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Building Illumination with LED Lighting
Energy & Cost Saving Analysis
COWI
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
Resident Engineer, COWI
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
PILANI, RAJASTHAN
Building Illumination with LED Lighting
Energy & Cost Saving Analysis
BITS ZC423T: Thesis
By
V.Sasivarathan (2007 18 TS 889)
Project Work carried at
COWI-Larsen Joint Venture, Muscat
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
BITS ZC423T: Thesis
Under the Supervision of
Mr.Shahul Hameed Resident Engineer, COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
PILANI, RAJASTHAN-333031
MARCH 2012
Building Illumination with LED Lighting
Energy & Cost Saving Analysis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI
This is to certify the dissertation entitled, "Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy &Cost Saving Analysis" Submitted by V.Sasivarathan (2007 18 TS 889) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of BITS ZC423T Thesis, embodies the work done by him under my supervision.
Date: 01/04/2012
i
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the dissertation entitled, "Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy &Cost Saving Analysis" Submitted by V.Sasivarathan (2007 18 TS 889) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of BITS ZC423T Thesis, embodies the work done by him under my supervision.
Signature of the Supervisor
Shahul Hameed
Resident Engineer
COWI-Larsen JV
Muscat
Sultanate Of Oman
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI
This is to certify the dissertation entitled, "Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy & Cost Saving Analysis" Submitted by V.Sasivarathan (2007 18 TS 889) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of BITS ZC423T Thesis, embodies the work done by him under my supervision.
Signature of the Supervisor
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Abstract
Dissertation Title : Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy & Cost
Saving Analysis
Supervisor : Mr Shahul Hameed
Name Of Student : V.Sasivarathan
Semester : Second
ID No. : 2007 18 TS 889
There has been an enormous increase in the global demand for energy in recent years
as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is, therefore far less
than the actual demand. Lighting energy use makes a significant contribution to the total energy
consumption of building. Energy audits of existing buildings demonstrate that the lighting
component of residential, commercial and industrial uses consumes about 20–40% of those land
uses, variable with region and land use.
This thesis work analysed the consumption of energy by lighting load in a building
with the available traditional light sources and the potential of reducing the energy consumption by
using new innovative LED lighting technology.
'Staff Amenities Building' one of the on going projects of our office has been taken for
the thesis. The building was lighting designed, with the available light sources like CFL, Linear
Flourescent Lamp. Then the building was designed with new high power white LED luminaires of
various manufacturers.
Comparison of the calculated values tabled and found about 50% of saving energy and
consequent running cost savings in using the LED lighting technology compared with the existing
lighting technology sources.
In additional the thesis analysed the various merits of using LED technology such as
environment pollution, heat emission and solid waste handling challenges.
The thesis describes the above work in detail.
Signature of Student Signature of the Supervisor
V.Sasivarathan Shahul Hameed
Resident Engineer
COWI-Larsen JV
Date: 01/04/2012 Muscat, Oman
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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge and thank several people and a few organisations who supported and
encouraged during the thesis work.
First and foremost I offer my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr.Shahul Hameed who has
supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room
to work in my own way. This work would not have been possible without his help and generous
support.
Many thanks to M/s Cooper Lighting industries of UAE, M/s JCC Lighting Ltd of UK, M/s Philips
Lighting and their local agents for their extended support on offering the latest technical catalogue,
luminaire data files and technical updates.
I am grateful to Mr.Flemming Levin Jenson my Electrical Discipline Leader and Mr.Jeff Millward,
MEP Manger, COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat for their help and encouragement throughout my courses
and this thesis work as well.
I record with appreciation the help rendered by Mr.Philip Blumson, Electrical Group Leader,
COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat
Finally and most importantly, I want to express my gratitude to my parents, my wife, my daughter
and my siblings for their constant support directly and indirectly.
