2007 AP Psychology Released Exam

2007 AP Psychology Released ExamGeraceProsper High School

1. A (Construct Validity)Personality is an abstract concept. y Construct validity: how accurately a test measures an abstract concept y In order to measure how valid a personality test is, we need to compare it to another relevant measure of someones personality.y

2. C (Conformity)y

Remember the Asch Conformity study

3. D (Ethics in Research)No CoercionMust Be Voluntary Informed Consent y Anonymity & Confidentiality y No Significant Risk y Opt Out y Debrief

4. B (REM Sleep)y

REMRapid Eye Movement Dreaming After Stages 3 & 4 (Deep Sleep) Brain waves very similar to those while awakeBeta Waves Muscle paralysis

5. A (Bipolar Disorder)

6. A (Rods and Cones)y

Rods:Black & White Vision Edges Peripheral Vision Night/Dark Vision

y

Cones:Color Vision

7. E (Memory)Recall: Retrieving information out of memory without help; fill-in-the-blank or essay y Recognition: Being able to pick out an answer from available choices; true/false, multiple choice, matchingy

8. E (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder y Obsessionuncontrollable thoughts y Compulsionirrational actions y Oversupply of serotoniny

9. D (Kohlbergs Moral Development)LEVEL LEVEL 1: PreConventional LEVEL 2: Conventional STAGE 1) PunishmentObedience 2) Instrumental Purpose 3) Good boy-Nice girl Orientation 4) Authority/LawAnd-Order LEVEL 3: PostConventional 5) Social Contract Orientation 6) Universal Ethical Principle EXPLANATION Dont want to be punished Wants rewards Wants respect and approval Wants to follow the law/rules Wants to follow law, but exceptions are made if law isnt right Wants to follow universal values that are more important than social rules & laws

10. B (Sensory Adaptation)When you are exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, you get used to it, and your nerve cells fire less frequently. y This is called sensory adaptation.y

11. E (Spontaneous Recovery)y

After a period of extinction, you can experience spontaneous recovery.

12. A (Cognitive Dissonance)y

Leon Festinger

13. D (Encoding)The first group: Visual Encoding y The second group: Semantic Encodingy y

Semantic encoding is more effective than visual encoding.

14. B (Hypothalamus)Fight-or-Flight Response y The Four Fsy

Fight Flight Feeding Mating

15. B (Discrimination)y

Stimulus discrimination

16. A (Physical dependence)y

Physical dependence: physical withdrawal symptoms

17. C (Mean)The mean is the central tendency measure that is most affected by extreme scores. y The median is the middle score. y The mode is not affected by extreme scores.y

18. D (DSM-IV) (DSMy

Used to classify and diagnose mental disorders

19. E (Male/Female Roles)y

Gender typing is when children acquire masculine/feminine roles and identify with these roles.

20. D (Ethnocentrism)y

You believe that your group is superior to other groups.

21. D (TAT)y

Thematic Apperception Testshown pictures and then asked to make up stories about thema projective test.

22. A (Stereotyping)classify others into specific categories without much room for individualism or variation y In this case, its gender stereotyping.y

23. C (Depth Perception)All of the other choices use monocular cues for depth perceptionYou can see the depth with only one eye. y Throwing the ball will require you to judge depth perception with both eyes retinal disparityy

24. A (Sleep Cycles)Stage 1Theta Waves/Hypnic Jerks5 to 10 minutes y Stage 2Theta Waves/Sleep Spindles20 minutes y Stage 3Delta WavesTransitional y Stage 4Delta Waves30 minutes y Stage 5REMdreaminga few minutes to an hourgets longer with later cyclesy

25. A (Aversion Therapy)Behavioral Therapy y Counter-conditioning y For exampleAlcoholicsy

26. C (Corpus CallosumConnects both hemispheres y Sperry/Gazzanigay

Cut CC in epileptic patients Split-brain research Nobel Prize

27. E (Personality Testing)y

Conservation tasks are used for cognitive development testing.

