2008_martin-Grube_chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens_2nd Edition_SEARCHABLE

CHRONICLEOFTHE SimonMartin andNikolaiGrube CHRONICLEOF THE KINGS ANDQUEENS DECIPHERING THEDYNASTIES O F THEA NCIENTMAYA SECONDEDITI ON with366 illustrations. 86 incolor . f ~Thames &Hudson In memory of Linda ScIJeJe (1942-1998) On the cOI'cr (frontand back):l lntcl 24 fromTemple 13, shoWIn!; [t zamnaal BahlamIIIand hi s will' LadyK'ahal Xook.The Trustees of the Briti sh Museum. (Halftille) Thi s J'Orl Ta lt of onc of the Tlkal kings call ed Chak Tok 1ch'aak is inCised mto thelid of a cerami c plate. HIS elaborate headdress is a hi eroglyphi c spelhng 01his name. (FronU5piece) Ceramu; hgurlne depicting an archetypal Maya kmg, here wearing the headdress of the MeXican War Serpent.Jam;r. lsbnd, 11.0600-800,Musco NatIonal deAnuopologia.Mexico Cit y, Cl WOO and 2008 Thames &Hudson Lld, London AllR1r,blsReserved. No pari of thIS pubhul10n may be reproduced or transmitted In any formor by any me.ms, electrOni c or mechamcal . mdudmg photocopy, recordmg or any other mforrnauon swragc and re!T] eva) WLthoutpnor permLssion In writi ng from the publI sher. Flts!pubhsht d In '2.000 In the Untied St ates of AmenCllby Thames &Hud50n Inc, 500Fifth Avenue,N"w York, New York101 10 thamcsandhud!;Qnuu .cOln $(,oond 2008 LLbrary of Congru5 Cat alog Card Number '2.oo790SS34 ISBN978-0.500.'2.8726.'2. Pnnted and bound In Slovema by MKT J'nnt d.d CONTENTS pages6-7 Preface: Discovering the Maya Past pages 8-23 Introduction: pp.8-9MayaHistory - The Major Periods p.10Map pp.11-13Maya Writi ng and Calendars pp.14-16The RoyalCulture of the Maya pp. 17-21Classic Maya Politics pp. 22-23Comparative Tirnelincs 24-53 TlKAL The great crucible of Maya civi/izat ion,TikaJ's immense rn,'nsro/1oI! anBOO-year dynastic history that Tanthe gamut from regional ascendaIlcy to abject defeat 54-67 PILAS Founded by the nkal exile Bailm ChllnK'awiil,therookthe Ilame of its mother city nkal and fought a r wars against it 68-83 NARANJO Akingdom rarely free fromforeignattack,Naran;osuccess under the'warrior queen' Lady Six Sky and her { sonK"ahk'Tiliw ChanChaak 84-99 Playing a significant part in6th century AD,the Cameol dynasty cont rol1ed 100-11 5 EnJoyinga 'golden age' of over 130 years,the kingdom of the 'm'" eclIpsed its arch.rival Tikal to create the most important poJiOl surge inthese foreignstyles and artifacts, Withdistinctive ceramlcs-liddeably ded,clled In the year "'D527. THE TROUBLED' MIDDLE CLASSIC':AD 508-562 Althoughitsrecordisbesetbothbypoorpreservationanddeliberalt damage,a bener understanding of Tikal's murky ' Middle Classic' penod is nowemerging.The eraisepitomizedbyStda 23,which had beenre erected,brokenandincomplete,inaresident ialcompoundsomc distancefromthe GreatPlaza. It bearsthe defacedportraitofawoman dubbedtheLadyofTikal,itsreartextrecordingher birthin5(Wand elevationtotherankofaiawin511,aqueenatJUStsixyearsofage. Almostcertainlya daughter of Chak TokIch'aak11,her once shadowy reignprovestohavebeenbothSUbstant ialandpoli t icallycomplex. Althoughusingadifferentregnalname,sheispresumablythesame femalementioned onthe fragmentaryStda 6,where she celebrat edthe end ofthe4thK'atun !9.4.0.0.01in 514, and again on Stda12from527. Sheseemsnevertohavemledinherownrightandwas partncred by one or moremale cO' mleTS.JI On Stela 12 the Lady of Tikal is linked with the ' 19th in the line', a lord named, IIIpart, Kalooffil e'Bahlam(the queendoesnotseemto have a place In IhesequeneIWh ,h,h e .letetextdescribesher performance 0te keyyear-endIng ri tuals,the stclaitselfwas dedica tedinhi s honour and 530 WAKCHANK'AWIIL ----WAKOiANlI'A,WI:l V.oJC.:B. XO;l(lIKINlCH .\JAWj.wa __ M _.. ",....r.c !JI.Ie 21"'" tne lone -,- (9,5,3.9 15 12 Men18I('an! 23rd and 24th Rulers Nuun Vjol Chaak Shi eld Skull :>657...f,79:> ThISfine plate, similar to two found in his 10mb, shows Animal Skull holdingaK' awii!topped suff. For the next130 years not a single dated monument -or even a potenual fragmentof onc - has beenidentified at Tika l andthislong silencehas come to be known as its Hiatus period AD 562-692. The phenomenon has been linked to the fall of Teot ihuacan (which look place at this time) and eventotheideaof a' liulecollapse'acrosstheMaya Buttoday wecanpointmorespecificallytoTikal 'smilitaryhumblingandtlte corresponding rise of a rival power in the Peten: Calakmul. Atthe Silmt time,abeuerunderstandingoftheHiatusitselfshowsthatbr from being a moribund or uniform era, itwas onc full of incident and change. ANIMAL SKULL ChanK'awiilwassucceededbyAnimalSkull,the22ndruler01 at some unknown point after 562.Despite outward signs of conll' nUlty,thereisgoodreasontodoubtthatthenewrulerwasfromthe exis.ting royalpatriline.Withnosurviving monuments, our knowledge of hImmostly relies onthe bountiful collect ion of painted ceramics from hi s reign,Herehispedigreesgivespecialemphasistohishigh.ranking an ix ajaw (literally ' lady lord') of Bahlam (' Jaguar'), but minimal attentiontoh'fLL ...'de ISat"er,WnOISnamedonlyonceandW!luoutIl. sao IAbovel A p.Iln.er from .he COUrt 01 AnImal Skull created thIS vue with a hst of (arly TIlu.llungs, d,",rued, appropnatdy toough, wI,h ,he royal mat !"'ltem rendered inregalred. (Ih}owl Onc of four effigies of the gW K'aw,,1re,rieYed fromBunal19S. Thei r &luteo surfaces arc onginal, the complete Ikcay of the wood.hey onCOI.ed. 2 ANIMAL SKULL TOUI OL CtlAAK4\ Clearly,AnimalSkull'smatrilinealbackground was hi smalOrclaimto legilLmacy."hmaybeSlgnificamIhatitwasoneofAnimalSkull ', paintersthatproducedthevaseli stingearlyTikalkings- thehne direcdy preceding the Mexican arrivals _ perhaps a sign that he sought to ally himsclf with the ci ty'Sancienrllgime Ip.27). Thereis arecurring linkbetween conquests ofthe'star war'variety andlengthysilences.Whil eintcrnaldisarraymayaccoumforshOT! periodsofinacti vity,longerspansarebetterattributedtoforeign subjugation, 10 the rule of usurper dynasties or 10 later struggles between such interlopersandresurgentlocallines.AnimalSkull'sexactrolein these difficulttimes is uncertain. He may have ruled asapuppetofthe city'S conquerors,or,convCNI S a major ruler during some of his kingdom'smost star-crossedyears.Ifheerectedany ofhisownmonu. mentstheydidnotsurvi vethetraumasoftheHiatus,sowerely on references to hi s career inscribed elsewhere.He faced serious challenges on at least two front s. The first,predictabl y enough, came from the Snake kingdom - now firmly establi shed atCalakmul and,under Yuknoom the Great, close 10 the peak of its powers.While Nuun Uj ol Chaak led a mili. taryrevivalatTikal,hisnorthernrivalsalwaysseem10havehadthe upperhand. The second camefromamoresurprising quarter _ a fellow holderofthemilIa]titlecall edBajlajChanK'awiil,mostlikelyhis brother or halfbrother. Their bitter opposi t ion certai nly hastheflavour ofafraternalconflict- closerelativesbattlingforasinglekingship-although we know little about the legitimacy of either claim. NuunUjol Chaak's fi rstmajor setbackoccurredin657theearliest dat ewehaveforh' mhYk' ,I,wenunoomtheCreat seized Tikal in another hstar war' attack (pp. 108-9). AlthoughNuunUjol Chaak fledthe city, e seems tohaveco h'me to terms Soon after. This can beinferredfrom ,;,',a childhoodceremonyforYuknoomYich' aakK'ahk', Irtote CalakIh. 657 and 662so .mutrone,whichtookplace sometimebetween ther b.HIS Calakmul-sponsored rival Bajiaj Chan K'awiil was al so c,UtanypeacebethI Chaak fel,' h'b- _ tem wasnottolast.By672NuunUfo nOlnl ltlonenk'Doh pretender,o"ghThallacengs Pilas and in turn putting te IIIt.e TikIk'' hd fOrthe nextfialngsoldoverthe Pelexbatunlasle veyeal'swhileh..... K'awli!bumine campaignedInpursuit of Ba, la1Ch:m ,g or Capturing thr..I Calakmulre-en,dee Sites In 673 [p.57).Unsurpri sing y, erethefrayd '6, forcLO!: him to rei',anen77defeatedNuunUjolChaa", LOqll!shthe rebelI' engagement of th'scat.USttwo years later the deCISI\ e e senes tookI..J p ace, as Ba11a)ChanK'awiilflnall )' bcstc .. , n , o