V.Sasivarathan
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List of Symbols & Abbreviations
JV: Joint venture
CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp
LED: Light Emitting Diode
FTL: Fluorescent Tube linear (Philips lighting term)
TNEB: Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
IEA: International Energy Agency
SSL: Solid State Lighting
GaN: Gallium Nitrate
DC: Direct Current
m2: Square meter
BS EN: British Standards European Norms
CIBSE: Charted Institute of Building Services Engineers
LG: Lighting Guide
lm: Lumen
Em: Minimum Illumination
Eavg: Average Illumination
W: Watt
h: Hour
kW: Kilo Watt
kWh: Kilo Watt hour
U.S: United States
mg: Milli gram
EPA: Environment Protection Agency
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List of Figures
Figure-1 Down light LED Lamp……………………………… 2
Figure-2 Linear LED Lamp……………………….…………... 2
Figure-3 Staff Amenities Building Layout……….……………3
Figure-4 Green Design Logo……….…………………………..11
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List of Tables
Table-1 Fluorescent Light fittings schedule …………………. 5
Table-2 LED lights schedule…………………….……………. 5
Table-3 Load schedule comparison …………………….…….. 6-7
Table-4 Energy calculation with CFL & FTL lamps…….……8
Table-5 Energy calculation with LED lamps…….…………… 8
Table-6 TNEB Electricity tariff schedule…………………….. 9
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Contents
Certificate………………………………………..………………… i
Abstract……………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………....... iii
Abbreviations……………………………………………………… iv
List of Figures……………………………………………………... v
List of Tables……………………………………………….……… vi
Contents………………………………………………….…………vii
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………….. 1
1.1. Background……………………………………………………. 1
1.2. Objective……………………………………………………….. 1
1.3. Introduction of LED lighting technology……………………… 2
Chapter 2 Lighting Design exercises…………………………………………. 3
2.1. Staff Amenities Building overview……………………………. 3
2.2. Lighting Design approach for the building ……………………. 4
2.3. Luminaires schedule…………………………….. ……………. 5
2.4. Load comparison schedule…………………………………….. 6-7
Chapter 3 Energy Management and Running Cost study………………….. 8
3.1. Energy saving analysis………………………………………… 8
3.2. Saving on Electricity bills……………………………………… 9
3.3. Saving on Lamp replacement………………………………….. 9
Chapter 4 Light for tomorrow………………………………………………... 10
4.1. Environment challenges……………………………………….. 10
4.2. Green Light solution…………………………………………… 11
Chapter 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 12
Chapter 6 References………………………………………………………….. 13
Checklist…………………………………………………………… 14
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1 Introduction
1.1. Background
The world's demand for energy is constantly growing with technological and
industrial development and urbanisation. The increase in energy consumption in 2010 is over 5%
growth. The rapid growth of energy consumption has raised concerns about the energy security and
environment impact of the use of energy worldwide.
The acceleration of the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has
caused the warming of the globe by more than half a degree Celsius during the last century and it
will lead to warming of atleast a half a degree move over the next few decades. Energy is the main
factor in climate change, contributing the major portion of green gas emission. Developed nations
are the source of most greenhouse gas emission, but this may change in the future as developing
countries drive their economic developments with Energy.
Lighting is a large and rapidly growing source of energy demand. Lighting is a substantial energy
consumer, and a major component of the service costs in many buildings. The International Energy
Agency (IEA), which is the energy forum for 27 developed countries, conducts a broad programme
of energy research, data compilation, and publications. Currently, more than 50% of the electricity
used for lighting is consumed in IEA member countries, but it is expected that this will change in
the near future because of an increase in the use of electricity for lighting in non-IEA countries.
The demand for electric lighting in developing countries is increasing as a result of rising average
illuminance levels, as a result of increasing household income in those countries, and also because
of the new electrification of regions with no electric lighting at the moment. There are various
technologies available to achieve energy saving in Electric lighting such as dimming control,
Automatic lighting control system, using more efficient lamps and ballast, high efficacy luminaires,
utilizing sunlight etc.
