2008 Palouse Basin Water Summit October 7, 2008 Community Center, City of Vancouver, WA Pervious Concrete PerviousConcrete Raingarden Strip ... 2008 Palouse Basin Water Summit October

2008 Palouse Basin Water Summit October 7, 2008

(c) 2008, Chris Webb & Associates, Inc. PS 1

Systems Thinking Applied to Water Conservation & Surface Water Management

Palouse Basin Water Summit Palouse Basin Water Summit –– October 7, 2008October 7, 2008

Christopher J. Webb, PEChris Webb & Associates, Inc., PS, Bellingham, WA

www.chriswebbpe.com

Global warming is underway and the effects are being felt locallyAlmost everywhere in the Cascades, snowpack has declined markedly since 1950.Nearly every glacier in the Cascades

INTRODUCTIONA time of uncertainty…

Nearly every glacier in the Cascades and Olympics has retreated during the past 50-150 years in response to warming.Populations are growingSupplies are challenged regionally and locally Uncertainty challenges planning and design efforts

Lyman Glacier, North Cascades

Tolt ReservoirSource: Puget Sound Action Team & The Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington

Traditional Engineered systems too often are linear (take, make, waste)

Site scaleProject / development scale

INTRODUCTIONLinear and Fragmented vs. Closed-Loop and Integrated

Municipal scaleRegional scale

Need more closed loop systems and integrated systems for stormwater, wastewater, irrigation, potable water… Approaches too often are fragmented in approach

Legal / jurisdictional constraintsProject scales, etc.

Need integrated systems within projects and within municipalities and regions

INTRODUCTIONValues of Closed-Loop and Integrated water systems

Integrated water systems are:“Futureproofed”

A hedge against possible loss/reduction of supplyInsulate project / municipality from pricing or supply uncertaintyIncreased control

OptionsFlexibility is maximized when systems are integrated Increase the number of supplies (wastewater, greywater, reclaimed water, etc.)

ResilientThe ultimate in conservative design

Maximize the utility of the resources availableMinimize risk and uncertainty

SYSTEMS THINKING

Need to think differently to solve the problem…

Wh l S t D i

… we need a non-linear integrated approach.

Whole System Design“Site & Project” Relationships

Integrated Design“Design” Relationships

Sustainable DesignLong Term “Material & System” Relationships

Regenerative (Restorative) DevelopmentRestoring damaged resources

Sustainable (Zero Impact) DevelopmentMaintaining resources

SYSTEMS THINKINGIntroduction

Low Impact DevelopmentReducing negative impacts on resources

“Conventional” DevelopmentAddressed major problems and disasters

(Crisis Management)



Site surface water Strategies (supply)

Ecological stormwater

Built water system strategies (demand)

Engineered systems at the

SYSTEMS THINKNGSite scale water system design

management: Low-Impact Development (LID)Increased rechargeMimicking undeveloped natural conditions most closely

Landscape presentation to follow by Craig Skipton

site, project, and neighborhood scaleSmall scale and distributedDesign for conservation

Building water conservation presentation to follow by Michael Laurie

LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENTIntroduction

L.I.D. Site Design Techniques:Planning (clustering, maximize density where appropriate, preserve ecologically sensitive areas, site selection, etc.) Street Geometrics (skinny streets, interconnected street grid, etc )


etc.)Porous PavementsBioretention (or “Raingardens”)Soil Amendments (Compost amended soils to increase water retention and reduce irrigation needs)Disconnecting impervious surfaces (curbless streets, downspouts to splash blocks and not connected to a piped stormwater system, sheet flow to greatest extent possible, grass filter strips, etc.)Green Roofs (vegetated roof systems)Rainwater Collection and Reuse

LID Goals…Minimize concentrating stormwaterMinimize concentrating stormwater

Sheet flow

S ll d i b i


Small drainage basins

Surface conveyance

Work with the soilWork with the soil

Amended soil with compost

Bioretention / raingardens

Pervious pavements

Use smaller decentralized solutions Use smaller decentralized solutions at the source…at the source…

Decentralized Approach(S ll S l S t )


(Small Scale Systems)vs.

