia and Philippines.19 Further lack of public consultation happened since

unsupportive polit ical regime and low people education. Lastly less EIA information

(legal and guidelines) is distributed because of too centralized EIA Authority.20

Secondly low quality of EIA practices are caused by lack of EIA expertise in

government agency, NGO or private sectors.21 In developed countries, like UK these

problems are also observed, since most stakeholders that involved in EIA process are

moderately inexperienced. 22

Thirdly the implementation of EIA mitigation measures in decision making seems

a critical point of EIA practices. RWESA, IRN and FOEJ have reported the impacts from

several large dams funded Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). One of the

dams that built w ith EIA is San Roque Multipurpose Project.


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The San Roque Multipurpose Project23

Project Description

Purpose : 345 MW power, irrigation of 87,000 hectares, flood control

and water quality improvements.

Cost : $1.19 billion.

JBIC role : Provided $700 million in loans to the consortium and

leveraged additional funds from private banks.

Ownership : 100% foreign-owned by the San Roque Power Corporation,

consisting of Marubeni, Kansai Electric and Sithe Energies.

Number of

People Affected

: 4,400 people resettled, thousands m ore could be affected by

sedimentation upstream of the dam.

Status : Construction complete, operational by March 2003.

The San Roque Multipurpose Project is one of JBIC projects in Philippines. The

dam development relocated 4400 people and affected thousand of indigenous people,

the Ibaloi that live upstream. Since 1998 The Ibaloi had protested this project, but still

the construction phase of the dam was continued expecting the dam to operate in March

2003.

The Ibaloi people conducted agriculture, fishing and small-scale gold panning in

Agno River and its riparian area. The concern of Cordillera Peoples Alliance is 20000

residents of Itogon, Benguet will be af fected by sediment in the dam similar to the effect

of Ambuklao and Binga dams in 1950s.

JBIC and the San Roque Pow er Corporation stated that the resettlement plan

would restore the standard of living Ibaloi people. But three years after resettlement,

Ibaloi people w ere struggling w ithout proper income. And from 180 families w ho

resettled, 30 families have moved aw ay because of lack job.

The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of the Philippines actually facilitates

indigenous peoples to free and prior informed consent for project developed in their

heritage land. Ibaloi has raised their concern to all authorities, but failed. In 2001, the


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Off ice of the Presidential Assistant on Indigenous Peoples Affairs confirmed that project

promoter did not obtain the free and prior informed consent of affected indigenous

communities. Ibaloi communities intended to f ile a law suit stopping the project based on

violation of IPRA and other law s.

One independent EIA review ed the project and discovered that the capacity of

the dam w as only designed for 5-years small f lood and it was not capable to irrigate area

effectively. The research also found that no f lood management plan had been

presented to the public. Further it was found that National Pow er Corporation had to pay

$10 million a month to the SRPC w ithout any guarantee of w ater availability to generate

pow er. And Philippine Government also had to pay $400 million in credit to JBIC to

subsidize the project that w ill burden electricity consumers and taxpayers.24

If EIA had conducted properly as mandated by Philippines Law , the JBIC w ould

not face lawsuit. And the livelihood of Ibaloi people would not be affected severely. This

project described the dif ficulties EIA implementation in SE Asia w hen facing to economic

demand and personal interest of decision maker.

These lessons actually can show how EIA tool is not used properly even though

the legislation, institutions and funding are available. It is obvious that some real action

needed to improve EIA practices worldw ide especially SE Asia.

Recommendations

Regarding institutional problem, I suggest to implement EIA in SE Asia w ith team

of fewer experts. This is related to cost reduction of EIA procedures. These actually can

be implemented in limited budget projects that exist in developing countries. Meanw hile

for EIA Government Agencies I suggest to conduct capacity building training; reduce

number of ineffective and corruptive officers; and improve the IT supports facility. I

believe it w ill reduce unnecessary bureaucracy and promote good governance.

Regarding low quality of EIA practices I also suggest Government Agencies,

private sectors and NGO netw orks to conduct more capacity building training. With this

the authority as w ell as EIA appraiser w ill develop better know ledge. Organization that


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already conducts these trainings actually is International Association for Impact

Assessment.

While regarding the lack of implementation of EIA in decision making processes,

I think the key to improvements are on the raising of political w ill and environment

aw areness decision-makers. I hope w ith environmental educations and change of

polit ical regime the implementation of EIA w ill be more comprehensive in SE Asia in

future.