.-n , , " j -w j, M " ,d NECROPOLIS OFKINGS ...ttile vefYheart 01 the CIty hesthe North AcropOlIS. DOe 01the moSt c:ompIe.1f'Id enck.ml'lll edlllces 01 Maj1I ewohlatlOl'l.8e&Imll'lll hIeInthe c.350 K. it developed II1to necropOlIs lor Tikill'sdynasty. E..:h s,uc:cessn.oe Iun&IYIfIteoment SIWked further modlficatlOf'l and --2 ANIMAL SKULL TONUUNUI OL4' enlatlemeou . ...at .nllll.ml, InIhe .",po( nca,C"...b"h c.bkmul at,his lime. inc",.sed Inllu.nce.o Ienoon/], howevcr,bo:ma,n 695 w . Th.I>lc."'"l:C$ofru....', fltk "",m ... bleandp''''pe,ou, .nd blS.nc'Aieo ..-c .. now d"nd131,_'" m.,1ttd ... IIbtheIwin.py m,d tomplcJt .. M.NandO.liemayal",bavc beenreopoo ..blcfor'y Ch,n Chuk w ,.ken prioon869> Intb,. detail from Temple 3 L,mcl 2 we KC a lale Tiul rult T. probably Dark Sun, ... a dance p.am, c. AI) 810. TERMINAL CLASSIC TIKAL As we enter the 9th century, signs of a profound crisis come suddenly to theforeasdynastiesacrosstheregiondisappearandpopulationlevels starttoplummet.As the pressures begin to mount the claritydynasti c picture diminishes conSiderably.Temple 3, at180 ft(55m) the last of itS great pyramids, eomains another elaborately carved roof lintel. It shows three figures in a rather fl orid style, with a ruler dressed in a cor pulentjaguarCostumeflankedbytwodancingattcndants,named in accompanying Captions. Only onc of two longer glyphie survives, this is rather decayed. A parentage st atement can be identl' fied, providing uswith the name of the protagonist 's fathe r, a king calltd NuunUjol K'inich. He could have ruled for only arelatively brief period SOmetime between 794 and 810 (unless he is the missing 28th roler). Thenextmonument , Stela24_ Commemoratingthe19thK'alun of 810 - was not erected in the traditionaltwin-pyramid group butstoodatthe footof Temple 3. It once bore atext of perhaps136 giyphs, with a further 48 on the acCOmpanying Altar 7. Both were badly smashed In antiquity,but the ruler's name, Dark Sun, survives on three stclament s. A carved bone unearthed in Croup C, an elite compound dose 10 840 d .... .. " ... ..... ..... '''..... ... ," , " ". of ad r' '" ". '" ,r Th" tvocative pn bo:h ... h,"""y cl """..d.rabI mponanu and 1>0 .....n me"""of tntrw>c: !:"nd______ _ RUlER 3 --".., ? .... n.... ,w,'I:lu-28Mi1' Ut CIWf.? II'_ 19.15.9.16.11 ......

