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VMIOAOGN B ^M\ID ^OTHOG B AOT_:

Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q mcth` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`

Jbgpb|y

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Tm|mgtm Vmioa Q |soa`

Eoqqomg Qtbt`e`gt:

^` b|` d`doabt`d tm d`ios`|ogn vmioa` q`|soa`q) og vb|tg`|qhov

~oth mp| ameepgoto`q) tm k``v Tm|mgtm th` l`qt bgd qbc`qt viba`

tm l`'

Am|` Sbip`q:

Hmg`qty: ^` b|` t|pthcpi bgd mv`g og mp| ogt`|batomgq ~oth`bah mth`| bgd ~oth e`el`|q mc mp| ameepgoto`q'

Ogt`n|oty: ^` b|` hmgmp|bli`) t|pqt~m|thy) bgd qt|os` tm dm~hbt oq |onht'

Cbo|g`qq: ^` t|`bt `s`|ymg` og bg oevb|tobi) `rpotbli`)q`gqotos` bgd `thoabi ebgg`|'

\`qv`at: ^` sbip` mp|q`is`q) `bah mth`|) bgd e`el`|q mcmp| ameepgoto`q) qhm~ogn pgd`|qtbgdogn bgd bvv|`aobtomg

cm| mp| qoeoib|oto`q bgd docc`|`ga`q'

\`iobloioty: ^` b|` amgqao`gtompq) v|mc`qqomgbi) |`qvmgqoli`)bgd d`v`gdbli` og mp| d`biognq ~oth `bah mth`| bgd mp|

ameepgoto`q'

T`be ^m|k: ^` ~m|k tmn`th`| ~othog th` Q`|soa` bgd ~othe`el`|q mc mp| ameepgoto`q tm baho`s` mp| nmbiq) ebkogn

pq` mc dos`|q` qkoiiq) bloioto`q) |mi`q bgd so`~q'

Vmqotos` Bttotpd`: ^` qt|os` tm l|ogn vmqotos` bgdamgqt|patos` ogcip`ga`q tm mp| d`biognq ~oth `bah mth`| bgd

mp| ameepgoto`q'

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Vmioaogn b ^m|id ^othog b Aoty:

Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`

Tbli` mc Amgt`gtq

Eoqqomg Qtbt`e`gt bgd Am|` Sbip`q

Cm|`~m|d ly Aho`c mc Vmioa` Jpiobg Cbgtogm

@x`aptos` Qpeeb|y

Q`atomg B: Hoqtm|oa Ms`|so ~'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1

Th` @smiptomg mc Emd`|g Tm|mgtm '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1D`emn|bvhoa bgd Qmaom`amgmeoa Oevbatq mg Vmioaogn og Tm|mgtm'''''''''''''''''''' 4Th` D`s imve`gt mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q |soa`'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtos` V|ma`qq'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 22V|`sompq \`vm|tq Oevbatogn \ba` \ ibtomgq'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 24Th` Bds`gt mc b \ba` \`ibtomgq Vmioay'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28Oevi`e`gtbtomg mc th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Vmioay Th` Emsogn Cm|~b|d Tmn`th`|V|ma`qq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28

Q`atomg L: E thmdmimny mc th` \`so ~''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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Vmioaogn b ^m|id ^othog b Aoty:

Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`

Cm|`~m|d ly Aho`c mc Vmioa` Jpiobg Cbgtogm

Cm| qme` y`b|q Tm|mgtm hbq l``g |`amngoz`d bq l`ogn th` emqt dos`|q` aoty og th` ~m|id' Ot oq bviba` ~h`|` v`mvi` c|me b ey|obd mc lbakn|mpgdq bgd apitp|`q ios`) ~m|k bgd viby og |`ibtos`qbc`ty bgd hb|emgy' Tm th`o| a|`dot thoq oq og gm qebii e`bqp|` dp` tm th` mgnmogn `ccm|tq mc th`e`g bgd ~me`g mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` ~hm t|piy b|` Vmioaogn B ^m|id ^othog B Aoty'

