©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1600–1660 CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ CHAPTER 2 European Footholds.

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1600–1660

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 2 European Footholds

on the Fringes of North America

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. . .laws “most meet and convenient for the general good.”

The Mayflower Compact, a

“Civil Body Politic”

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TIMELINE1601 Drought

1602 Dutch East India Company founded

Champlain devotes himself to exploring the St. Lawrence River region

1603 Queen Elizabeth I dies; James I takes crown

1605 Oñate and his new “Mexico” province

1606 Virginia Company chartered

1607 Jamestown founded

1608 Champlain establish Quebec

1610 Capital of New Mexico created at Sante Fe

John Rolfe comes to Jamestown

1611 John Rolfe begins planting Orinoco tobacco

King James version of Bible published

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TIMELINE1612 Francisco de Pareja publishes bilingual confessional

1613 Bermuda becomes a tobacco colony

1614 John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

1620 The Mayflower arrives in Cape Cod

1621 Dutch West India Company controls New Netherland

1622 Opechancanough attacks English at James River

1625 Charles I inherits English crown

1627 Cardinal Richelieu presses for new French settlements in Canada

1629 The Massachusetts Bay Company founded

1630 New Amsterdam’s population is 270

1633 Disease kills 10,000 Iroquois in 5 years

1632 Dutch seize Brazil

1634 Dutch seize Curaçao, Venezuela

Calvert founds Maryland

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TIMELINE1635 Jesuits establish a college in Quebec

1637 Pequot War

1641 Dutch take Malacca from Portuguese

1642 Dutch in Tasmania and New Zealand

1643 Dutch at the northern coast of Japan

1644 Rhode Island granted a charter

1647 Indians stage revolt in Apalachee

1649 Hurons attacked by Dutch traders

Charles I beheaded

Act Concerning Religion

1652 Dutch establish colony at Cape Town

1656 Indian uprising in Timucua, north central Florida

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TIMELINE1660 English control: Barbardos, Providence Island,

Antigua, Jamaica

Dutch control: St. Maarten, St. Eustacius, Saba, Curaçao

French control: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia

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EUROPEAN FOOTHOLDS Overview

Spain’s Ocean-Spanning ReachFrance and HollandEnglish BeginningsThe Puritan ExperimentChesapeake Bay Colonies

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SPAIN’S OCEAN-SPANNING REACH

Vizcaíno in California and JapanOñate Creates a Spanish Foothold in

the SouthwestNew Mexico Survives: New Flocks

Among Old PueblosConversion and Rebellion in Spanish

Florida

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The Spanish Southwest in the early 16th Century

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Vizcaíno in California and Japan

April 1607 Vizcaíno given charge of creating outpost for Spain in Monterey Bay

Vizcaíno goes in search of fabled cities and lands in Japan. He brings back Japanese delegates. Due to the Japanese fear of being Christianized, the relationship never developed fully.

Vizcaíno venture to Japan spent the funds meant for Monterey Bay, as well as the daunting cliffs of the west coast which discouraged landing on mainland. The Spanish reconsidered overexpanding their reach.

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Oñate Creates a Spanish Foothold in the Southwest

1598 Oñate established a province in New Mexico Difficulties: drought, embittered Indians, harsh conditions.

Settlers abandon the settlement and return to Mexico Oñate goes west to look for Pacific. In 1605 he mistakes the

Gulf of California for the ocean. Food in short supply. In 1608 Spain’s threats to withdraw are countered with

Franciscan’s appeal for the converts they had found. Many Indians looking for food and protection had converted to Christianity. New Mexico is allowed to remain a Spanish colony.

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New Mexico Survives: New Flocks Among Old Pueblos

1610 capital of Sante Fe established1630 46 Franciscan friars with missions in 35

pueblosSpanish brought new crops, and livestock to the

Pueblos, but also disease. Pueblos population more than halved by 1680.