-_a .'"' """""" l.acIyGI-K'_oI .......... """"" -. -. --Do$l'Ilas SIeI .. 2. 6"-Y121 S&8; P_19, (91t.IS.S.tS Stelae 2 9 Men13 K' I\'iIO) " Ruler3 727- 741 K'awiilChan K'inich Ruler 4 74 1- 761> nus vaR shows K' ,w,ii Chan K' mich - ldmuficd sImply U' MaSler of lhc Ahku]Lord' - enthroned in hI, H"use of fullroyal !lIk, SIX year,prior to his aCfual acceSSIOn, may be, signIha!Ruler 3', rule amounted 10. formof regency. R ULER3 'Master of Sun ,aguar' assumedthethrone in January 727, 67 da)'$ me! the burial of ItzamnaajK'awiil.From here on he used an acquircdregmJ namelonethatcurrentlyresistsfuJldeci pherment ),thoughhislong. standingwarrior'stitl e COntinuedtosceoccasionalusethroughouthIS tenure.If the nextrulcr of DosPil as,K'awii l ChanK'i nich, wasindetd asonofItzamnaajK'awiil(andourSourceonthisisrathererodedl thenthe new kingwas not in directlineto the throne.Neverthel css, his elevation seems less a coup d'! ta t by a military Strongman than a form of regency,fulflllinganeed formatureleade rshi pa tatime whil c the heir was still a chil d. Aremarkable,thOUghnowheavi lybrokenpaneldepictsthe blood. letting of ayoungboy,referredtoasch 'okmuraJ ajaw ' Princeof Dos Pilas' Lnthetell labove,andmostlikelyK'awiilChanK'inichhimSC'lf ItmayreflectRuler3'5specialConcernforhi seventualsuccession. DeSignat ion rit es such asthis are sometimes referred to in te:I[jS,but nOl otherwi segiventheemphas isofrepreSentation.Atthecentreofthe SCenewesce arichly attiredyouthwhosepeni shasbeenperforate'Pn...- ff , ,_ doubtles.layInu. de "tu 11, ...RIl\tt 3', oh,smn."urae hM'41IS,"corded onAgu.''''''' S.doI,Th.... hor.abo:"", III do".,n'Y. ,' h'ho"'o... nhu.Ihe..""",."on01.h..monumenl";Ih. IS.omIS...., I .,'.oun"Slruc.u.e6,mighl.uggCll 'Ih hISbu.o.o.llIQ ".1\.py..u.... ... "h,n." K' A";jji""CHANK' INICII n.c newrul.r,Ko... uldun K.n,.II, was mSlanet!.n June741,Udm .tI Ihede.>.hofRulerJ.t ,nlymOftUmentSincludean"'"""".. ",cbAgtu.ec."nd"h'erogl)1lhicbenchatl)of1',1:1$.[beI>"er .hecen'rep,ece01anel,[ecompoundiU'1"uuid hemampi ..., Iu'oo1'11.0. ...... , l Ruc .. J10K'A,"Ul CHA'doamen.of. CIaos .. cityha. been0 ..",plc "Iw".r'JY,UOCCCLutly. n..,.., these b" "'....b .. """ .. "",Uat mhc: ...,"".n.,. ElDu.cndcl &mppcd, he:t"rn"leo and palM:" thc:lr"onc f""II&J to'he crudemuonry foo, ...d.otlOM 01, .... . ' , '. :, .:...... ... TAl',. Tt' K' ,...eH TOLACIIAN K'AWDl AJAW1IT61 } -----"""".n,ne w.lI .. both,vu..t,I,.nltona:d ., tb.,l... do' . ... Thc.n.,,n Cl"" ha Id, f ..... If ony du 10 ,loo"iolen"". bu, .h. ',".m. fr""mcn'''ion 01ou,homy on'h1 kuwJom"roo>t _, ....... .... woool .. ,to nm 'e. Stda 25 tSla"",ly fillw WIth a hta" y of AibutonCoffers. mponantinformationabouttheWIderp::Ihbt.ll landSCllp K'''''k' nhw, h" ,undE.,h.,. before,hun, ......... .. powerlulSI;I' ... Tik.ol...... pl.wall ..... .,in Ibo'

.. " I

.-_.IUU.I II'!.. -.::;,:;:-__.._31 _... " -.1*"'" An;n. rtgUlRj!:denouementmayb< ... C""'r PLu.o lx.o. .. _oIl"_....,.... _"",_""""bootimand Tilutl. C, .......1>c"""""1'"". na,u", of m.ny C,racoI .uu. It'" hanl '0 he nOtn when.and .. n&:,whose'.'YI. 'h"",occ .. ,""'.K'anI', ""Iy K un.".,dm& 11.5.0.0,0 of 534, w "" S,.1a16. Much 01 n e" to taken up by, listof other ch.ra.teB. ,ndudlrll\ hi' parcn,., hIS y.ndf herKahkU",IK' tnlchland, roy"wom.n fromXuhun_lc$$ cxplr blc ,. ,he oIlbhlamNehn,the...",en.ruler 01Cop.an 'hotW> he may ha ... been .nother ",'a.ive Or poli.;.al .lIy. 88_____ YAJAWlE' K' INICH11-- - lIpondenoc ." the name. or ,;!le. of V'J>'" To'k "lid Inst d,,oo.edu.main.rc fullycon,i",,"twith.he&If(1l1o01sq. W;".....,'hecu' m>'$n.k.klnl-' C.racolprovidesut"', c..",,,... c.Il,,,,, vie .,.,. ",. ''''"'3'' row, .for the .cunni"!! vonoryol561. n. un.,.,. cl tI... re ........ ".dl.."cd on,hItCCU>lonput him oomcpa'tIO' 0"TdO htoIq.umar:)".nd "'oe .1>yh" bro.h., i. omittcd andK'.n I! 19O"'" hi. rul. en".cly)_ C ae"I', mo. he. K 'on U', m",I>.,' Elt', 'arn,-ed ,n ,I>< CCCntf. 011ft Scp. ..mbe. S84By.hen>hewu18 of . , h'(1I'joftd ,nked.o I"ntO""._nfleel by Ta"",mUk'abK.hl:onthedayr/.doo "otory ..... , Turnis _..... some.Cc:,,.,nI, on N ....n"'.ook ,nDecembe:, 6J1".......... " .It"'!'Cn, ... te, no ... llrmly established a, OIlakmul " h - _U:ha, "","td.hor'lterecordofthec. mrai.gn,,,,,kthe foo-m0/. 'e ...... yp'e "'lrWOU, "..., .Ounu atN""n",. Ithaslongbeenon . . . ..... .. tnonuIn"n, '''ec,ox)hC An.1c., ,Y"'001 during an ext endcJ "CCUI"' .... ," _. 'h.,i,bsc,. 4, 55. 10. 11. Rule!S/StT72.13.14 & 89