1.2. Objectives
Objective of the thesis work was to examine the new opportunities provided by LED
technology in lighting in the 'Staff Amenities Building' and to compare LED lighting with the
existing lighting technology sources. This included an analysis of Energy savings for the building,
running costs of the lighting installations. Besides, the thesis is to discuss the lighting systems
contribution to environment.
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1.3. Introduction of LED lighting Technology
For the past 150years, lighting technology was mainly limited to Incandescence and
fluorescence. With the arrival of commercial LEDs in the 1960s, the door for the most exciting
form of lighting technology had opened.
Initial LEDs were Red in colour, with Yellow and Orange variants following soon thereafter. To
produce a white SSL device, however, a blue LED was needed, which was later discovered through
extensive research and development.
In 90s of last Century, they came up with a blue LED. With this
invention, it was now possible to create white light by combining
the light of separate LEDs (Red, Green and Blue). LEDs are
degraded or damaged by operating at high temperatures, so LED
lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks
and cooling fins.
Initially in 90s LEDs were red in color, with yellow and orange
variants following soon thereafter. To produce a white SSL device,
however, a blue LED was needed. Advances in materials science
and extensive research and development on the subject did just that.
In 1993, Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Chemical Industries came up
with a blue LED using gallium nitride (GaN). With this invention,
it was now possible to create white light by combining the light of separate LEDs (red, green, and
blue), or by creating white LEDs themselves by means of doping. SSL could now become a
commercial viability. Diodes use direct current (DC) electrical power. To use them from standard
AC power they are operated with internal or external rectifier circuits that provide a regulated
current output at low voltage.
One high power LED chip used in LED lights can emit up to 10,000 lumens for an electrical power
consumption of only 100 watts (100 lumens per watt). Efficiency of these devices continues to
improve with some chips able to emit > 100 lumens per watt.
LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional
characteristics affect the design of lamps. The efficiency of
conversion from electric power to light is generally higher than
with incandescent lamps.
LED lamps offer long service life and high energy efficiency,
but initial costs are higher than those of fluorescent and
incandescent lamps. Life cycle of LED lamps is multiple
compared to incandescent lamps and florescent lamps however,
degradation of LED chips reduces luminous flux over life cycle
as with conventional lamps.
Now innovative high power LED lights with appropriate luminaires are available in market. Many
LED manufactures like Cree Inc, Osram, Philips (Colour Kinetics) are investing significant amount
on researches on further developments on LED lights.
Figure 1
Down light LED Lamp
Figure 2
Linear LED Lamp
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2 Lighting Design exercises
2.1. Staff Amenities Building overview
Staff Amenities Building is one of our one going projects for M/s. Ministry of
Transport and Telecommunication of Sultanate of Oman. The particular building has been chosen
for the thesis because of the building is designed for continues operation 24x7 for the Muscat
International Airport staffs facilities all the day and night.
The building is single level and approximately 1300 m2 area. Designed for Airport
operation/maintenance staff facilities and will be operated continuously. Almost all the rooms in the
building has constructed with false ceiling at 3 m height with gypsum or 600x600 mm standard
tiles.
Figure 3
Staff Amenities Building Layout
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2.2. Lighting Design Approach for the Building
'DIALUX' the premier lighting software was used for lighting calculations. The
building is fully Air conditioned and clean rooms therefore the maintenance factor index of 0.8 had
been considered for the lighting calculation. All the walls, ceilings and floors are white or light
colour finishes. Hence the surface reflection factors index of 0.8, 0.5 & 0.3 were taken into the
account for Ceiling, Wall and Floor respectively.
The illumination levels for each room as per the BS EN 12464 and CIBSE standards
were achieved. The illumination uniformity ratio was targeted as close as to 0.6. No wall offset was
considered for the individual room layouts. Other than the technical rooms, the mounting height of
3 m was considered for the luminaries where there any kind of false ceiling arrangements.