Qoga` otq oga`vtomg og 2?0>) th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` hbq gmt mgiy `gjmy`d bg `gsobli`|`vptbtomg bq b v|mc`qqomgbi m|nbgozbtomg lpt biqm th` qpvvm|t mc th` ms`|~h`ieogn ebjm|oty mcaotoz`gq' Cp|th`|em|`) th` |`ibtomgqhov l`t~``g otq e`el`|q bgd th` vplioa ot q`|s`q oq th`qogni` emqt oevm|tbgt cbatm| og otq qpaa`qq' Baam|dogniy) vplioa qpvvm|t oq th` Q`|soa`q emqtah`|oqh`d bqq`t'

\`a`gt amgt|ms`|qy hbq q`|s`d tm |`eogd `s`|ymg` mc th` c|bnoi` gbtp|` mc thoq |`ibtomgqhov bgdhm~ vmt`gtobiiy dosoqos` bii`nbtomgq mc |baobi lobq abg l`' Pgcm|tpgbt`iy) `s`g th` v`|a`vtomg mcqpah lobq hbq vpt og rp`qtomg th` |`ibtomgqhov l`t~``g qme` q`ne`gtq mc qmao`ty bgd th`vmioa`' G`s`|th`i`qq) O |`ebog qt`bdcbqtiy amgcod`gt thbt qyqt`eoa |baoqe dm`q gmt `xoqt ~othogth` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`'

O be amgsoga`d thbt th` sbqt ebjm|oty mc vmioa` mccoa`|q pgd`|tbk` th`o| q~m|g dpto`q og `x`evib|ycbqhomg' Ogd``d) th|mpnhmpt ey t`gp|` bq Aho`c mc Vmioa` O hbs` l``g amgqoqt`gtiypgamev|meoqogn og ey `xv`atbtomgq |`nb|dogn th` ptemqt og v|mc`qqomgbi amgdpat' ^oth |`qv`attm |baoqe) O hbs` l``g `rpbiiy pg`rposmabi' Bt th` qbe` toe` O bakgm~i`dn` thbt) bq hpebgl`ognq) ~` b|` gmt ogcbiioli`' Gmg`th`i`qq) ~h`|` ogbvv|mv|obt` l`hbsomp| oq doqams`|`d) ot oq

d`bit ~oth co|eiy) cbo|iy bgd ~othog th` qamv` mc th` ib~' Qoeviy vpt) O ~oii gmt tmi`|bt` bgyebgoc`qtbtomg mc doqa|oeogbtm|y amgdpat ogaipdogn |baoqe mg th` vb|t mc bgy e`el`| mc thoqQ`|soa`'

Em|`ms`|) og ey mvogomg Vmioaogn B ^m|id ^othog B Aoty Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q mc th`Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`|`vm|t oq t`qtbe`gt tm th` Q`|soa`q `x`evib|y |`am|d mc v`|cm|ebga` ogth` co`id mc |ba` |`ibtomgq' ^hoi` ot oq gmt `xhbpqtos`) thoq |`vm|t v|`q`gtq bg ogs`gtm|y mc th`honhionhtq mc |ba` |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q pgd`|tbk`g ly th` Q`|soa` ~hoah b|` ogdoabtos` mc th`d`n|`` mc ogsmis`e`gt l`t~``g Q`|soa` e`el`|q bgd th` ameepgoty' Thoq |`vm|t biqmoiipqt|bt`q th` baamevioqhe`gtq bgd |`qvmgqos`g`qq mc mp| m|nbgozbtomg tm~b|dq th` oqqp`)ogaipdogn |`amee`gdbtomgq cm| ahbgn`) th|mpnhmpt th` y`b|q' Ot oq q`ic`sod`gt thbt ly bgyqtbgdb|dq th` Q`|soa` hbq l``g bg oggmsbtm| og th` sbgnpb|d mc vmioa` |ba` |`ibtomgq cm| bt i`bqt

b rpb|t`| mc b a`gtp|y'

Bq Aho`c mc Vmioa` O be d`t`|eog`d tm `gqp|` thbt th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` amgtogp`q tmv|memt` bgd cmqt`| vmqotos` |`ibtomgqhovq ~oth bii aotoz`gq og bii mc th` ameepgoto`q og th` Aoty mcTm|mgtm'