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Appendix 1

Diagram 1-1. The EIA Process from Glasson (1994)


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Diagram 1-2. Procedures in the assessment of an environmental components

for an EIA (Morris and Therivel,1995) 26


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The Writers Description

I. Personal Information

Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjajae-mail : [email protected]

website : http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)

Place of Birt h : Bandung

Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978

Sex : Male

Nationality : Indonesian

Mother Language : Indonesian

Language Skill : Indonesian, Engl ish

II. Education BackgroundsFormal E ducation

Name ofInstitution

City/CountryStudy T ime

(Months/Years)Graduated from

(Month and Year)Specialization GPA

NationalUniversit y of

SingaporeSingapore 1 year October 2006

MScEnvironmentManagement

3.86

from scale

of 5

Bandung Institute

of Technology(Institut

TeknologiBandung)

Bandung /Indonesia

5 years July of 2001Bachelor ofArchit ecture

2.73

from scaleof 4

III. Informal Education

Study T ime (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2008 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Spati al Planning for a SustainableSingapore (1-day seminar)

2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Polic y "Lessons Not to Learn from AmericanCities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-dayseminar)

2007 National University of Singapore, Facult y ofEngineering, P AC (Professional Acti vitiesCentre)

Short Course On "A Z Of Oil & Gas ToPetrochemicals (3-days seminar)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Destinati on Resorts, T he Next Wave

(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner, Malaysia

Institute of Planner and Uni versiti KebangsaanMalaysi a

Semi nar o f Planning of Iskandar

Development Region (1-day seminar)

2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course

2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course

1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student U nion of Architec ture

Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journalistic Traini ng

1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoC ad R 14 Training

1993-1995 Saint Angelas English Course English Course level C6 to C11


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Study T ime (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

1990-1992 Saint Angelas English Course English Course l evel J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience

Name of

Institute/CompaniesCity/ Countries Position Job Description

Contract

Periods

Green Impact IndonesiaIntegrated Urban,

Drainage andEnvironmental Planning

Consultant

Bandung Manager Team Leader andUrban Pl anner

March 2003 tonow

Agency for Research andDevelopment, Institute of

Water Resources, Ministr yof Public Works, Republic

of Indonesia,

Bandung Urban Planningand Management

Expert

Assistant October 2008 tonow

Jurong Consultants P teLtd., Planning Di vision

Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006to October 2008

National Par ks Board,Republic of Singapore

Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug2006

Agency for Research andDevelopment, Institute of

Water Resources, Ministr yof Public Works, Republic

of Indonesia,

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher GIS Expert Assistant(Arc View 3.2), in

Polder Team

Jan 2005 - Aug2005

Satyamitra JasapuriEngineering

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect,Estimator

House, Factory andCaf Design

Aug 2003 - Dec2004

PT. Trinitas Buana Ut ama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apart ment Design Aug 2002 - Aug

2003

PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 Aug2002

COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher Urban DevelopmentResearch, especiall y

on Urban GarbageManagement

Aug 2 001 - Jan2002

CV. Cipta Bina Sarana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Train ee Junior Architect May - July 2001

ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia ProgramFacilitator

CommunityRecovery Program(CRP-HUI) in RW11, Cibangkong

District

GarbageManagement ,

Mechanis m Makingand Controlling ofCooperative Credit

Unit

Jan 2000 - Aug2001

V. Research, Planning & Design Works

Name of Project Position Year

Under Green Impact Indonesia

Assistance f or Directorate of SpatialPlanning, Public Works D epartment

(2009), Sus tainable UrbanImprovement Program (SUSIP) -

Executi ve Presentation

Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisationin Summarecon, Kelapa Gading,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr Dec 2009

Hospital Preliminary Design andStudy in Pangalengan, West J ava,

Team Leader and Senior Architect Apr Aug 2009


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Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, MilkProducer Cooperative in

Pangalengan)

Community Based DevelopmentRevitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa

Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa T enggara

Barat, Indonesia (Proposal)

Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009

Traditional Market Mapping, GISDatabase and Anal ysis in theframework of Implementing

Presidential Decree No 112/2007 onDevelopment of Tra ditional Mar ket

and Relocation of M odern Mar ket inIndonesi a (Proposal to Ministr y ofTrade of Republic of Indonesia)

Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009

Integrated Water ResourcesManagement Plan f or Barang kalRiver, sub catchment of Brantas

River B asin, i n relati on with Soci alAspect and Institution Capacit y

Building (Proposal to JICA)

Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009

9 Pearl Elementary School in

Bandung

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Proposal 99ers Radi o School(Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Under Jurong Consultants PteLtd.

Preliminary Study and BriefDevelopment Concept of QEZ3,Petroc hemical Complex, Qatar

Planner 2007 to 2008

Dera Bassi D etailed Master Plan,Greater Mohali Area, Punjab, India


Libya Africa Economic Cit y Planner 2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Industrial Par k, Indonesia(Guanxi State Far m - Biofuel Plant)


Master Plan An Tay IndustrialServic e Centre

Planner 2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou WaterfrontCity, China

Assistant Planner 2006-2007

Master Plan AMRL Internati onalTech City, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Planner 2007

W ith MSc Environmental

Management P rogram

Neotiewpia Eco Village MasterPlan in Kranji Singapore

Planner & Environmentalist 2006

Under SJP Engineering

BTC Caf Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Factory Junior Architect 2004

Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2003 2004

Under PT. Trinitas Buana Utama

Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Coordinator 2002 2003

Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar ment Studio Coordinator 2002 2003


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Site Plan S. Par man Elite Housing Studio Coordinator 2002

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Architect 2002

Freelance Project

Cibangkong Low Cost Housing,Bandung Indonesia

Final Year Student 2001

Design Development of KARANGSETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages,Bandung Indonesia under Cipta

Bina Sarana

Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2001

Master Plan of Cipulir Housing SitePlan, Jakarta under Prof Ir.