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Conversion and Rebellion in Spanish Florida

1608: Spain decides to continue colony in Florida to amass more converts.

Franciscans focus on literacy and publish bilingual confessional: Castilian and Timucuan, the native language.

Smallpox claims more victims of Native Americans, than Franciscans’ claim converts.

1647: Indians at Apalachee revolt. Spain reacts and 12 rebel leaders executed.

1656: Indian uprising in north central Florida takes Spanish months to subdue.

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FRANCE AND HOLLAND: OVERSEAS COMPETITION

FOR SPAIN

The Founding of New FranceCompeting for the Beaver TradeA Dutch Colony on the Hudson River“All Sorts of Nationalities”: Diverse

New Amsterdam

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The Founding of New France

The beaver hat helps expand trading with Canada The religious strife ends in France with the Henry IV’s Edict of

Nantes, allowing more focus for exploration. Champlain: explores the St. Lawrence Region from 1602 to

1635. In 1608 Quebec is established as an outpost for France. 1609: Champlain builds coalition with the Algonquin and Huron

Indians against the Iroquois. This relationship benefits both French and Indians.

1627: Cardinal Richelieu tries to build Roman Catholic settlements in Canada. English privateers stymie his plans and take Quebec for several years. After French retain control of Quebec, Richelieu offers French Catholic lords strips of land.

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Competing for the Beaver Trade

The Mourning Wars/The BeaversThe Iroquois battle the French and Hurons; trading

fur with the Dutch for more arms.Jesuits establish base at St. Marie with Hurons, but

disease claims much of the population.Iroquois attack Hurons and Jesuits in March 1649.Iroquois then turn attention to St. Lawrence valley,

and New France’s survival is threatened.

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A Dutch Colony on the Hudson River

1621: The Dutch West Indies Company claims New Netherland

Peter Minuit purchases Manhattan Island from local Indians to consolidate the Dutch settlement and granting land to patroons along the Hudson River

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“All Sorts of Nationalities”: Diverse New Amsterdam

Peter Stuyvesant rules New Netherland until 1664.

Stuyvesant tries to stifle Quakers, but Flushing Long Island makes stand: “Whether Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist or Quaker, let every man stand and fall to his own.”

Diverse New Amsterdam:African slaves, half-free, and some free. Jewish

community. Huguenots, Swedes, Finns, English.

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European and Native American Contact in the Northeast

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ENGLISH BEGINNINGS ON THE ATLANTIC COAST

The Virginia Company and Jamestown

“Starving Time” and Seeds of Representative Government

Launching the Plymouth Colony

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The Virginia Company and Jamestown

1599: “Great and ample” Virginia. The English claimed from current Vermont to Carolina’s Outer Banks.

1606: James I charters the Virginia Company.London merchants to colonize Chesapeake Bay region.

Jamestown1607: 105 English men arrive to find 13,000 Powhatans. The first winter, with harsh conditions, kill half of the settlersJohn Smith governs brieflyShares sold: 100 acres when investment matured in 1616.

West Country English to colonize the northern area of the coastThe failed Sagadahoc settlement

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“Starving Time” and Seeds of Representative Government

1609: 500 settlers (men and women) arrive in Chesapeake. By 1610, only 60 remain after the “starving time.”

An infusion of new settlers convinces the remaining 60 to try again.

John Rolfe plants Orinoco tobacco in 1611, and by 1612 the production began to soar.

The Virginia Company promises transportation and 50 acres to tenants, with ownership after 7 years.Established English freedoms: trail by jury, representative

government, civil courts with English common law, elected burgesses

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Launching the Plymouth Colony

The Virginia Company awards patents to private groups to “build a town and settle. . .”

September, 1620, English Separatists from Dutch city of Leiden embark on the MayflowerNovember they disembark around Cape Cod and begin to

establish the Plymouth Plantation

Although confronted with hardships, they maintain peaceful relations with the Massasoit Indians and enjoy

a thanksgiving feast together.