28. D (Pituitary)The Master Gland y Controls all other glandsy

29. A (Sympathetic Nervous System)Dilates pupil y Inhibits flow of saliva y Accelerates heartbeat y Dilates bronchi y Inhibits digestion y Secretes adrenaline y Bladder releasey

#43

30. A (James-Lange) (JamesCannon/BardStimulus, then simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional responses y James/LangeStimulus, arousal, then emotion y Schachter/Singer or Schachter 2-Factor Stimulus, arousal, cognition, then emotiony

31. A (Episodic Memory)Episodic Memorymemory of events in your life y Explicit (effortful)y

32. C (Nature vs. Nurture)y y

Nature:Similarities in identical twins raised apart

Nurture:Differences in identical twins raised apart

33. A (Absolute Threshold)

34. E (Group Polarization)

35. E (Synaptic Vesicles)Dendrites: receive y Terminal buttons: contain synaptic vesicles y Synaptic vesicles: contain neurotransmitters that they release during an action potential y Synaptic gap/cleft: gap between two neuronsy

36. C (Systematic Desensitization)Behavioral therapy y Usually for fears/phobias y First list a hierarchy of what they fear y Then begin systematically desensitizingy

37. C (Experimental Group)Experimental: receives manipulated independent variable y Control: receives placebo or no treatment in order to serve as a control for comparisonsy

38. D (Dissociative Fugue)

39. A (Cognitive Restructuring)Replacing irrational thoughts in therapy is COGNITIVE. y The only other choice with cognitive in it is cognitive dissonance, and as an amazingly intelligent AP Psych student, you KNOW that cognitive dissonance is when you have two (or more) beliefs that dont agree, or when you have a belief and an action that do not match.y

40. D (Extinction)y

What??? Ill explain

41. B (Behavioral)Ignoring when he misbehaves is extinction. y Praise when he is good is positive reinforcement. y Both of these are concepts in operant conditioning, a part of BEHAVIORAL approach.y

42. A (Carl RogersHumanistic) RogersAaron Beck and Albert Ellis are cognitive psychologists, but they look at the unconscious motives that patients experience that affect their thoughts about themselves. y Freud and Jung are psychoanalytic and psychodynamicboth all about the unconscious.y

43. D (Adrenal Glands)Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline during times of emergencyduring the fight/flight response. y Fight/flight response = sympathetic nervous system y Reference #29 from this test.y

44. B (Antisocial Personality Disorder)

45. E (Person-Centered Therapy) (PersonAlso known as Client-Centered Therapy y Carl Rogers/Humanistic y Repeating what the client has stated, maybe in other words y Affirming the client y Unconditional positive regardy

46. D (Frustration-Aggression (FrustrationModel)Frustration, or a blocked goal, causes people to react with aggression. y Therefore, the aggression experienced is reactive.y

47. C (Scatter-Plot Graph) (ScatterPositive Correlationdots going up (slope of +1) y Negative Correlationdots going down (slope of -1) y Zero Correlationno pattern at all; all over the placey

48. E (Serotonin)Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are a class of drugs used to force serotonin to remain in the synaptic cleft, making them available for the receptor sites, thus increasing the amount of serotonin that is absorbed. This helps DEPRESSED patients. Answer: Prozac Xanax & ValiumAnti-anxiety/Benzodiazepines LithiumMood Stabilizer for Bipolar ClozapineAnti-psychotic for Schizophrenia

49. E (IV vs. DV)Independent Variable: the variable that the researcher manipulates packaging y Dependent Variable: the results that depend on the IV purchases of the cookies (sales)y

50. A (Electroconvulsive Therapy)ECT (shock therapy) y Although we saw this used on John Nash for his schizophrenia, ECT is most commonly used on patients who are severely DEPRESSED.y

51. C (Arousal)Theories of Motivation y Optimal level of stimulation is AROUSAL.y

52. B (Stressors)Money, diet and intelligence do not help with your ability to cope with stress. y Ability to cope with stress is most closely related to your ability to predict & control potential stressors.y

53. D (Schizophrenia)Multiple personalities DID y No CURE y Can understand people very well y Not caused by childhood experiences y ONSET in late adolescence or early adulthoody

