How to Get A PhD? Research Ethics Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010 [email protected]http://www.oulu.fi/pyolam/ 1 HOW TO GET A PhD: METHODS AND PRACTICAL HINTS (2010-2011) University of Oulu, October 5 th , 2010 Research Ethics Prof. Riitta Keiski Department of Process and Environmental Engineering POB 4300, FI-90014 University of Oulu +358 40 726 3018, [email protected], http://www.oulu.fi/polam/ Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010 Contents - Definitions in Ethics - Research Ethics and Ethics - Research Ethics in Finland and The National Advisory Board of Research Ethics (TENK) - Guidelines for the Prevention, Handling and Investigation of Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research (2002) - Good Scientific Practice and Responsibilities -Violation of Good Scientific Practice – Misconduct and Fraud - Procedures in Handling Ethical Violations - Ethical Principals that Various Codes Address - Research Ethics – Four areas - Good Practices in Publishing - IEEE Code of Ethics - Copyright law, IEEE rules for self- plagiarism - Examples on violations - Programmes to detect plagiarism, UOulu - Summary - Materials What is Research Ethics? What is the role of Ethical Codes? How Ethical Problems can be solved? 2 Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
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A researchers is responsible to other researchers, to all those
participating in the joint research, to the whole scientific
society and above all to him/herself (most important)
Ethical questions: What are ethically acceptable research areas and methods?
Should the researcher take responsibility of the consequences of the research –
now and also in the future after tousands of years?
Does the researcher need ethical codes and rules?
Who makes the ethical desicions: researcher, research advisor, university?
What you should do if you know about misconduct of scientific/ethical rules?
What is your responsibility in this case?
Quality/quantity in publications, publicity, celebrity?
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
For Students
Ethical Code - As a student
I) My main objective is to learn.
II) I am aware of my role as a responsible agent in the science community. I am, in it, an example for others.
III) I will take care of myself and my abilities to study, and will advance the well-being of my university community and the communal spirit.
IV) I, with my actions, will advance my learning and the learning of my fellow students. I will not merely aim to complete my courses quickly.
V) I recognize the value of the work made by others and will always act honestly. I will, in my studies, advance the critical approach of the science community, truthfulness, communality, and impartiality. So • I will not cheat or otherwise operate dishonestly in an exam or teaching situation,
• My course and seminar work, and other theses are of my own making, unless I am engaged in pair or group work when the collaboration, is made visible in the credits or in some other appropriate way,
• I will appropriately mark down the references I have used and will not claim information obtainable through e.g. Internet as my own,
• I will accept the fact that I am, as a student, a part of the science community, and understand that my individual claims cannot always be fulfilled, and thus will not pressure other students or the staff to follow them.
VI) I will not, by my behaviour, disturb other’s learning and working in a teaching or exam situation.
VII) I will respect the teacher’s teaching and research work. So • I participate in teaching situations and I will act actively and responsibly in them,
• I will give relevant feedback of the teaching,
• I will, in my work, follow the instructions given by the teachers, and will promote positive atmosphere in the teaching situations.
http://www.oulu.fi/oky/english/ethics.pdfProf. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
I) As a teacher in the university, my main objective is to advance the learning of the students. I will promote it i.e. by
• Developing myself as a researcher and a teacher,
• Treating the students equally and assessing their learning and achievements appropriately,
• Giving credit to students when their working promotes their own or others’ learning,
• Advising students to alter their working methods if they distract the learning of others,
• Intervening appropriately in dishonest activities e.g. plagiarism or cheating.
II) I recognize my role as a responsible agent in the science community. I will be a positive role model for the students and my colleagues, and an example how to operate within a science community.
III) I will take care of myself and my ability to work, and will promote the well-being and communal spirit within the university community. I will work in collaboration with my colleagues. I will not present information or research results produced by others in my own name.
IV) I appreciate and develop my work as a teacher and will advance the esteem of teaching work in my unit and university.
V) I am interested in the learning of my students and respect their views and the appropriate feedback given by them.
VI) I will not try, without a credit, to benefit from my students and their input.
Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
Professional Ethics
Ethics in Engineering, 4th edition, McGraw Hill 2005, 339 p.
Martin, M.W. & Schinzinger, R.