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THE PURITAN EXPERIMENTFormation of the Massachusetts Bay

Company“We Shall Be As a City Upon a Hill”Dissenters: Roger Williams and Anne

HutchinsonExpansion and Violence: The Pequot

War

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Formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company

1626: Law that prohibits preaching or writing on controversial religious topics is introduced and aimed at the Puritan movement

The marriage of Charles I to a Catholic and the persecution at the hand of the Archbishop of Canterbury spurs the Puritans along with some entrepreneurs to obtain a chapter and form the Massachusetts Bay Company.

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“We Shall Be As a City Upon a Hill”

The Arbella and 17 other ships in 1630 brings John Winthrop and 1000 English people to New England.

Winthrops’ “A Model of Christian Charity” lays out the values that will enable the Puritans to set an example for the rest of the world to follow.

Boston is established and Winthrop chosen as GovernorThe influx of English to the New World:

1634: 4000 English come to New World 1642: 20,000 English come to New World English outposts in Hartford and Springfield

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Dissenters: Roger WilliamsA Separatist in Boston, Williams believed:

In separation of church and state to protect the church.Land patents from the king had no validity.Settlers should purchase land from Native Americans.

Williams is banished, and builds a refuge for dissenters he calls Providence.

He is granted a charter in 1644 for his colony, Rhode Island.

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Dissenters: Anne Hutchinson Hutchinson is prompted by her “divine revelation to follow her

minister, John Cotton, to New England. In Boston, Hutchinson holds weekly religious discussion meetings.

She stresses direct communication with God as the avenue to personal forgiveness.

Labeled an Antinomian (“against law”), the movement grows and they displace Winthrop from the governorship in 1636.

The Puritans establish Harvard College to educate ministers, and eventually tried Hutchinson and banished her.

In exile Hutchinson moves to Rhode Island and then to a settlement along the Hudson. She and her family are killed by Indians in 1643.

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Expansion and Violence: The Pequot War

The Puritans expand into New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut displacing and crowding the Native American population.

English recruit the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes to wage war against the Pequots.

400 Pequots massacred at Mystic, CT.The following years, Native Americans

negotiate away land and are “saved” by the English Protestants.

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THE CHESAPEAKE BAY COLONIES

The Demise of the Virginia CompanyMaryland: The Catholic RefugeThe Dwellings of English NewcomersThe Lure of Tobacco

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The Demise of the Virginia Company

Opechancanough leads the Pamunkey tribe in an assault on a beleaguered Jamestown March, 1622. 350 settlers are lost.

The conflict leads to 10 years of war1624: King James annuls the Virginia Company’s

charter1646: Opechancanough captured and shotPamunkeys and Powhatans submit to English and pay

a yearly fee to live on their land. 1660: 25,000 colonists live hear Chesapeake Bay

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Maryland: The Catholic Refuge

Calvert settles Maryland with a grant from Charles I for 10 million acres.

Both Catholic and Protestants. 1649, Maryland’s assembly passes an Act Concerning Religion guaranteeing toleration for all who believed in Jesus Christ.

1650, Puritans take control and repeal the act, but by 1660, the Stuart monarchy brings back proprietary rule.

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The Dwellings of English Newcomers

New England Long winters demand warm housingMore interior spaceStone chimney and central fireplaceCellarsThick wallsTwo story housesLinked storage rooms and animal sheds

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The Dwellings of English Newcomers

Chesapeake Less solid and substantial than New England housesOne story housesSimple wooden frame on posts (mortise-and-tenon

joints)Dirt or plank floorFew glass windows, rather oiled paper or wooden

shuttersChimneys of sticks and vines with clay daubing--outsideAdditional space separate from living space

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The Lure of Tobacco

After experimenting with other crops, Chesapeake residents hit on tobacco.

Virginia’s annual tobacco exports2,000 lbs in 161520,000 lbs in 161740,000 lbs in 1620

By 1640, 1.4 million pounds of tobacco annually