54. E (Psychoanalytic)y

InternalizedintrapsychicDuh

55. A (Accommodation)Remember the file folders in your brain? Those are schema. y Assimilation: You add information to an existing schema (file folder). y Accommodation: You create/change a new schema (file folder) in order to incorporate new information.y

56. E (Ideal Self vs. Real Self)y y y y y y y y

Carl Rogers When Ideal Self = Real Self, its congruence. When Ideal Self Real Self, its incongruence. Abiological Bcognitive Cbehavioral Dpsychoanalytic Ehumanistic

57. B (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs)Basic/Physiological y Safety y Love/Belonging y Self-Esteem y Self-Actualizationy y

SoBasic/physiological and safety come before Love/Belonging

58. C (Milgram Obedience Study) (MilgramPsychiatrists believed that less than 1 percent (1 in 1,000) would go all the way to 450 volts. y In reality, 65% went all the way to 450 volts. (both men and women)y

59. D (Normal Distribution Curve)

From the mean to +1 SD is 34%. From the mean to -1 SD is 34%. So, add both together because it is within ONE standard deviation above and below the mean. 34 + 34 = 68

60. D (Intelligence Scores)Mean of intelligence is 100. y Standard deviation is 15. y Jamal scored a 125. y +1 is 115, so he scored more than one standard deviation above the mean.y

61. B (Fundamental Attribution Error)y

When you blame others you are observing (you are the observer, they are the actor) on their internal/personal characteristics, NOT on the circumstances, you are showing the Fundamental Attribution Error.

62. E (Cognitive)distorted view of reality y unrealistically negative thoughtsy

63. D (Incentive)Wealth and fame arent necessary for life. y They are incentives that people receive that give them motivation to do things.y

64. A (Maturation)Learning depends on the environment y Maturation is a biological process of growth that occurs independent of environmental factors.y

65. A (Divergent Thinking)Divergent thinkingcoming up with as many solutions as possible; BRAINSTORMING y Convergent thinkingnarrowing down possible solutions to get to ONE answery

66. C (Gate-Control Theory) (GateWhen a person experiences an extreme amount of pain, the nervous system will block that pain from the brain. There is a gate on the spinal cord that closes & doesnt allow the pain signals to go through.

67. A (The Big Five)y

CANOEConscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion

68. B (Hormones)Neurotransmitters are NOT hormones y HormonesSex drivey

Testosterone* Estrogen Progesterone

69. A (Overregularization)y

When children apply grammar rules universally without exceptionI goed to the store. She taked the candy from me.

70. C (General Adaptation Syndrome)Hans Selye y Stress y Stages: (ARE)y

1. Alarmrealizing the stressor 2. Resistancefighting through, studying, preparing 3. Exhaustiononce the stressor is done, your body becomes exhausted; most prone to illness

71. A (Signal Detection Theory)y

The more important it is, the more you pay attention.Signal Signal Absent Present HIT FALSE ALARM MISS CORRECT REJECTION

Respond YES Respond NO

72. A (Motivation Achievement)Notice the psychologists name is here, but even if you didnt know him, if you understand the concept, you can get the question right. y Strong Achievement MotivationSeek out moderately difficult tasks. y Weak Achievement MotivationSeek out easy or extremely difficult tasks.y

73. D (Long-term potentiation) (LongLearning y Strengthening of neural pathways when you learn material y Increased efficiency of synaptic transmissiony

74. B (Operant Conditioning)y

Closes windowdoes this happen more or less?More Reinforcement (closes window more) Less Punishment

y

What does closing the window do?Give you something Positive Take away something Negative (takes away traffic noise)

y

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

75. A (Classical Conditioning)y

Three important requirements for Classical Conditioning to be effective:Strength of stimulus (must be strong enough to elicit a response) Timing of stimulus (immediate) Frequency of stimulus (often)