'-"'l' 01 SteIa !>771-7891> >702-731> 8@ Ch an Pet Wamaw o >849> K'awiil fi >736> RulerY >741> Great Serpent >751> TOOK' Kt AWUL Calakmulrespondedtoits recentadversitywith anew surgeInmODI!-ment carving and asmany as seven stelae were erected at the next II1II11 calcndricaljuncturein 702.These werethework of a ruler using a coo fUSingseriesofnamevariantsandabbrevi;l tions,forwhichYuknOOlD Took'K'awiilisnomorethanapart ialreading.Tocompoundtht problemstillfurther,outsideCalakmulheisreferredtobyaqWlt different pan of his name, Scroll-head K'awiil.It is with this deslgIl3u!& thathe appears atDos Pilas in702.Althoughthe nature of this contKI isnowlost,wecanukeitasasignthatCalakmulmaimaintd111 relat ionshipwiththedisplacedTikaldynasty.Similarly,theship ofElPeruwaspreserved and atsome un knowndate Took' K'awul Supervisedthe accessionof a new ruler thcre.JI Tics with NaranjoS(C!l to have continued too:itsking boasts of his one.time fealtyto Yich'a# K'ahk'aslateas711.InSUIO,CalakmuI'spoliticalsphereshows somt resilience at Ihis point. It seems to havebeen Took'K'awiilwho erected amagnificent stfct sevenStelactocelebrate the cnd of the15thK'atunin731fbringinghu outputtoaPOssible21monoliths).MostwerearrangedatthebaS(d 7'" , -:t 790 ________TOOK'K'AWlIl TOAJTOOK'11.1 !Above) This ",de mask was dlKovcred in a tomb a! the SUmmit of Struct ure 7,a temple pyramid occupymg Ihe Ilonllern sIde of the Ccnt"l Plaza, Clculya royal bunal ftht Lore Classic I115a great puy 1hal no texl1rlcrmfiu liS owner. (Rlgh!) Stda 54 depIcts one o/Took' K'awn)', wives.Her name don nQt survIve. AD731. (kfl) ShowIng a mature, fulLbod,,:d figulc of Took'It 'awn) wuh an uIlu5ual manC 01curly hair, Stda SIilthe finest survIVing monument fromthe cuy. AD73 l. StructureI,averylargepyramidatthecastof the !;:cntralcore.Hewn fromadense,durablelimestOne,presumablyimponedfromSQmedis-tance, theywere once theIxst-prcservedatthe cny (thoughtheir theft inthe1960swreckedmostoftheirmscripuonsbeforetheycouldbe properlydocumented).Whilethese SlOnl'Sare undoubtedlyLmpressLve, theyshouldnOtbetakenasabarometerofthewiderhealthofthe kingdom.Analtar atTikal,proooblydedicatedbetween733and736, shows a bound Calakmullordand points to a newdefeatatthe hands of th is old enemy. The accompanying capti on is d:umged, but Took' K'awiLl might be named there (pp. 48_9) ..Il ..0 810 '"" CUAM.1CS (W0II"", __0II(,.w.

._1'1."........-- . .......__ oIIQoooo:lolOI'JI-", __.. -...tnO .....____ It>o ..: """VI' III R.dIIrII_ __ ......... C 0II0arII_._ __

-""""' ..... ___ 1"*1" .-0IIQIvI.--"'''''' ""'---.....-0"3thcJ'lC'fcnn.alrrobkm 01croo.lcdfTtQfIument.I, hornt ..... ::;"'ngdom" .. ",ual d.ppcarar>Ce from ,he 'Inttfnan"""I'th.."-t prodUCllvtIOUAATBAHLAM1 -- YOP-.td-8N1lAM "'""" __ a --

23M,m7 (8.16.2.9.17 yat Sal"",limit? 14 SoU' ) ITZAMNAAJ6AHLAMI ---1---IlZAMNA,n- ShoekllaC_ I. Deity./CUlf, Gill .... BIRDJAGUARI G/wIIiCIPIf//O'WIAet:eHoon ya.VAX\I;tf?-6AHlAM6 0ct0I:>e14 Mol) YP\f.DEERANTLERSKUU Glypl"" -"'''' 1--YM-'1-JOlO:1ol? """-"" .wso,.".,..,., ss (8.17.13.3.81 FirM itoIn SIuAI 4 lMnat 11 C/o'en1) 350 Yopaat Bahla111 ] Ruler 5 402h 359-f ]tza111naaj K' inich Bahla111 ] Tatbu Shield Jaguar I Skull] Bird Jaguar] Moon Skull 378-389 >454-467 Yax Deer-Antler Bird Jaguar II Skull : .467> 389-4021 YOPAATBAHLAMI TO BIRD JAGUAR11 Almost nothing is knownaboutthe fabric of early Yaxchilan, whIch Itn buried by lat er construct ion,hut wc have areasonably complete knOlOl edgeofitsdynasticsequencethankstothesurvivalofI WOlater klll!l lists.The earliest , divided among a set of four inscribed lint els, !btd to the mid6th century and enumerates the fi rst t hrough 10 the tenth rulers. Thesecond,ahieroglyphicstairwaycreatedovcr200yearslat er, ISa longer andmore detai lednarrat ive;thoughitsweather-worncondillon means that only parts of it can be read today. The ch ronology of the earlI-estperiodisproblematic,andthe dat es foll owedherearclargelyIhost of Peter Mathews,who has produced the most comprehensive an31YS1Sd Yaxchilan inscript ions thus fa r. I Hi StoryatYaxchil:tnbegi nswiththeaccession of its founder, YopUt Bahlam1,perhapsin359,describedas' thenrstseatedlord'.llistedkings,inboth sources,aresuppli edwithsupplementaryphraSC5 naminglordsfromvariousforeignsit esandkingdoms.Originally thought to be visi tors 10the Yaxchi lan COUrtit is now cl ear thal theseart prisoners and represent a record of Early warfare rare in its length and detail . Yopaat Bahlam'svict imisnot given aroyaltitle, though Ius lull ar II kh bo ""'" 1, ...