All rooms were individually calculated in DIALUX software twice ie, with CFL/FTL
lamps and then with LED lights. Results obtained in summary sheet with the results includes but
not limited to:
(a) Average illumination level in Lux.
(b) Illumination Uniformity Ratio (Em/Eavg)
(c) Lumens output per Luminaire & Total Lumen output
(d) Power consumed per Luminaire & Total Consumed power in watt
(e) Luminaire quantity and layout arrangement
The results were plotted and the Lux levels and corresponding wattages for the rooms were tabled
separately for Flourescent and LED lights as shown in the table-3.
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2.3. Luminaires Schedule
First the building was designed in DIALUX with the florescent lamps and LED lamps
separately with various appropriate luminaires. The luminaires used for the designs are given in the
table-1and 2.
The luminaire photometric files were collected from the respected manufactures
websites to enable to carry out the calculations. All the design calculations were made in line with
the relevant standards like BS EN 12464 and CIBSE LGs.
Type Make Model Lamp Wattage Lumen Picture
Recessed mounted
Down light
Philips FBS 120 CFL 2x26W 2400 lm
Recessed mounted
600x600 luminaire
Philips IMPALA FTL 4x14W 4800 lm
Surface/Suspended
mounted
Philips TCW215 FTL 2x36W 6700 lm
Table-1
Fluorescent light fittings schedule
Type Make Model Lamp Wattage Lumen Picture
Recessed mounted
Downlight
Cooper Portfolio LED 24.4W 1216 lm
Recessed mounted
600x600 luminare
JCC Ltd Breera
JC71198
LED 28W 1720 lm
Surface/Suspended
mounted
JCC Ltd Breera
JC71199
LED 45W 2520 lm
Table-2
LED lights schedule
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2.4. Load comparison schedule
The achieved lighting levels and corresponding power consumption from the
DIALUX summary pages results are tabled as below for both for CFL& FTL ranges and LED
lamps for a comparison glance.
Sl.
No.
Room Room
No.
Required
Average
Illumination
Flourescent Lamp LED lighting
Achieved
Consumed
Power
Achieved Consumed
Power
Lux Lux W Lux W
1 Female Toilet 00-41 150 188 131.20 176 48.80
2 Female Toilet /Bathing 00-41 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
3 Female Toilet WC-1 00-41 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
4 Female Toilet Lobby 00-42 100 115 65.60 112 24.40
5 Locker Room 00-39 200 256 131.20 232 48.80
6 Janitor Room 00-38a 100 123 65.60 133 24.40
7 Locker Room Lobby 00-38 100 123 65.60 133 24.40
8 Male Toilet 00-37 150 188 131.20 176 48.80
9 Male Toilet /Bathing 00-37 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
10 Male Toilet WC-1 00-37 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
11 Coordinator office 00-35 500 616 252.00 517 196.00
12 Managers Office 00-36 500 616 252.00 517 196.00
13 Administration Office 00-33 500 604 378.00 507 280.00
14 Officer 00-34 500 616 252.00 517 196.00
15 Corridors 00-43,43a 100 110 393.60 101 146.40
16 Garbage Room 00-44 100 202 85.00 130 45.00
17 Garbage Room Lobby 00-44a 100 115 65.60 112 24.40
18 Dish Wash 00-46 200 282 126.00 203 90.00
19 Corridor 00-45 100 154 131.20 134 48.80
20 Store 00-47 150 174 101.20 194 48.80
21 Kitchen 00-49 350 382 504.00 382 450.00
22 Canteen 00-52 200 224 3214.40 233 1561.60
23 Store 00-50 150 177 108.00 145 48.80
24 Lobby 00-32 100 128 108.00 101 48.80
25 Lobby 00-31 100 115 65.60 112 24.40
26 Male Prayer Room 00-29 250 255 1312.00 282 683.20
27 Ablution 00-30 250 267 303.60 282 146.40
28 Lobby 00-28 100 115 65.60 112 24.40
29 Disabled Toilet 00-27 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
30 Lobby 00-27a 100 123 65.60 133 24.40
31 Lobby 00-24 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
32 Male Toilet 00-25 100 134 506.00 144 244.00
33 Male toilet W/C-1 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
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34 Male toilet W/C-2 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
35 Male toilet W/C-3 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