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Vmioaogn b ^m|id ^othog b Aoty:

Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`

@x`aptos` Qpeeb|y

Thoq |`vm|t ~bq v|`vb|`d bt th` do|`atomg mc Aho`c mc Vmioa` Jpiobg Cbgtogm ~oth th` ammv`|btomgbgd ogsmis`e`gt mc q`gom| mccoa`|q bgd e`el`|q c|me bii ameebgdq mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa`Q`|soa`'

Qtbtoqtoaq Abgbdb hbq |`c`||`d tm Tm|mgtm bq b ~m|id ~othog b aoty' Vmioaogn b |oahiyepitoapitp|bi bgd epito|baobi `gso|mge`gt abg l` s`|y |`~b|dogn) lpt abg biqm v|`q`gtahbii`gn`q cm| b vmioa` m|nbgozbtomg thbt oq d`doabt`d tm d`ios`|ogn `cc`atos` q`|soa`q tm biiqtbk`hmid`|q `rpbiiy' Thoq |`vm|t mptiog`q th` emqt qongocoabgt `ccm|tq ebd` ly th` Tm|mgtmVmioa` Q`|soa` tm `gqp|` thbt ot abg e``t th`q` ahbii`gn`q'

Th` |`vm|t oq dosod`d ogtm t`g q`atomgq) bq cmiim~q:

Q`atomg B: Hoqtm|oa Ms`|so`~ Thoq q`atomg v|msod`q th` lbakn|mpgd cm|Vmioaogn b^m|id ^othog b Aoty' Th` |`bd`| oq nos`g b q`gq` mc hm~ th` Aoty mc Tm|mgtm hbqahbgn`d qoga` 2?01' Th` q`atomg mptiog`q:

th` vmvpibtomg n|m~th bgd d`emn|bvhoa `xvbgqomg ~othog th` aoty (th` vmvpibtomgoq lmth honh`| bgd qongocoabgtiy em|` |baobiiy bgd `thgoabiiy dos`|q` thbg ot ~bq~h`g E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm ~bq a|`bt`d og 2?01/

th` `smiptomg mc vmioaogn ms`| th` y`b|q (l`t~``g 2?0> bgd

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V|ma`dp|` 2124 oq biqm |`i`sbgt' @gtoti`d ^m|kviba` Hb|bqqe`gt) ot qtbt`q og vb|t:

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` oq ameeott`d tm v|msodogn b ~m|k gso|mge`gt thbt oq c|`` mcdoqa|oeogbtomg bgd hb|bqqe`gt tm bii otq e`el`|q' Tm thbt gd) th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa`Q`|soa`q Lmb|d `gbat`d th` \pi` `gtoti`d V|mc`qqomgbi Amgdpat (4'

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Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtos` Ameeott``q

Th` Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t pgot bt Vmioa` H`bdrpb|t`|q hbq `qtblioqh`d q`s`|biameepgoty amgqpitbtos` ameeott``q tm cbaoiotbt` dobimnp` ~oth ameepgoto`q thbt t|bgqa`gd vmioa`bdeogoqt|btos` lmpgdb|o`q' Mgnmogn) batos` ameeott``q hbs` l``g qtblioqh`d ~oth|`v|`q`gtbtos`q mc th` Blm|onogbi) Libak) Ahog`q`) C|`gah bgd Qmpth # ^`qt Bqobg ameepgoto`q'

B qtbcc qpv`|ogt`gd`gt oq bqqong`d tm `bah ameeott ` bq th` Ameebgd Ioboqmg tm `gqp|`iogkbn` ~oth th` `x`aptos` mc th` Q`|soa`' Ebgy mth`| ameepgoto`q hbs` `qtblioqh`damgqpitbtos` qt|patp|`q tm ~hoah b ioboqmg mccoa`| c|me Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t hbq l``gbqqong`d'