!I",ISJ "'"" ,orl> ".. r' '.... in'" b,... """ '" ...... "' .. , RULER5 --"'"

......., 10 lien?11Mol) -"....-)I.)NICHTATBUSKUll I --I 1./SC k"""'" as ..... -Mahk"'" TahSkull I ".'" MOONSKULL ---- 7111w.e BIRD JAGUAR11--2 lamaI 1? KeII) -""''''''''"

,..",...... -_. "'" -M.not.q'e Jaguar I. 20_4611K '"ICnTatI)u 19.112.1.85111111Jn-!Ion;tJ_1I JOU);M1 ...". AIIO.,.." ""'"-M...... .,.T.... SltlJllII --.... -1InoI-atIerewere illd'd ',' ccn vaclai ms to his inheritance, 2 Tb< ... LlhIh 91510 rhnw mcu!"i 5O\llbr c_AO7! -thoUgh eXcep, 726and rvlnglp, a naUve Temple thorned :edfmm or some lodelled _ y atthe a shon der

renewal dlcllmg liscase lIndthe .edtWO matuTt !nstonc jle thiS 24 con' Iather .s hrine, er, was said to lll lalso 13S not lit unin J2, as a matuTt antler l IDand .Long thing a eventS Br j'urhWnbct9l1S ,.udKobtbYtun M, u/al of Yaxehlbn'. lluaw.al RahLam Ill. ADTU. K'INICHYO'NAl AItKI TOK'INfCt lYO'NAtAllK11147 IXI AlA\\, L3dy K'atun Alaw IXl TAHNnaa.ku Lady Huntahn Ahk IRlghtl A threeycarold LadyHuntahn Ahk leans on the knee of her mother lady K'3Wn Aj3W. Ste1a3, AD711. thefixedposturesofquasi-divinekings produced arare trace of informality, the kind ofnaturalisticposenormallyonlycncoun leredinfigurinesoronpaintedvessels.Old thiS Illarkthe emergence of anassenivcmatrilineunder theinfluential queen,orhadYa' nalAhk,bynow47yearsold,simplydespairedof produci ngamaleheir?WiththeprospeCtofthesuccessionpassing throughm:lrriagetothcfcm:tlelinethercIllayhavebeenadeSireto secure her posi tionwiththi s Singular honour.We have no evidence that Yo'nal Ahk 11ever sireda son andthe parent:tge of his succes.soris suit -ably murky. Although Rul er 4wears a tunle-headdressed belt ornament on one occasion,suggesting anAhk'Tunic'namefor hisfather, of the three references to his birth In 701none goes on to provide his pedigree. Thelast date ofYo'nal Ahk'sreignfallsin June719,theoccasIOnof whal seems to be a further mamage,perhaps to a woman fromPalenquc. HIS death must have takenplace shortl y thereafter, since Ruler 4was In place byNovemher the same year.Thereiseveryreasonto beli eve Ihat Ya' nalAhk1\was laidtorCStinBurial S,animportanttOmbuncovered within the West Acropolis IbeJolV). BURIAL 5 A depression in the courtyatd facing Structure ),5, high in the West AcropoliS, alerted archaeologist s to the presence of a COllapsed chamber beneath. Excavation r evealed a vaulted tomb, Burial5. the rIChest yet found at the City.It contained t he body of a mature male accompanied by two juveniles. The lord's skUll had been deliberately flattenedduong childhood (to produce the slOping fOl"ehead aSSOCiated Withthe Maize God). oot a better sign of hiS hogtl status are the inlays of jade and pyrites dolled into 15 of hiS froot teeth.Among the 81- goods WM a large quantJty of Jade. includlllg finely worked bead necklaces and a figunne placed in hiS mouth. A hematrte mirror -With B5 of Its mosaIC platelets Still In p1ace-was found set at an angle. POSitioned to rellect the lungs imace Indeath as it did In hfe. Among a haul of 213 cut and drilled shellplaques (once sewn ooto some apparel) were four that shared a songle te.o;\repeat,ng thestory of Lady Katun Ajaws betrothaland marriage to Yonal Ahk11. The king is named on each of four stingray-spine bloOdletters in the tomb, and there is little reaSOllto ooubt, desPite its unprepossesson& locatlOll. that thiS 15the 10mb of the klne himself. I. RULER4 --"-HlA'l 1(K'.o.N)'i1K -lS_,701 (9.139,14,15 7 Mtn 18K'"",, 'onJ ,- (9 14_18.3.13 7J1tn 16K"_-onJ 720 ....

(9,lM,1l.17 7 KmMOP*,C'nodThronI I1 adorned wuh glypluc I UU$Caland both Ihe froll1andstda' of n.leph was found, by01 Penruylvlnl' archaeQloglslS dchbcraldy broken and around the ch,mbe. of Slruclu.o: ).6. RULER 7 Thenextking atPiedrasNegras,Ru ler7,wasanamesake ofthe Early Classic Tunic TOOth, :tndlook office in78 1. HisreigncontrastSartistic triumph, presiding over the finest floweri ng of sculpture att he Cit y,With mi liury catastrophe, ending his li fe indefeatand captivity. The name of hisfatherisnowlost,buthesharesthepreoccupationwi thRuler4 shownbyhis tWOpredecessors, andhe was surely hisdescend:lIlt, 11HIS greatest tribut e to Rul er 4 was the masterfulPanel 3, set into a wall of O. 13 to rceord the fi re ritual at his 10mb in782 (performed a year to the day aft er the burial of Ha' K'in Xookl jp.150).0 13 retained its pivotal role for the dynasty andbothofRuler7'sstelaewere sethigh onitssupporting pladorm. The first of these, Stela 15 from 785, marks aninnovative mo\'c tonearl y fully. rounded sculpture.Among his construction effort s were importantaddit ionstotheWestAcropolis,includi ngthe pa lace gallery ,6, inwhich Throne 1 was dedicat ed the same year. Builtinto a purpose. built niche, its legs and sea t carry an elegantly carved text , while ilS back takes the form of a maskwithbusts of two figures, apparently the king's parents,sct into its eyes like pupils. The Pomona wars Likeseveralotherkingsontheeveofthecoll apse,Rul er7provides detailed deSCriptionsof hismi li t3rycampaigns. ThesebegininAugust 787withIhecaptureofasub- lordfromSantaElenacarryingthetitle ya;aw k 'ahk' ' Lord ofFire'.The act ionmoves ro March792with a 'star war'att ack onits westernneighbour Pomonaand alistofthe resulting capt ives_This blow was less than decisivehoweverand muchthe same .. eventswererepeatedtwoye:lrsImer(enumerat edasthe'secondstar war').Againasuccessionofprisonersweretakenanditisaparadeof theseunfort unatesthatappearsontheface of Stel a12,erectedin795. Earl., InlStlC .... Itb ::line of luler4 :. U HIs llofo. he dJy :olefor >om" !tnm't :sWeft gallCI)' ,,,,,,,. IS luck king's 10vida '''''''' ICmle a 'star e same star rade of in795. SCULPTORSOF THE