36 Male toilet W/C-4 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
37 Male toilet W/C-5 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
38 Male toilet W/C-6 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
39 Male toilet W/C-7 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
40 Male toilet W/C-8 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
41 Male toilet W/C-9 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
42 Male toilet W/C-10 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
43 Male toilet W/C-11 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
44 Male toilet W/C-12 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
45 Male toilet W/C-13 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
46 Male toilet W/C-14 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
47 Male toilet W/C-15 00-25 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
48 Lobby 00-24 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
49 Corridor 00-22 100 148 324.00 119 146.40
50 IT Room 00-19 350 359 340.00 397 315.00
51 Electrical Room 00-20 200 282 340.00 230 225.00
52 AHU Room 00-21 150 206 510.00 176 360.00
53 Corridor 00-15 100 148 324.00 119 146.40
54 Lobby 00-17 300 348 1180.80 372 585.60
55 Lobby 00-02 100 128 108.00 101 48.80
56 Disabled Toilet 00-06 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
57 Recovery Room 00-05 350 402 315.00 400 280.00
58 Ablution 00-07 150 188 131.20 176 48.80
59 Lobby 00-08 100 188 131.20 176 48.80
60 Disabled Toilet 00-10 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
61 Lobby 00-12 100 230 162.00 194 73.20
62 Janitor 00-11 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
63 Pump Room 00-14 150 191 266.00 151 225.00
64 Female Toilet 00-13 150 173 253.00 191 122.00
65 Female Toilet W/C-1 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
66 Female Toilet W/C-2 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
67 Female Toilet W/C-3 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
68 Female Toilet W/C-4 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
69 Female Toilet W/C-5 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
70 Female Toilet W/C-6 00-13 100 120 65.60 119 24.40
71 Female Prayer Room 00-09 250 300 590.40 345 292.80
72 Treatment Room 00-04 500 599 288.00 509 252.00
73 Waiting Room 00-03 300 311 216.00 324 122.00
16393.00 8795.20
Table-3
Load comparison schedule
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3 Energy Management & Running Cost study
3.1. Energy saving analysis
A simple Energy saving calculations were done based on the lighting design results as follows.
When the building designed with Flourescent Lamp lighting:
Description Value Unit
Total Consumed Power
From the table-3
16393.000
16.393
Say 16.500
W
kW
kW
Average Estimated working hours
per month
24x30=720
Apply a 0.75 mulitification factor for the lamps
switch off period,
720x0.75=540
h
h
Average Estimated Energy
requirement for lighting for the
building
16.5x540=8910
8910
kWh
kWh
Table-4
Energy calculation with CLF& FTL lamps
When the building designed with LED lighting technology:
Description Value Unit
Total Consumed Power
From the table-3
8795.200
8.795
Say 9.000
W
kW
kW
Average Estimated working hours
per month
24x30=720
Apply a 0.75 mulitification
factor for the lamps switch off period,
720x0.75=540
h
h
Average Estimated Energy
requirement for lighting for the
building
9x540=4860
4860
kWh
kWh
Table-5
Energy calculation with LED lamps
The arrived figures demonstrate that with LED lighting the building could save approximately 50%
energy.
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3.2. Saving on Electricity Bills
For Electricity bills calculations, The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board's tariff was taken
as a reference. The TNEB a public sector under Tamil Nadu state Government, which generates and
distributes the power for the sate have been experiencing Energy crisis since last 5 years. The
present Electricity tariff slabs for various kinds of end users are as below.