Ethics and Professionalism
Moral Reasoning and Codes of Ethics
Moral Framework
Engineering as Social Experimentation
Commitment to Safety
Workplace Resonabilities and Rights
Honesty
Environmental Ethics
Global Issues
Engineering and Technological Progress
’Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and walfare of the public in the performance of
their professional duties.’
’The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool.’
’By honest it is not only ment to tell what is true. But you also make clear the entire situation. You
make clear all the information that is required for somebody else who is intelligent to make up
Research Ethics problems – Reasons?(http://www.tenk.fi/Salla Lötjönen)
• Financial problems – competition between researchers
• Co-work with commercial sector – rules of the came blend
• Insufficient leadership training
• Alienation from basic rules: do not lie, do not steal
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
Allegation of a violation of good scientific practice is handled at the organization in which the suspect research has primarily been conducted
Most relevant to legal protection in the process are:
– Fairness and impartiality
– The hearing of all parties concerned
– A speedy process
The procedures proposed by TENK have three stages:
1. Written notification
2. Inquiry
3. Investigation
A suspect or a complainant dissatisfied with the procedures used, the inquiry, the investigation or the final report can request the National Advisory Board on Research Ethics to give its opinion
Ethics (http://www.tenk.fi/)• Established in 1991; Makes proposals concerning
research ethics, gives its opinion on questions and legislation pertaining to research ethics and disseminates information about research ethics.
• In 1994 the National Research Ethics Council of Finland issued guidelines for the prevention and handling of the cases of misconduct and fraud in scientific research.
• On March 7, 1994 the Finnish Council of University Rectors, the Academy of Finland and national research institutes signed a recommendation, calling upon the scientific community to follow these guidelines
• The guidelines aimed at stimulating discussion and raising public awareness of research ethics
• In January 20, 1998 the Council adopted the new guidelines „Guidelines for the Prevention, Handling and Investigation of Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research‟
• In 2002 the Council adopted the „Good scientific practice and procedures for handling misconduct and fraud in science‟
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
• Misconduct in Research and pocedures for handling (1994)– The reliability and dignity of scientific research: researchers have good
scientific practices.
– Good scientific practice: procedures accepted by the scientific community,
general conscientiousness and accuracy in the performance of research and
presentation of results, appropriate acknowledgement of the work and
achievements of others, honest presentation of the researcher's own results
and respect for the principles of openness and controlled procedures
• Guidelines for the Prevention, Handling and Investigation of
Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research (1998)– It is in the best interests of society and of the scientific community that all
suspected deviations from good scientific practice are thoroughly
examined.
– The scientific community should take into account that these guidelines are
subject to legislative measures such as legislation on intellectual property,
criminal liability, procedures in administrational affairs, public records
• Copyright (tekijänoikeus) is “the exclusive ownership of and the right to make use of a literary or artistic work, protected by law for a specified period of time” [Skillin74].
• For original work of authorship (teos) copyright continues 70 yearsafter the author’s decease [Tekijänoikeuslaki, 43 §].
• If the work cannot be interpreted as “original work of authorship”, it may still have a related right (lähioikeus), which continues in the case of catalogs, tables, databases, and programs 15 years from the completion or publication of the work and in the case of photographs 50 years after the preparation of the photograph [Tekijänoikeuslaki, 49 §, 49 a §].
• Copyright is owned by the author. When the work is published, the publisher usually owns the copyright [IEEE-Copyright], [IEEE-FAQ]. A copyright form is signed by the author. The author needs a permission from the publisher to reuse the material [IEEE-Permission], [IEEE-Rights]. The permission is usually granted if the author refers to the earlier publication.
• Copyright “protects the form of expression rather than the subject matter of the writing” [US-PTM]. If you give the reference, you can quote about 250 words in quotation marks without permission [Higham98]. Otherwise you must paraphrase the text and give the reference. Figures and tables must be substantially altered, otherwise they cannot be used without permission [Higham98].
• After the specified period has expired, the work enters into the public domain as a work free for all to use, but you must still paraphrase the text or use quotation marks and give the reference.
• Copyright law mainly restricts the use of the work as a commodity. After the specified period is expired, anybody can use the material as a commodity, but you cannot change the name of the author.
• Copyright protection does not include titles, which are legally protected by trademarks, or ideas, which are legally protected by patents [Skillin74].
• Plagiarism is an ethical question that is only partially covered by copyrights, trademarks, and patents.
Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
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Plagiarism and self-plagiarism/Collected by Aarne Mämmelä
• Plagiarism in “taking ideas, writings, etc. from another and passing them off as one’s own” [Webster00]. Self-plagiarism is “verbatim copying or reuse of one’s own research” [IEEE-Policy], [IEEE-PSPB].
• Manuscripts that contain crossover of more than 25 % with another manuscript by the same authors may incur sanctions [IEEE-SP].
• A conference paper can be published as a journal paper, but it must usually be substantially revised to meet the technical standards maintained by the journal [IEEE-Guidelines]. If the publisher of the journal paper is different, you must obtain permission for the reuse.
• Some journals request at least 30 % of new material compared to a conference paper [IEEE-PDS], but in some other journals a journal paper manuscript can be even identical to a conference paper manuscript [IEEE-COM].
Avoid Self-Plagiarism – SummaryCollected by Aarne Mämmelä
Two journal or two conference papers cannot be identical. Even 25 % overlap may cause sanctions [IEEE-SP]. It is possible to write a journal paper based on a conference paper, but
1) the earlier paper must be clearly mentioned in the new paper
2) if the publisher is different, the first publisher has the copyright and you must follow the copyright law to solve the possible copyright conflict (paraphrase the text, substantially alter the figures and tables, or ask for permission)
3) in most cases conference paper must be substantially revised to meet the technical standards maintained by the journal (usually no new results are requested, but up to 30 % of new material may be needed, including expansions of key ideas, examples, elaborations, etc., depending on the journal [IEEE-COM], [IEEE-PDS]), and
4) the paper must pass again the anonymous review process, which is stricter in journals than in conferences.
Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Conference paper
Journal paper
Conference paper 1
Conference paper 2
Journal paper
Revision and review process
Revision and review process
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
Examples: Plagiarism and punishment
• Plagiarism and punishment by Fiona Godlee in BMJ 2007, 335: 0 (Nov. 10).
• University drops case against Croatian academic accused of plagiarism by Zosia
Kmietowicz in BMJ 2007, 335: 1014.
• Policing plagiarism by Michael Cross in BMJ 2007, 335: 963-964.
• Role of systematic reviews in detecting plagiarism: case of Asim Kurjak by Iain
Chalmers in BMJ 2006, 333: 594-596.
• UiT-ansatt tatt for juks (Plagiointitapaus Tromsøn yliopistossa) Merete Korsberg-
Dalsbø, Tromsø, Nov. 6, 2007
Programmes to detect plagiarism (plagiaatintunnistin)
• Urkund.se (used in Sweden (University of Uppsala) and in Oulu (University of
Why Did We Get the Urkund System at the University of Oulu?
• Good scientific practice requires a proper way of marking references.
• Checking the papers, documents and theses is a part of the University’s quality assurance.
• In order to be considered as a high quality scientific university, we have to have tools to check the references of our documents and measures prevent plagiarism.
Guidelines for the Management of Theses and Course-Completion
Related Plagiarism at the University of Oulu
• The Guideline was signed by Rector Lajunen at September 2009.
• The guideline was included in the Register of Standards in October 2009 and at the same time delivered by email to university’s teachers and other important directions, among others to Students’ Union in Oulu University.
• This guideline concerns both the theses and course completions. It also gives advice how students should be informed about the ethical issues:
”It is important that students are provided adequate instruction
from the beginning of the studies in correct referencing techniques
and in the recognition of the ethical aspects of scientific writing.”
• Translated in English: www.oulu.fi/urkund/index_english.html
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010By Katja Pura, 2009
Prof. Riitta Keiski, January 8th, 2008
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Prof. Riitta Keiski, October 5th, 2010
Urkund-system
• Developed in Sweden (2000) and it is used in many countries in universities and polytechnics for example in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, and
the Netherlands.
• Urkund uses three main sources:
– Materials on the Internet,
– Published materials and
– Students’ materials.
• Works on a web browser and doesn’t need to be installed or has not any specific demands of facility.
• Does not eliminate the work done by teachers but makes it mush easier: Still the Teacher always decides either plagiarism occurs or not.
Instructions and other important information is available here:
http://www.oulu.fi/urkund/index_english.html
• Students guidance is very important. Teachers have to tell students
what plagiarism is and how students should make the references in
their documents!
• Students must be told when Urkund is going to be used at the