SJ'(II1 &lYPh1Csequences, usually n:rsed .... 10 the b;kgrounds 01figural provtOe the nameS and "tles cltM senbesandsculptors who ertaIed them. Anything up to eight j,f'I8tUlfi be f()(.md011a Single III(II'U'I'IeI't, sometimeS dIstinguished ,ltbwlSl:t1l12Ruler 7'. two Pomon.aIn 792 and dd b.r ICh,t>'w ,n collaborauon with lid "_11 fromnClghbounng La Mar. (Bt.llwrl,l:brl Wclearn ofRuler7'. altlnul C fOIeIn th,s shoTl from Ymhdm LIn1d10, where he,s described a'C3f'1lOfIl;" colltttlon of >nJlral rulers on It... sarcophagus ofK'uuch I_nub Pakal l !"". 42520 K' an Joy Ajen Yoh! Chitam I Mat 529-565 6OS-ti 12 Ahka! Mo' MuwaanMat Nahb II 6 12-tilS 565-570 Kan Bah!am I 572-583 Lady Yohl Ik' na! 583_ K' ANJOYCHITAMI TOKAN B_ ____ Mo'NahbIdiedm524andsomehintofdifficulttes thIS 1Uneture ,night bedetectedIn the four-year gap before his successor K':&D loyChilamIwascrownedin529.AsingleepisodefromthiSearlylifeisplacedin496,hisadopt ionofajuniortillepresumed helr-apparency attheageofsix.Thc ceremonytookplaceatToktahn, suggesting thatthis was stillthepre-eminentlocationatthis lime.HIS nameisfromthreecomponents:k'an'precious' or 'yellow';head of a peccary lthe American ho.u! whichis chitam or kuam inmost Mayanlanguages;and;1'toothachebundle'ltiedaroundthepeccary'S headl lhat in other contexts seems to read ioy ' wt ie/ tether'.'HISretgn 01 36ye.us, rememberedbymOTethanoncbter ruler,enduredunul565 when he died atthe age of 74. A secondkmgwiththe nameAhkalMo'Nahb _ al,imn uknuned simply asthemam 'grandson'ofAhkalMo'NahbI _ wasinauguuted 85ct:.Y5allerK'anJoyChHalll 'sdeath!AhkalMo'NahbIn hncf,barelyfivcyears,andhewassucceededbyKanBalllalll .' ( Snakelaguar' !in572.BornJustoncyearafterhispredecessor, canpresume thathe was his younger brother. KanBahlam l's reign lalled ....

... .. lat __________________ITO M UWAAJ'IIMAT159 NfIW. MO' HAHB 11

""".-.

" 1U.U ".,lflllOll -,...... 1t.6.II_S. 1 IIrni>; ' Sopl

9 '-' aMSlIeftf ""Sok!'!Ik' 1'f"CII1$ hel son K"nlch -"PWlwnb the ' drum...... llIIlICWon m 615. _____-"KCC 'AN JOYCHITAMI TO M UWAANMAT161 l' akall is less eaSil y fitt ed into the genealogy, and may have been eIther a secondson orherhusband.Inlaterlextsheisascribedafullemblem glyph, despi te never taking the throne. are signs that AjenYohlMat hadsome wide political authorit y, specificallyover SantaElena,aStrat egicallyimportantsiteontheSan Pedro M:irt iTRiver - he seems 10havc installed itsruler, !lYet his eight. year ru lewas principally to be remembered for anOlher military di saSler. On 4April611,Lakamha' was penetrated and sacked for a seeond !line, againatthehandsof the Snakeki ngdom,thistimeundertbepersonal direct ionoftheirrulerScrollSerpent ,llThespecialemphaSISthis humiliationrcceivesintheTcmpl eofInscriptiOnstextUackmgany rhctOri c of initial defeatcont rasted witbultimatcvictory) suggest S that itwascsscntialtothcundcrstandmg ofsubscquentevent s.A,enYohl Matclearlysurvivedtheencounter,butneitherhenorlanaabPakal were10liveformorethanayear,dyinginAuguslandMarchof612 respectively. Thcn:arrntivcgocson10paintavivi d,Ihoughforusst illrathcr confusingpicturcofthedisarraythatfollowed.A newruleris saidto havebeeninstalled afewmonthslater,ascribedthenameofJ\\uwaan 1\131, the ancestral deity andprogenitor ofPalenQue's Ihree supernatural patrons !p.159). The next calendncaljuncture, the cnd of the 9thK'atun in613,is surrounded by some uniquely wocfullanguage.Firstwchave sOlOyk'lIhul lxik,satay aialV' lostISthediVinelady,lostisthelord', beforebeingloldthat certainkeyritualswere not performed.1I Oncis leh10wonder exactl ywhoIhi sruler wasand,indeed,ifthiS wasanykindofconventionalreignatall.Atonetimeit was thought thatthc Muwaan Mat god name served as a pseudonym for a new Queen,Lady Sak K'uk' l' Rcsrlcn dentQuctz:lI'I.' 5 Tod:IY,however,werecognizethe malegenderofthisdeity,falallyweakemngthiS hypothesis. The reignof this Muwaan MatISeIther metaphorical_Ihesummoneddeityservingm place of mortal lords - or the name masks theiden-tityofsomeunmelllionableperson,suchasa foreignsupervisorImposedbytheCHY'Scon Thi sstrangeperiodlastedonlythreeyears, ending wilh the accession of the12.year-old.son of LadySakK' uk',K'inichfanaabPakal(RadlalllI Shield')in615.1-1;sin:lLIguralionisgraphically depiCl edonthe0'131PalaceTablet,wherehIS mother presents hilllwllh Ihe ' drum malor' crown. Shewasto livefora further 25years, finallydYIng III 640,whileher consortI\'anMo'HIX('PrecIOLls MacawJaguar'!survivedherbytwOyears.They probabl yretamedmuchofthepracllcalpowerwhile K'inich Janaab Pakal wasInhiS formallve years. 161 ___ -=.........I':"'--.-- ...."" 7_1_ ___Ladys..kK .... -.-....-, _::'0"";8.,,...,. SunKAn_ ..no ___JoyChMrnU.I_ 23M1tCt11!03-. 0w0I_1_ 8.0\;0013Poo1J---..-- s.-.._e 2II.llAr815_;s...o:.e.._ 19.e.2 . ..Inw..... & '1.-.1I0I0II IlND'I:....... 883_ f911_IU. 1Jl_ ftll'_1I1"aj --"-= K' inich Janaab Pakal I 615-:IetmI!S 3'>d t'Ml SWl!atoothS, whICh dflIIIIllltO 11$d pI.....Ir"""'*' ,.ofII1>. !/le """" Gad

Q/ .............. ..... ,..".,IIS ...pMi....,fIes of "..Oos$.s... .... foIWled DIM:

011"..TfrnpIr of 1nS!'In Bahlamhadturnedtocre:1fl1\l! " ownarchitecturalstalenwnl atnbLli ousthree.pyramid ,.1 onanarllFi ciailerraceovt'riool"ngth' Temple of Inscnplwns. Ucliol ! IttI\ples man en< Temple 'worldu cl< >. h,

o. " ,d .It, m 48 '" IC'S ,h, 01

'Y d kOIl h,d "U ,h' Im fiS-iltle thiS , " t.la !ber- 0'" "'" h" '" ", ,h' IDJh1.", n 0< 11" ..Jl>CNk., Ih. \,,,pom'. --K' INICIIJANAABPAKAlfI 'T'woof AhkalMo'Ill ', lTM)I1umtn,s .dn 10 """h, h'ok or ' head pnncc'Upak..o.lK' ,n'ch I'Sh the Sun Cod't The mos.lJ.PL.lforQ, Arnoldo Cruzd.seQVcrcdInSIdeTemple21 2002. It .huw!K' ,nich Janaab Paluol _ a f1anktdby Ahkat Mo' Nahb andK' .mchThe k.c1Ic: undated,butduesCOil'"mmgH.IIIthe h,ghhgllllname applied to Ahkal Mo' Nahb. If truly h,,'onul, Ihm lb" ttr .mooy an onlycomefromthe bn y Chak Bolon Chaak K' inich Bahlam Chapaat 1>1s-M5. [.4.lll Y T OSJNA Surf""" rllut ... "h aea... "", ....... __ , ..,I>c of ," h,ll"de """"",h., .. I..""""'e et ," r..,ly Cb..,. i. cO""n.t: inl\) "tw. In .heilnllY bo:l!O'>,hl< 10 w,,'c ,n e.,ly h"tory I,,, ,he tity,butI", momen, kllO",li! " ""nC!ro u,. few """odic HO>at!/le)'_... __ oItho _' l1li""1' .....,..,. 01tho _*-... ......- '110''''' .... _.. _Ietm _"!nO C,_ -, memon.lol ,"" kind ,10., to """"'.., ub,qu"......, ,II.e my. It. do,e .. unclea.10w ...-"-",1 .. "h ,"" ,,,,,,I> ol a km," ,oktI"fIcd ""IybyTon'lIaembl,...&lyph(liefly youlhful ran h I'.kal ... ", Installedal Anon"'tlled"me,n'he:' CI;on,litePa1cnque dyn ..tyhadI>ttn"n..,.,' ol 613de",,,he.,heIn ...I1.,;onoi..vcral'UNld,.ryIOfdo'"'"the .. .. , Hit I... memion io"" tela lromPes ..c, .nllcl)""' , , " J"oin665.HcW1>Ll o n ,,,,cncity et,dtlh-o...,oncn,. ..,A ''-- died "ulte soon .1.......,,,, 58 yea .. old at ,h. IInte and IIttm",o , ..vc, "" Rulcr 2 "'... , K'inich Baaknal Chaak Ruler 3 688- 104. Rulcr 4 708-111 . "", ...11 """,,pl. P"""" 01.. l ,... , ......... ,od.I, io_mm, l6. _....' .. M... W............. h.o ..... ..-IoI4_.'Iu"' ....... otrp'''e fCPU'."on, Of put,...,I m.c. C$'.re the 'w , .... nuk" upMootu ....n, 99.ODOOldoIf;,." .. kw: J4 ""... aDd oc...., undrr , hltt oueUH,." m"""rch. Fo.- .10\,1;um",}", wa, ' he I... w,knew of Rul., 2bll' ,he", "MW re .....,'0 behe." ,h hi' reign cam, .n aningloriou.., .'" !unJ. 01 ""'" ..... -. --, -..... -... ... .-...... . "'0 . ..

.... I ... ' ...

Utar, 1'" ... .. "" ". ,", .. ,. .... ' .-----:::;. ... .. n",,1..1 ,_0_ -.. , .".....1'>. -.ee.-. u s ....... ItifI Tlwbfokno_I .. """ ... ...,. .... .....-of ...... ,... .. Mo ....... Ht'.w..C)I Jt.JjpoJ .......,....... ....... oI"'*" .. a..,. -. fllmaC.J"IIlIoI 01 _"'_. """,......... 9\1 K' INICIIBAAKNALCHAAJI: Toru .... r.oo..nded quodly fromn. ""'..... ",. m" p.le ....... undn .he wrttUonofLt.$...... lull&."',1I>d!II.&akn.aIChuk (' b3l1' toP,,]enquo:"power.wh,chmUSl.hm MYChem dOlin&Iy "uggc1!' ,h", """ was YuK' uk' Mo" wiOOw and.t.. motborol PopoIHol.ChemJCalarW),>i' aIhetbone. indtc>, .. w. >he....... local th.!.he tncorntn """.,.,. by IrWYyl/lf. ,nlO ......t-w du. "The uppn !omctUU)' of '''''_ coo"""ed "'to an oIInmp dumbo:r .. ,ru. ,,,... ond the pnpIau-.; 'Xukpo' ...- -. dtd",.denrlOl'filh'l,l;.u tM nail.bIt locl .vound." COp>n',1I IhrulerBun'Chan .ccNed '" theth""'" In the mid.I ofthi.14 do,..afterthe deathofMoon III 518.""'0 ofh,.monumen .. hue .u,..,.ed. SI.I.7,whIChmarblhe K'.,un."dln& 9.9.0.0.0of6iJ. w .........he. foundin 'he... nouth... now",,"eKo .. - ......""".""'"-- .... _.. -IIuU'cr.., .... ...... _ - ......,-...... "'--"''''''_'''159 __ _ """'. ""'-"..... __,_ '0 Copan . AlN",UPoo""""we .. K' .... HK'UTI ' Win' K''' WUL ....-........... --"" ... --_'8t.... 7\10,..--.............. _K...... --..,. -"""tD","Copan_.