Ameepgoty Vmioa` Ioboqmg Ameeott``q

@bah mc th` 23 vmioa` dosoqomgq og th` Aoty mc Tm|mgtm hbq b Ameepgoty Vmioa` IoboqmgAmeeott`` (AVIA/ tm v|msod` ogvpt) bdsoa` bgd bqqoqtbga` tm th` imabi pgot ameebgd`|' Th`e`el`|qhov mc th`q` ameeott``q oq ogt`gd`d tm |`ci`at th` pgorp` bgd dos`|q` amevmqotomg mcth` vmvpibtomg og th` n`mn|bvhoa b|`b q`|s`d ly b vb|toapib| dosoqomg' Vb|toaovbgtq og th`q`

ameeott``q eby ogaipd` |`v|`q`gtbtos`q mc doqtogat |baobi) apitp|bi m| iognpoqtoa n|mpvq) qmaobibn`gao`q) lpqog`qq`q) qahmmiq) viba`q mc ~m|qhov) `ta' Mccoa`|q c|me dosoqomgq biqm ogt`|bat ~othmth`| `qtblioqh`d m|nbgozbtomgq qpah bq |`qod`gtq bqqmaobtomgq bgd ~m|k ~oth sb|ompq bd hmaameeott``q tm bdd|`qq qv`aocoa ameepgoty oqqp`q'

Th` @gso|mge`gtbi Qabg: B Cmp|th To`| mc Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtomg

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` v|mdpa`q b |`npib|@gso|mge`gtbi Qabg) ~hoah oq ~od`iy pq`d lyQ`|soa` e`el`|q bgd pq`cpi tm ebgy e`el`|q mc th` ameepgoty' Th` Qabgoq b |`npib| |`so`~mc th` `gso|mge`gt og ~hoah th` TVQ v|msod`q q`|soa`) bgd ams`|q b s`|y ~od` |bgn` mc cbatm|qthbt abg oevbat mg th` q`|soa`q v|msod`d ly th` m|nbgozbtomg) bgd mg otq vb|tg`|qhovq bgd

|`ibtomgqhovq ~oth th` ameepgoty'

V|om| tm v|`vb|ogn bg @gso|mge`gtbi Qabg) Q`|soa` vibgg`|q amgqpit ~oth lmth TVQ e`el`|qbgd `xt`|gbi |`v|`q`gtbtos`q c|me b sb|o`ty mc vplioa bgd v|osbt` q`atm| bn`gao`q) nms`|ge`gtd`vb|te`gtq bgd ameepgoty q`|soa`q' L`abpq` mc th` `xt`gqos` gbtp|` mc thoq amgqpitbtomg) th`qabggogn v|ma`qq abg l` amgqod`|`d tm l` b cmp|th `i`e`gt mc th` Q`|soa`q ameepgotyamgqpitbtos` v|ma`qq'

Th`q` amgqpitbtomgq b|` bg oevm|tbgt vb|t mc th` qabggogn v|ma`qq) bgd hbs` amgqoqt`gtiyv|msod`d sbipbli` ogcm|ebtomg bgd ogqonht |`nb|dogn t|bccoa qbc`ty) ameepgoty vbt|miq) `e`|n`gayabiiq) bqqoqtbga` cm| soatoeq mc a|oe`) somi`gt bgd v|mv`|ty a|oe`q) ameepgoty qbtoqcbatomg)m|nbgoz`d a|oe` bgd ympth somi`ga` bgd soatoeozbtomg' Th` ogt`gt oq tm cmapq mg ahbgnogn

`gso|mge`gtbi bgd qmaobi amgdotomgq) bgd tm bgtoaovbt` oqqp`q thbt epqt l` bdd|`qq`d og th`cptp|` d`ios`|y mc vmioa` q`|soa`q'

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bgd v|osbt` q`atm| m|nbgozbtomgq) th` Aho`cq Bdsoqm|y Ampgaoi bgd Ameepgoty Vmioaogn IoboqmgAmeeott``q (AVIAq/ ~`|` biqm og btt`gdbga`' B gpel`| mc oqqp`q |boq`d ly thoq amgqpitbtos`v|ma`qq ~`|` amgqod`|`d og ~|otogn th` Qabg dmape`gt'