Centralized Approach(Large Scale System)

Use smaller infiltration rates over Use smaller infiltration rates over larger areas…larger areas…

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTAdditional Resources

• The Low-Impact Development Center: www.lowimpactdevelopment.org

• The Puget Sound Action Team’s Low-Impact Development Technical Manual:htt // t /P bli ti /LID t h l05/lid i dhttp://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/LID_tech_manual05/lid_index.htm

• Soils for Salmon & Building Soil (for all things compost and soil related):http://www.soilsforsalmon.org www.buildingsoil.org

• WSU Pierce County Extension for new Raingarden Modeling



Permeable (Porous) SurfacesHardscapes

Porous Concrete / Asphalt PavementsInterlocking Concrete Pavers

POROUS PAVEMENTSImpervious Surface Reduction Strategies

Interlocking Concrete PaversGravel Cellular Confinement Systems

SoftscapesReinforced Grass SurfacesGrass Cellular Confinement Systems

Green Roofs

POROUS PAVEMENTSImpervious Surface Reduction Strategies

Porous Concrete Pavement

DESIGN CRITERIASoil

Soil’s infiltration rateSoil’s structural capacity (CBR rating)S il’ ibili lli

POROUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTImpervious Surface Reduction Strategies

Soil’s susceptibility to swellingSite location (slope stability)

Applications High or low trafficSources of contamination (i.e. industrial)Maintenance

Mix Design Strength of section

Standards: ACI 522R-06 - Pervious Concrete

Stormwater Treatment, Detention/Retention and Flow Control are built into the section…

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTPervious Cement Concrete Pavement

6” Pervious cement Concrete Pavement over 6” depth of 1¼” chipped rock, (deleted the fabric)

Used for years in noise and safety mitigationLower cost than pervious concreteMore frequent replacements

POROUS ASPHALT PAVEMENTSummary

More frequent replacements (i.e. less durable)Pervious ATB is available

INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVERSTypes of Pavers

UNI ECOSTONESF-RIMA TURFSTONE



INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVERS Example Project

Residential Driveway, Bellingham, WA

INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVERS EcoStoneTM Example Project

POROUS GRAVEL PAVEMENT“Gravel Pave 2”

ADA Assessible Trail

REINFORCED GRASS PAVEMENTExample Project

Boundary Bay Brewery, Bellingham, WA

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTExample “Country Lane” sections

Residence, Bellingham, WA

City of Vancouver BC Country Lane Alley Program

Proposed Porous Alley Section

REINFORCED GRASS / PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTHybrid Pervious Pavement Example Project (2006)

Dan Godwin Center, Bellingham, WA



PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT / RAINGARDENHybrid Pervious Pavement Example Project (2004 - 2006)

KCLT Matthei Place, Bellingham, WA

75,000 sf community center on 10.5 acres100,000sf of porous concrete

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTExample Project (Municipal Community Center)

Firstenburg Community Center, City of Vancouver, WA

RaingardensInfiltration of roof waterNo curbsNo catch basinsPool-water re-use for toilet flushing

Pervious Concrete


Firstenburg Community Center, City of Vancouver, WAPervious Concrete

Pervious Concrete Raingarden Strip

Raingarden Strip

`

`


City of Vancouver Combined Water and Sewer Rate$0.0036 per gallon (Governmental Rate$0.0052 per gallon (Commercial Rate)

Estimate of Filter Backwash :Leisure Pool = 8,100 Gallons / 7days = 1,157 GPDLap Pool = 4,050 Gallons / 7days = 578 GPDWhirlpool = 1,060 Gallons / 7days = 151 GPD

1,886 GPD (Average)(~ 688,000 Gallons Per Year)

Estimate of Daily Savings for Re-Use$2,473 per year (Governmental rate)$3,572 per year (Commercial Rate)

Capitalization $38,046 @ 6.5% (Gov. Rate)$54,953 @ 6.5% (Commercial Rate)

20-year Payback $49,460 (Gov.) or $71,440 (Commercial)

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTCompost Amended Soil

Why build healthy soil?More marketable buildings and

landscapes Better site erosion control Reduced need for water andReduced need for water and

chemicals Less stormwater runoff, better

water quality Healthy landscapes = satisfied

customers

www.buildingsoil.org

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTCompost Amended Soil

5 Construction Practices:5 Construction Practices:1. Retain and protect native topsoil & vegetation

where practical 2. Restore disturbed soils, to restore healthy soil

functions, by: • stockpiling & reusing good quality site soil, or • tilling 2-3" of compost into poor site soils, or • bringing in 8" of compost- amended topsoil

3. Loosen compacted subsoil, if needed, by ripping to 12" depth

4. Mulch landscape beds after planting 5. Protect restored soils from erosion or re-compaction

by heavy equipment



LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTBioretention / Raingardens

What is a Raingarden?What is a Raingarden?