Units of Electricity
Consumption
Rate
0 To 100 Rs. 1.00
101 To 200 Rs. 1.50
Above 200 Units
1 To 200 Rs. 2.00
201 To 500 Rs. 3.00
ABOVE 500 UNITS Rs. 5.75
Table-6
TNEB Electricity tariff schedule
From the table 1 kWh =5.75 Rupees
With Flourecent lighting installation 8910kWh =51232 Rupees/month
With LED lighting installation 4860kWh =27945 Rupees/month
3.3. Saving on Lamp Replacement
After installation, over a particular period the lamps of light fittings need to replace
due to their life or depreciation of their lumens output towards their end of life. A simple lamp
replacement cycle cost analysis is used to compare the cost of the two different types of designs.
The data of CFL and FTL lamps collected from the Philips technical catalogue and the LED lights
from the Cooper Lighting's and JCC lighting Ltd' s catalogue.
Average Life span of fluorescent lamps = 15000 working hours
Consider 540 working hour per month,
Lamp need to replacement period =15000/540=27 months
Say 2 Years
Whereas, Average life span of LED Lamps =50000 working hours
Consider 540 working hour per month,
Lamp need to replacement period =50000/540=92.50 months
Say 7.5 Years
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4 Lighting for tomorrow
4.1. Environment challenges
Most of the western countries already have banned the incandescent bulb in favor of
alternative sources of lighting, most notably fluorescents. Unfortunately, fluorescents contain
noxious chemicals including argon and mercury that are contaminating the environment,
specifically through their accumulation in landfill waste. IN an effort to fight the effects of global
warming and save precious energy, federal and state governments are attempting to find the best
way to dispose of or recycle fluorescent light bulbs.
Fluorescent light bulbs are considered universal waste and as such, are subject to the
Universal Waste Rule of 2000, a U.S. environmental law that encourages the recycling of mercury-
containing materials by allowing products such as fluorescent bulbs to be exempt from certain
hazardous waste requirements.
All fluorescent light bulbs are supposed to be disposed of properly, which means
recycling these products instead of throwing them in the trash. But these rules are never enforced.
There isn't a single recorded case of a person being arrested or fined for throwing a fluorescent light
bulb in the trash. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), approximately 800
million fluorescent lamps are disposed of every year. It only takes a single gram of mercury to
contaminate a two-acre pond and cause potential ecological damage through water pollution.
Therefore, 800 million lamps produce enough mercury to contaminate about 20 million acres of
water.
When the bulbs break, mercury can contaminate the environment, including soils,
people and animals in the surrounding the area. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that can severely
harm the human nervous system through ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. It is a highly toxic
heavy metal that acts as a cumulative poison similar to lead. Exposure presents the greatest hazard
for infants, children and pregnant mothers. Physical symptoms may include an inability to
coordinate body movement, an impairment of hearing, vision and speech, skin rashes and kidney
damage.
When the bulbs are recycled, a special hazardous waste company generally carries out
the process of collecting the unbroken bulbs, crushing them and capturing both the remaining
mercury gas and the spent mercury solids. These companies then ship the mercury-bearing waste,
using an EPA-permitted hazardous waste transporter, to an EPA-approved hazardous waste
treatment, storage and disposal facility.
As an alternative to normal fluorescent lighting, compact fluorescent light bulbs have
gained much popularity over the past couple years because they contain less mercury than standard
fluorescent lighting. Changes are being made slowly to lower the amount of mercury we may be
potentially exposed to. Low energy light bulbs called compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) contain 4-
15mg of mercury compared to normal fluorescent lights, which contain approximately 20 mg of the
toxic metal.
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However, it is impossible to have fluorescent lighting without mercury, according to industry
engineers. Obviously, recycling is not going to be enough. A mercury-free alternative must be
found.
4.2. Green Light solution
The solution, of course is LED lights, which contain no mercury and are significantly
more energy efficient than both incandescent lights and fluorescent lights.