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th` |`vm|tq) vplioabtomgq) qtpdo`q bgd doqapqqomg vbv`|q thbt hbs` l``g ~|ott`g mg th` tmvoa mcvmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq og th` Tm|mgtm m| Mgtb|om amgt`xt' Emqt m|onogbt` mptqod` th` Q`|soa`) lpt bq`i`atomg mc k`y TVQ |`vm|tq oq biqm ams`|`d og th` cmiim~ogn vbn`q'

Og Eby 2?>4) th` E`t|mvmiotbg Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa` bqk`d B|thp| Ebimg`y) RA) tm`xbeog` th` amevibogt v|ma`qq pq`d ly th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa`' Thoq `xbeogbtomg tmmk

viba` l`abpq` mc amga`|gq l|mpnht l`cm|` Aoty Ampgaoi |`nb|dogn th` batomgq mc vmioa` mccoa`|qbqqong`d tm th` b|`b mc \mahdbi` Amii n`' Thoq |`so`~ ~bq ogt`gd`d tm bdd|`qq th` bloioty mcth` vmioa` amevibogt lp|`bp tm bd`rpbt`iy |`qvmgd tm bgd |`qmis` amevibogtq c|me th` vplioa|`nb|dogn th` amgdpat mc vmioa` mccoa`|q'

Th` \`vm|t tm th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa`~bq vplioqh`d og2?>0' Ot |`amee`gd`d thbt th` v|ma`qq ly ~hoah e`el`|q mc th` ameepgoty coi`d amevibogtqblmpt th` amgdpat mc vmioa` mccoa`|q l` bit`|`d tm lmmqt vplioa amgcod`ga` og ot'

Th` Lmb|d bdmvt`d bgd oevi`e`gt`d th` ebjm|oty mc Jpqtoa` Ebimg`yq |`amee`gdbtomgq'Qme` mc th` |`amee`gdbtomgq) hm~`s`|) |`rpo|`d qplqtbgtobi i`noqibtos` ahbgn`q ly th` Mgtb|omnms`|ge`gt) bgd ~`|` th`|`cm|` l`ymgd th` amgt|mi mc th` Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q' Thoq ~bq

th` co|qt mc |`vm|tq mptiogogn th` g``d tm ahbgn` th` amevibogtq v|ma`qq bgd bvvmogt bgogd`v`gd`gt aosoiobg Ameeoqqomg`| cm| amevibogtq'

Ibt`| og 2?>4) Th` Lmb|d bqk`d th` v|msoga` tm amgdpat b vplioa ogrpo|y bq b |`qpit mc b gpel`|mc aotoz`g amevibogtq bnbogqt th` vmioa`' Th` |`qpit ~bq bg M|d`| og Ampgaoi (Matml`| 2?>4/ thbtbvvmogt`d th` Hmgmp|bli` E|' Jpqtoa` Dmgbid Em|bgd tm i`bd bg ogrpo|y' Og hoq |`vm|t) E|'Jpqtoa` Em|bgd ~|mt` thbt h` hbd l``g bqk`d tm d`t`|eog` oc th`|` ~bq b t`gd`gay m| v|batoa`mg th` vb|t mc th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` D`vb|te`gt [qoaU tm pq` `xa`qqos` cm|a` og th`b||`qt) d`t`gtomg m| ogt`||mnbtomg mc qpqv`atq' Bct`| h`b|ogn bii mc th` `sod`ga` qpeeb|oz`d ogVb|t O mc thoq \`vm|t) O abe` tm th` ai`b| amgaipqomg thbt th`|` oq gm qpah t`gd`gay m| v|batoa`'

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E|' ^oiqmg H`bd ~bq ameeoqqomg`d og 2?>0 tm qtpdy doqa|oeogbtomg og E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm og|`qvmgq` tm |`vm|tq bgd amga`|gq blmpt t`gqomgq l`t~``g sb|ompq dos`|q` n|mpvq og th` aoty'Th` |`qpit ~bq Th` Libak V|`q`ga` og th` Abgbdobg Emqboa: B Qtpdy mc V`|a`vtomg bgd th`V|batoa` mc Doqa|oeogbtomg Bnbogqt Libakq og E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm' Vplioqh`d th|mpnh th`Mgtb|om Hpebg \onhtq Ameeoqqomg) thoq |`vm|t v|msod`d bg ms`|so`~ mc doqa|oeogbtomg thbt hbd

l``g cmpgd tm `xoqt og E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm) bgd ebd` 14 |`amee`gdbtomgq cm| ahbgn` tmqahmmi qyqt`eq) e`dob) vmioa` bgd ameepgoty q`|soa`q bgd batosoto`q'