Danisworo

Junior Architect 2001

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication

Awards/Prestige

Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007

Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National Universit y of Si ngapore, 2005-2006

Second Champion of Design Competition of Infor mal Traders Stand held b y The Municipal\

Government of Kot a Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001

Activities Bandung Independent Li ving Center (B ILIC)

2003 - 2004 : Vol untary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person

2003 : Coordinator Research Team in Accessibilit y Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Person in SeveralLocation i n Bandung

Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City De velopment Discussion Forum)

2002 : F orum Gel ar Kota Secretariat

2001 : Juni or Researcher

Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma ITB (Gunadharma Student Uni on of ArchitectureDepartment of ITB)

2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma

Member of Sus tainable Human Settlement Discussion Group

Coordinator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar

1999 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)

OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)

OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Al oysius Junior High School)

Publications Integration of Sustai nable Pl anning Polic y and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context ofSustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, M aranatha Universit y,Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Lo w-

Cost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung,Indonesi a, 2009.

Guidelines for Developing P older System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development,Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.

Developing a Landscape E valuation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bintan Island,

Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National University of Singapore (Best

Dissertation Award)Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several Location in

Bandung

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urb an Solid W aste Management, January

2002.

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.

Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village, Bandung, Indonesia(Kelurahan Cib ang kong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture

Semi nar Report of Housing Devel opment Based on Low Economy People.


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1

Johnson C. Environment Management & Asse ssment Class Material2Ibid

3 http://www.rrcap.unep.org/indicator/Vertical%20South%20East%20Asia.pdf4

Ibid5

Ibid

6Morgan R.K. Environmental Impact Asse ssment, The Methodological Perspective, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1998 p.237

Ibid., p.30

and Johnson C. Environment Management & Assessment Class Material

8

Morgan R.K. Environmental Impact Asse ssment, The Methodological Perspective, KluwerAcademic Publishers, Dordrecht 1998 pp.53-549

Pendse Y.D., Rao R.V., and Sharma P.K. Environmental Impact Assesment Methodologies;

Shortcomings and Appropriateness for Water Resources Projects in Developing Countries. Water

Resources Development, pp.252-25810

Glasson J., Therivel R., and Chadwick A. Introduction to Environmental Impact Asse ssment,

London 199411 Morris P., and Therivel R. Methods of Environmental Impact Asse ssment, The Natural and Built

Environment Series 2, London 1995

12 Ibid., pp.4-713

Mongkol P. A Conceptual Development of Quantitative Environmental Impact Asse ssment

Methodology for Decision-makers in Journal of Environmental Management 1982

14Sondheim M.W. A Comprehensive Methods for Assessing Environmental Impact in Journal of

Environmental M anagement. 1978 p.27-4215

Holling C.S. (ed) Adaptive Environmental Asse sment and Management. John Willey and Sons,

New York 1978

16Jones M.L., and Greig L.A. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management; A New

Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment. in MacLaren V.W. and Whitney J.B.R. (eds)

New Directions in Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada. Methuen,Toronto 1985 pp.21-4217

http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm

18Morgan R.K. Environmental Impact Assessment, The Methodological Perspective, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1998 p.283


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19

Smith D.B., and van der Wansem M., Strengthening EIA Capacity in Asia: Environmental

Impact Assessment in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Srilangka. World Resources Institute 1995

p.13

20

Smith D.B., and van der Wansem M., Strengthening EIA Capacity in Asia: EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Srilangka. World Resources Institute 1995

pp.14-1721 Ibid., p.17

22Morris P., and Therivel R. Methods of Environmental Impact Asse ssment, The Natural and Built

Environment Series 2, London 1995 pp.4-723

http://www.irn.org/programs/seasia/pdf/030309.irnjbic.pdf24

Ibid.,

Dr. Peter Willing (1999) Technical Review of Flood Control Aspects of the San Roque EIA,

available at www.irn.org/programs/sanroqueDr. Wayne White (2000) A Review of the Power Purchase Agreement between NPC and SRPC,

available at www.irn.org/programs/sanroque

25Glasson J., Therivel R., and Chadwick A. Introduction to Environmental Impact Asse ssment,

London 199426

Morris P., and Therivel R. Methods of Environmental Impact Asse ssment, The Natural and Built

Environment Series 2, London 1995 p.5

20100309 - Is EIA a Relevant Tool in the South East Asian Context Ed

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