Concept originated in Prince George’s County, MD in early 1990’s

Image by AHBL from the PSAT LID technical manual

Small depressions in the ground that receive stormwater from small basinsProvide stormwater treatment

and/or retentionSoil, plants, and soil microbes

work as a system to break down pollutants

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTBioretention / Raingardens

Key Design Features:6” freeboard6” ponding allowed on surface2” mulch

18”-24” compost amended soilUnderdrain (if needed)Woody plants (not wetlands)

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTBioretention / Raingarden Public ROW Example(First in City of Bellingham)

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTBioretention / Raingarden Urban Examples (People’s Food Coop, Portland)

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTBioretention / Raingarden ROW Examples

Bioretention traffic calming area inPortland…

SEA Streets in Seattle… Reduce Urban Heat IslandsReduces Carbon MonoxideIncreases Oxygen

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTGreen Roofs

Increases OxygenReduces Noise PollutionReduces Storm Water Run-offReduce Air PollutionAesthetically PleasingExtends Life of Roof SystemCreates Micro-climates




Residential

Commercial


Institutional: The ‘Zoomasium’ at Woodland Park Zoo

L.I.D. Techniques Used:

Porous Pavement

LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTExample Project (4 lot subdivision)

Compost Amended Soil

Raingardens

Rivendell Plat, Whatcom County, Bellingham, WA


Large Raingarden for handling street run-off




Large Raingarden for handling street run-off

Individual Raingardens…Size based on the amount of impervious surface area built on the lot


Each home site handles its own stormwaterSmall garden Area at each house




Individual lot raingarden and dispersion trench under construction


LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENTExample Project (270 lot resort development)

Roche Harbor, San Juan County, WA


Narrow Streets & Alleys



Roche Harbor - Raingarden

Raingarden for handling street run-off


Roche Harbor - Raingarden

Raingarden for handling street run-off

RaingardenFor Handling Parking & Street Run-off



Raingarden Planting Strips

For Handling Street Edge Run-off



WATER EFFICIENCYPotential Water Sources

Water Resources DefinedPotable Water (Drinking)

Stormwater (General rainwater run-off from sites)

“Waste”water (An out dated term; all types of waterWaste water (An out-dated term; all types of water are considered resources)

Blackwater (Toilet water)

Greywater (Sinks, showers, laundry, etc.)

Combined Water (Blackwater & greywater)

Rainwater (Roof run-off)

Reclaimed Water (Treated water)



Legislation mandates WSDOE and WSDOH to develop guidelines for reclaimed waterCode allows for purple piping in

WATER EFFICIENCYWater re-use guidelines

buildings 4 classes of water definedSome jurisdiction mandate the connection to a purple pipe system

WATER EFFICIENCYWater re-use guidelines

WATER EFFICIENCYMembrane bioreactor (MBR) systems

Class A Re-Use Quality Water Produced



WATER EFFICIENCYBuilding Scale Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Examples

The Solaire – New York City25,000 gallons per day (250 units)Reclaimed Wastewater re-used for:

toilet flushingirrigationcooling tower make-up water

LEED-Gold, 2003

WATER EFFICIENCYBuilding Scale Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Examples

Capital Cost Range+/- $50/GPD at 10,000 GPD+/- $15/GPD at 500,000 GPD

Operating Cost Range$0.013/Gallon at 25,000 GPD$0.009/Gallon at 400,000 GPDNYC = $0.007/Gallon W + WW

Data Per American Water

WATER EFFICIENCYEcological “Waste”water Treatment and Re-Use

Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Bayview Corner Public Restroom Building –Rainwater Collection for toilet flushingServes a Farmers Market

WATER EFFICIENCYOff Water Grid Public Restroom Composite Example

Serves a Farmers Market and Plant NurseryCombines other strategies to be essentially “off the water grid”

Swinomish Indian Reservation, Skagit County, WA, built 1999

Rainwater as sole source of t bl t

RAINWATER HARVESTINGResidential Potable Water Example Project

potable water1,600 sf metal roof, 5,600 gal. Storage, 2 people, 20/5 micron cartridge filtration, 1/0.5 micron carbon at taps, UV disinfectionComposting toilets & small greywater re-use system

RAINWATER HARVESTINGResidential Potable Water Example Project



Private Residence, Seattle, WA,built 2003

Rainwater for non-potable uses(toilet flushing and irrigation)Ci t t k i th ti

RAINWATER HARVESTINGResidential Non-Potable Water Example Project

Cistern tank is the patioCity water back-upMany green building strategiesSimple 20 micron filtration

http://www.sensiblehouse.org/prc_rainwater.htm


The cistern is the patio…

In-line downspout screens…

Inside the cistern:


The schematic diagram…

In the basement…

RAINWATER HARVESTINGLarge Scale Example Projects (Seattle City Hall)

14-Units Zero Net Energy, Lopez Island, WA(Under Construction Now)

Rainwater for non-potable uses(toilet flushing, clothes washers, and irrigation)

RAINWATER HARVESTINGMulti-Unit Residential Non-Potable Water Example Project

34,000 gallon central cisternWater System back-upMany green building strategies5 micron sand filter filtrationWater Right Acquired

MORE INFORMATION…

American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association

www.arcsa-usa.org



Questions

THANK YOU…

2008 Palouse Basin Water Summit October 7, 2008 Community Center, City of Vancouver, WA Pervious Concrete PerviousConcrete Raingarden Strip ... 2008 Palouse Basin Water Summit October

Documents