E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Aoty Ampgaoi ameeoqqomg`d b tbqk cm|a` mg hpebg |`ibtomgq ahbo|`d ly^bit`| Votebg og 2?>>' Th` Tbqk Cm|a` ~bq bqk`d tm v|`vb|` b amev|`h`gqos` |`vm|t mg|baoqe bgd somi`ga` ~othog E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm' Thoq |`rp`qt abe` bq b |`qpit mc b q`|o`q mcl`btognq mc ogdosodpbiq mc Qmpth Bqobg h`|otbn` mg th` Tm|mgtm qpl~by' Th` |`vm|t ly th` TbqkCm|a`) `gtoti`d Gm~ Oq Gmt Tmm Ibt`) amgtbog`d 42 |`amee`gdbtomgq) 28 mc ~hoah d`bit ~othvmioaogn oqqp`q' Th` |`vm|t qt|`qq`d thbt th` vmioa` hbd tm |`qvmgd tm th` |bvod d`emn|bvhoaahbgn`q tbkogn viba` og E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm'

Th` Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa` ~`|` og |`a`ovt mc th` Votebg |`vm|t mg D`a`el`| 8)

2?>>) bgd bvvmogt`d b ameeott`` tm qtpdy bgd bgbiyz` th` 28 |`amee`gdbtomgq thbt d`bit ~othvmioaogn oqqp`q (Lmb|d Eogpt` >4? mc D`a`el`| 8) 2?>>) |`c`|q/' Mg Jbgpb|y 2?) 2?>8) th`Ameeott`` v|`q`gt`d otq |`vm|t tm th` Lmb|d) ~hoah pgbgoempqiy bdmvt`d th` |`amee`gdbtomgq'

Bithmpnh th` Cm|a` ~bq ogotobiiy |`qoqtbgt tm th` od`b) Gm~ oq Gmt Tmm Ibt`l`nbg b v|ma`qq thbt|`qpit`d og th` |`emsbi mc h`onht bgd ~`onht |`qt|oatomgq cm| vmioa` bvvioabgtq' Thoq ~bq bgoevm|tbgt qt`v tm `gqp|` thbt e`el`|q mc soqoli` eogm|oto`q ~hmq` h`onht bgd ~`onht mct`g c`iimptqod` th`q` vb|be`t`|q ~`|` gmt v|`s`gt`d c|me jmogogn th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa`'Mth`| qoeoib| ahbgn`q ~`|` biqm |`amee`gd`d ly th` qtpdy'

Th` bdmvtomg mc b D`aib|btomg mc Amga`|g bgd Ogt`gt) ~hoah ameeott`d th` vmioa` tm amelbtognbii cm|eq mc doqa|oeogbtomg ~othog th` Q`|soa`) ~bq og |`qvmgq` tm th` Votebg |`vm|t' Thoq

|`v|`q`gt`d b qongocoabgt qt`v cm|~b|d og th` b|`b mc vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq'

Th` D`aib|btomg mc Amga`|g bgd Ogt`gti`d tm th` a|`btomg mcQtbgdogn M|d`|

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Th` |`vm|t bdd|`qq`d th` a|`doloioty mc th` vmioa` tm `cc`atos`iy v|msod` cbo| bgd jpqt q`|soa`q ogth`o| amgtbatq ~oth e`el`|q mc th` Libak ameepgoty' Th` |`vm|t cmpgd thbt c`~ ogdosodpbiq c|me|baobi eogm|oty n|mpvq ~`|` q`i`at`d dp|ogn th` vmioa` |`a|pote`gt v|ma`qq) bgd thbt th` lonn`qtlb||o`| tm btt|batogn |`a|potq ~bq th` g`nbtos` v`|a`vtomg thbt eogm|oto`q hbd mc th` vmioa`'