Right now, LED lights are very expensive to purchase up front, but they
pay for themselves in about two years thanks to the savings in electricity
and they keep on working for 50,000 hours.
Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark have stated they intend to
eventually eliminate mercury use completely, and plan on researching
alternatives to fluorescent lighting such as LED technology. General
Electric has been manufacturing compact and regular fluorescent lights for
over 20 years, but now admits that the accumulation of mercury could pose
a problem for the environment and human health.
There's no doubt that LED lights are the future of lighting, and the sooner
we all switch to LED lights, the more quickly we'll stop poisoning our
homes, communities and nations with the unsafe disposal of mercury from
fluorescent lights.
Figure 4
Green Design Logo
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5 Conclusion
In this thesis an effort was made to analyse the potential Energy saving with LED lighting
technology for the Staff Amenities Building. Concluded the LED lighting products have
considerable potential to reduce electricity consumption and the associated greenhouse gas
emissions.
After had done all the comparison exercises it was found that the LED lighting technology saves
approximately 50% Energy when compared to FTLs and CFLs luminaires installation from the
table 4 &5.
The main running cost of the building is Electricity bill. From the analysis having designed with the
LED lighting technology has significant monthly Electricity bill was materialised that is about
Indian Rupees 23287.00 in other words 54.55% saving was established compare to the fluorescent
lighting system.
In addition, lamps life cycle and its cost effect also was studied and found that LED lighting
technology is far better than the fluorescent lighting system as former system is need of replacement
once in every 7.5 years whereas the fluorescent system will require replacing the lamps in every 2
years. Apart from the lamps cost there is hidden cost of man hours for the re-installations work.
Chapter 4, discussed the contribution of LED lights to the Green house environment.
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6 References
1. Book
SSL lighting Handbook, London, 2009
The Sociaty of Light and Lighting, UK.
Lighting Guide Hand book (LG-7), 2006
CIBSE, UK
2. Journal Articles
News letters of Tridonic Atco
News Letters of Philips
LED magazines
3. Private Communication
Mr. Ramesh Raja, General Manager
Lighting Solution LLC, Muscat, Oman
4. Thesis
Pramod Bhusal. Energy Efficient Electric Lighting For Building in Developed And
Developing Counties (Doctorate thesis), Espoo, Helsinki Univeristy of Technology,
2009
5. Technical Catalogue
Philips
JCC Ltd
Cooper Industries
6. Websites
www.naturalnews.com
www.theledlight.com
www.tneblts.com
www.wiki.com
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Checklist
1. Is the final report properly hard bound? Yes
2. Is the Cover page in proper format as given in Annexure A? Yes
3. Is the Title page (Inner cover page) in proper format? Yes
4. (a) Is the Certificate from the Supervisor in proper format?
(b) Has it been signed by the Supervisor?
Yes
Yes
5. Is the Abstract included in the report properly written within one page?
Have the technical keywords been specified properly?
Yes
Yes
6. Is the title of your report appropriate? Yes
7. Have you included the List of abbreviations / Acronyms? Yes
8. Does the Report contain a summary of the literature survey? Yes
9. Does the Table of Contents include page numbers?
(i). Are the Pages numbered properly?
(ii). Are the Figures numbered properly?
(iii). Are the Tables numbered properly?
(iv). Are the Captions for the Figures and Tables proper?
(v). Are the Appendices numbered properly? Are their titles
appropriate
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
10. Is the conclusion of the Report based on discussion of the work? Yes
11. Are References or Bibliography given at the end of the Report? Yes
12. Is the report format and content according to the guidelines? Yes
Declaration by Student:
I certify that I have properly verified all the items in this checklist and ensure that the report is in
proper format as specified in the course handout.
Place: 01.04.2012 Signature of the Student
Date: Muscat, Oman Name: V.Sasivarathan
ID No.: 2007 18 TS 889