........... 0 __ 2e .... ... ....... -""'_._ (:t!oOtO, LIke ;tS prcdccC$.SOf$,""'as dcdica.e YuxPasaj Chan Yopaat Ruler 16 763-8!(h. K' AIIK'JOPLA)CIIANK' AWlll Ukit Took' '" Theloos of Waukl.,uunUb.o.ohK'ow,,1had prufoor>dOOIIotq\IeDCnb Cop.on,notnonumcnUWc'"ra,seclforthe 17andQU/:I constructionseems10h.veCOme10"(mopl< haltOn< fromtheHieroglyphicSlairwaytcads' no.Io ..s,"" pyumu'"aM lTUybe"dcoc. ip,ionof,enn "lamen,'0,the'roobl .. 01""" m.' YCtCOJ"n', d).... " . WO!InOlInterrupt..!.nd w0 __" ..... ."._.. -...,,-._ ... _.,. __ 010_. ....... -._-...t,_",. ..... _ ....... --_ .. __ .-bodII"_. Tho _......,. .... ,___.. _:M._""' ...... _........ __ .. ... -..... -9.16.5.0.0In751>.lhesame"mc,Temp!. 26,...,.. boot,. ru.ned ul'I"'r ... nc,uary held .f.ocma""3lnocnruOll. Cornpootd ........, h.h . "I"""pooc-d Ma)'. ocnp' &lJ1lh.for.poplt ww. what Onod S, ....thas ."dycalled. 'Teo"huac.an fOIl,n.......-, Muoean,zeoj slYP/!. are really ,form ofbut MICCcoOIttIl, "'"" the Ill".1Oft of ,bthJl3UloI 'Ut." Tem"l. 26,,n """che."ollbe """. - aprobable I"ych",h'ct _ Ihough"Q c .. ha, )'l. pro;..""Itk.IItoac01Tcmplu11andIt'>.,h.,.wDOWa corresponding down.urn In h" OutputA "'CUm01it> o... n ,u0__... "....,.....,'.... _n -_.. ...y......,._.II\< .... _........., ... _-......... .., 800, n __"'..,.". !j(I I:IuIkIItCS 0I>0uI_"""" ..e_ ..... _

,on""" ".-. _"'" aIInely ... -,...one pottJon Cl ,,,-loOs s.M",,,, _._lObot._", ...-..,.,,""............,.-""'" .. -...,-""'-_"" """'- Of "'*"""" clients Of _ ---"' .... -matbroI.iCh'

_"""'_-.m ""' __.......... 1-00 _.. - .. _-"'"-"'''-_._ .... _'''-''' .......... '--,otd of ,he foc' com" ""Iy from,he form.,.,10''''0_ 01Qu'""," Ip 2141.WIth ,he ",onncloud. of 'he roll.pk 'h'$ moyho, lip .h .. . n ,m\l,mlcsmOft1,,"10Ttny"mYohl who,. ""d 10 ,:,) B')0obe: foundl_The cad;.,.,known rn(Inumc:nl, Std.

i0 b.t9_1.0.0.0In4SS(tI"""llIhl'''-Ji':U,com ... /torn.he beareof Croup /l. hi m""h otroded __ponra";.,.a_SwLoE,..,171 K' AIU, 'Tlu\\' C UAN OPAAT R.o,.,ly,. the I"e 01 "Y 00hnkl to,he UTtt, 01 . ..lid. ,< sou,h"o."The dc .. ,I, of pol",col " .o.hery .'" honUy ,he ufl 01 puhloc Inse"""",,". bu, we ............... -......-Iotm._"'" O!_-,.... .... to-...._omo_JOt 10 __ "' __.-..tuII\r --...._ ... Il10 ___ ... 01....... ___ Ill""" 10 - ..........".. __ "10 _""'" Il1o nntoc -."'trIIorCf-" __ __ *"\1 ...... 10Il10........,,. .... _oc- _ 'M" .,,"ply UKn'1\& hISnewly found'utonomy,K-.hkTd,. .....w., every "f'POnun"y .ooutdoun"""", of I" ORe-Umcm,,'e , cvuxnl ,heclly.TheearlyOtau,p. ..,mpohill",-nuxn",,1'1uadDn&JcW",",b,nh...lDISt _, --' '" _et' lMM ... _.. K\O_ .... .....!on""" urn. with ..., COfI1l'ktlOrtof ,heplaza'snorthernpbd",m andLt,broodcohblcbo.lIh teJr.!. n". ..... the ....., 101'the , ... ",...&.1 ponrau.oI Std... F 17611, 0 1166\ ondE 1771),,hl'ttol ,M ,allcs, "".,. ere. ' Xkuy', an uniticn,,6ed . ". ,ha, Copan Iud ."..,ked and bu,ned """'c ye ......h.,. Ip.2031.In762 K' .hk'Tihw """Ba'" ,h. 01i .. k'Ill! 'Sun ... , .., lagu.r' and .h. Kp...t"drd...nccs h. rece,ves ..... rkhun .. aluyaland valued aUy. II d ouuding . helm "...-oIpmc.and _ _ .ONII>_a_" .... _...... ,..,.-_ .... _.... _...... .....,.,- .. __.... .... _Gooll>f ..._., ............ 01"" ....... _ .... ...,.. ............. _,-_"""",,wI1"tno'_. .,..-...,"' .... _......... ... -"""'-' ... .......,...." ..,._, Tht_..........- and "" -.. Gool-.,.. """' .......... _.. 1>10_ ... _ "',._ .... _----"""""""""''-,..--_ .. ".... -_0I .... n.c.c ,hem.. findfurthere"f'J'nJmeuphot01'whirem.iu_SteJbre. ,h,"""d "' .... vc 'en,.m! the road'_Thi, moth rhebepn",,,, of itblItGod. The follow,ng ',nto 'he tunIc .r.,.,. "",,, Idn '0' pbys,c"oculpture, butConccpl ...lly ch.ns ,be ..,.,1'. m,ry ""ot"" 1x.-c 01,hanh. whtch thecone.,v"", 01.,. p.nl tunic 1Jo,a,,,,, Ill' ""'mIC "'1..,. p.t ...II. An """,,m.follow ch.rtllt.!:.n c...... , to whtchSun ... ,,,,,lag"", w "'nn..._Ten doy. l.,e. I.n "m. 'n .'rop,c.1 d"n.... o"8l;e""",r'."",.""" 01,he My) K'ahk'Tihw w mukIJJ'buned'"'he '1,\11,.,.".', .,.,..... 'ure,h.rha.yc,10""idcntlfieJTheaccomp.tny'",rh"" 'tlte l.'Y,n"...nlf."u'5 01k'ngoh,p'm .. k. 'he H""J III 'h ul ...bu'dcnl...,.llOp1511. ", --;:,:=., ----' -::::'..s ..... "IOU' ,,,, .... ' ....... -_"I"'n. O, ......,...... -.. _0(".231. -.. ,...2., TWo ......... 01 Sky Xul', n...'Jt111,l;uprred",on.on,he..ne,ghbou,.,.,offeud ""d!Cuh'lIonlha,w""ldd.cstabllize.nalready{'4'k ,,, ...IIC.'-HqclnOnlct ..,.nckd by'hemos,powcriulstal.,. had rroduted-.le order 'n _-.! kom 1110.,,,,,,,,,,",,, .

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