Th` Tbqk Cm|a` ebd` 6q' Thoq t|bogogn ~bq qpvvm|t`d ly b lmmkthbt ~bq oqqp`d tm bii mc Tm|mgtmq vmioa` mccoa`|q' Vmioa`) \ba` bgd @thgoaoty: B Npod` cm| Ib~@gcm|a`e`gt Mccoa`|qly L|obg K' A|yd`|ebg bgd Ah|oq G' MTmmi` (vplioqh`d og 2?83 lyLptt`|~m|th bgd Amevbgy og Tm|mgtm/ oq b amii`atomg mc `qqbyq bgd b|toai`q ly ebgy docc`|`gtbpthm|q' Th` ahbvt`|q d`bi) bemgn mth`| thognq) ~oth th` qmaomimnoabi bgd hoqtm|oabi lbakn|mpgdtm th` qtpdy mc |ba` bgd `thgoaoty) epitoapitp|bioqe) oeeon|btomg) `thgoaoty) th` vmioa` apitp|`) th`

|`ibtomgqhov l`t~``g th` vmioa` bgd eogm|oty ameepgoto`q) d`biogn ~oth ogaod`gtq mcdoqa|oeogbtomg) bgd eogm|oty ameepgoty v|mcoi`q' Th` Lmb|d vp|ahbq`d 0)166 amvo`q mc th` lmmk(Lmb|d Eogpt` 134 mc Jpiy 1) 2?83 |`c`|q/) ~hoah ~bq doqt|olpt`d tm bii pgocm|e e`el`|q mc th`Q`|soa`'

B emtomg c|me E`t|m Ahbo|ebg bgd Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa` e`el`| Vbpi Nmdc|`yi`d tm b |`vm|t ly Hoq @eog`ga` N`|bid @ee`tt Ab|dogbi Ab|t`|' Thoq Ameeoqqomg) th`|`cm|`)|`rp`qtq th` Qmioaotm|N`g`|bi tm ogqtotpt` b |`so`~ mc th` pq` mc co|`b|eq ly vmioa` cm|a`qth|mpnhmpt thoq V|msoga`) ~oth vb|toapib| |`c`|`ga` tm th` cpgatomg mc th` vmioa` og th`o||`ibtomgqhovq ~oth bii e`el`|q mc qmao`ty) bgd tm ebk` |`amee`gdbtomgq og qpah b|`bq bqvmioa` t|bogogn bgd v|ma`dp|`q bq eby l` jpqtoco`d) `qv`aobiiy og ao|apeqtbga`q ~h`|` somi`ga`bgd amgc|mgtbtomg viba` th` vmioa` bgd vplioa og amgcioat'11 Ab|dogbi Ab|t`| ~bq bqk`d tm

amgdpat thoq |`so`~ l`abpq` mc hoq |`vptbtomg cm| amevbqqomg bgd pgd`|qtbgdogn) bgd cm| hoqa|`doloioty bq b |`v|`q`gtbtos` mc th` `gto|` ameepgoty'

Th` \`vm|t tm Aosoa Bpthm|oto`q mc E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm bgd otq Aotoz`gq) ~bq|`i`bq`d og 2?>?'Th` tmvoaq bdd|`qq`d og Ab|dogbi Ab|t`|q |`vm|t ~`|` th` Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa`)th` |mi` mc th` e`dob) amevibogtq bnbogqt vmioa`) s`|lbi ogqpitq) |`a|pote`gt mc vmioa` cm|a`) |onhtqbgd v|mt`atomg mc vmioa` mccoa`|q bgd `dpabtomg'

Th` `qtblioqhe`gt mc b v`|ebg`gt ameeott`` tm cm|e b iogk l`t~``g th` Ameeoqqomg bgd th`soqoli` eogm|oto`q mc E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm)14 th` `xvbgqomg mc th` vmioa` mccoa`| cmmt vbt|miq og th`aoty) th` |`rp`qt cm| oevi`e`gtbtomg mc b aotoz`g amevibogt v|ma`dp|` (bq |`amee`gd`d ly E|'