76. B (Memory)y

Image in LOCATIONS Method of LOCI

77. B (Alfred Adler)y

Alfred AdlerPsychoanalytic Had amazing older brother Therefore felt inferior Individual Psychology Precursor to Humanistic Psychology Inferiority complex, strive for superiority Compensation & overcompensation Birth Order

78. C (Attributions)Assignment of causes to behavior y Individualistic Culturestend to be about selves; usually commit Fundamental Attribution Error attributing other peoples failures to internal causes y Collectivist Culturestend to be about the group; tend to be more self-effacingy

79. D (Theories of Emotion)Cannon/Bard: simultaneous physiological arousal & emotion y James/Lange: physiological arousal, then emotion y Schachter-Singer or Schachter Two-Factor: physiological arousal, then cognition, then emotiony

80. B (Reliability)Consistency y Split-half comparing half of a test with the other half (Half of the test is compared to the other half of the test.)y

81. D (Crystallized vs. Fluid)Crystallized knowledge & information; increases with age y Fluid ability to solve problems & think critically; increases until middle adulthood and then starts to decreasey

82. D (Overjustification Effect)Someone who has INTRINSIC motivation will do something for the love of it. y When you offer that person a REWARD (extrinsic motivation), that person may lose the motivation to do the task.y y

THIS is an example of having to READ the choices carefully and applying what you know.

83. D (Self-serving bias) (SelfYou always judge yourself as the best. y Blame failures on external causes. y Attribute successes to internal causes.y

84. E (Social/Observational Learning)Albert BanduraBobo Doll experiment (Social Cognitive Theory) y Ivan PavlovClassical conditioning y B.F. SkinnerOperant conditioning y John GarciaTaste aversion y John WatsonConditioned feary

85. D (Assimilation)y y

y

Schemafile folder in your brain; organized set of information about something Assimilationyou encounter something similar to one of your schemas (file folders), so you put it in there Accommodationyou encounter something that doesnt yet exist in your set of schema, so you create a new schema or file folder (accommodation in a hotel room

86. D (Functional fixedness)y

Looking past other uses of an object in problem solving because you are so fixed on what that object is normally used for

87. C (Semicircular Canals)y

Help with balance and body positions

88. D (IQ)y

Children with higher IQs generally lead happy and fulfilling lives. Lewis Terman

89. E (Social Inhibition)When a person is not good at something, having to perform in front of people makes him/her perform worse than usual. y Opposite of Social Facilitationy

90. D (Availability Heuristic)Making a judgment or decision based on what has been most available to you y Making a judgment or decision on what has been on the news lately or what you have seen or heard latelyy

91. D (Erik Erikson)y

Psychosocial Stages of DevelopmentCrisisNeeds met? Toilet training; doing things alone Initiating tasks; independence Applying self to tasks & succeeding Friendships & finding self Love/close relationships Contributing to world and next generation Life a success or failure?

StageTrust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Integrity vs Despair

AgesInfancy Toddlers Preschool Elementary School Adolescence Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood

92. E (Behaviorism)y

John B. Watson

94. A (Representativeness Heuristic)Making a decision or judgment based on a stereotype y Making a decision or judgment based on an example that you are familiar withy

95. B (Noam Chomsky)Nativist theory of language development y Language Acquisition Deviceinnate ability to learn languagey

96. C (Dependent variable)IVNoise level in room y DVScore on the problem-solving testy

97. B (Independent Variable)IVNoise level in room y DVScore on the problem-solving testy

98. D (p = .05)P .05 means that a study is statistically significant. y Probability that the results of the test are due to chance is less than or equal to 5%.y

99. D (Correlation Coefficient)y y y y y y y

DONT forget to do the arrows!!! Length of sleep deprivation goes up. (+) Then what happens to your level of alertness? It goes down. (-) Multiply a positive and negative, and you get NEGATIVE. Multiply two positives = positive. Multiply two negatives = positive. You cant have more than the absolute value of 1.

100. D (Brain Scans)Glucose metabolism & Radioactivity = Positron EmissionTopography (PET scan) y Brain waves = EEG y Magnetic = MRI y Function and Magnetic = fMRI y X-ray of head = CAT scany