B|thp| Ebimg`y bgd E|' Jpqtoa` Em|bgd/) bgd th` amgtogpbtomg mc t|bogogn og hpebg |`ibtomgq bgd

qv`aocoabiiy |`ibtomgq ~oth eogm|oty n|mpvq ~`|` bemgn th` qongocoabgt ahbgn`q ebd` ~othog th`vmioa` cm|a` bq b do|`at |`qpit mc th` Ab|dogbi Ab|t`| |`vm|t'

11

E`t|mvmiotbg Lmb|d mc Ameeoqqomg`|q mc Vmioa`) Lmb|d Eogpt` !028) dbt`d 2?>?'6?'6314

E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d i`tt`| dbt`d C`l|pb|y 22) 2?86

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Th` Bds`gt mc b \ba` \`ibtomgq Vmioay

Og 2?8?) th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a` qong`d th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Vmioay dmape`gt thbtoiipqt|bt`d th` vmioa` ameeote`gt tm |ba` |`ibtomgq' Og b qv`aobi a`|`emgy bt Vmioa`H`bdrpb|t`|q og Gms`el`| mc thbt y`b|) th` Ahbo| mc th` Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d) th` Aho`c mcVmioa`) th` V|`qod`gt mc th` Vmioa` Bqqmaobtomg bgd hpgd|`dq mc ameepgoty e`el`|q vi`dn`d

th`o| ameeote`gt tm bqqoqt og th` v|ma`qq mc d`s`imvogn b amev|`h`gqos` |ba` |`ibtomgq vmioay'

Th` vb|toaovbgtq qv`aocoabiiy ameeott`d th`eq`is`q tm th` v|ogaovi`q bgd ogt`gt mc `ghbgaognvmioa`ameepgoty |`ibtomgq) bgd qt|osogn tm `gqp|` th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a`|`ebog`d bt th` cm|`c|mgt mc th` v|memtomg mc hb|emgompq |ba` |`ibtomgq) bgd thbt ot amgtogp`d tml` bg `xbevi` tm mth`| vmioa` cm|a`q ba|mqq Abgbdb'

Og Q`vt`el`| 2??6) vplioa amgqpitbtomgq ~`|` h`id th|mpnhmpt Tm|mgtm) bq ameepgoty ogvpt ~bqa|paobi tm th` d`s`imve`gt mc th` |ba` |`ibtomgq vmioay'10 D|bct vmioao`q thbt ~`|` d`s`imv`d lyth` Ameeott`` ~`|` ebd` bsboibli` tm th` vplioa cm| ogvpt bgd amgqod`|btomg th|mpnh cos` vplioaamgqpitbtomgq' Qpnn`qtomgq bgd amee`gtq c|me th` ameepgoty ~`|` |`a`os`d) bgd ~`|`ogam|vm|bt`d ~h`|` bvv|mv|obt`'

Th` |`qpit ~bq cos` vmioay qtbt`e`gtq thbt) bimgn ~oth Qtbgdogn M|d`|

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Vmioa` bq ot amgtogp`d tm ~m|k tm~b|d oev|ms`d |`ibtomgqhovq ~oth th` soqoli` eogm|oty) Blm|onogbibgd mth`| n|mpvq ba|mqq th` aoty thbt hbd tbk`g viba` ms`| th` v|`sompq c`~ y`b|q'

Dp|ogn th` `b|iy 2??6q) th` Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d hbd ameeoqqomg`d b q`|o`q mc `xt`|gbi|`vm|tq mg th` |ba` |`ibtomgq vmioao`q) v|batoa`q bgd v|ma`dp|`q mc th` Cm|a`' Bddotomgbi |`vm|tqmg th` qplj`at ~`|` |`a`os`d c|me mth`| `xt`|gbi qmp|a`q'

Th` cmiim~ogn cos` |`vm|tq ~`|` `xbeog`d og d`tboi) bgd th`o| |`amee`gdbtomgq bdd|`qq`ddp|ogn th` Emsogn Cm|~b|d Tmn`th`|v|ma`qq'

B Qt|bt`ny tm @ghbga` th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a`q V|mcoi` ~oth \baobiEogm|oto`qly th` @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq (42 |`amee`gdbtomgq/

Bq ^` ^`|` Tmidly Epk~b Md` Co|qt Gbtomgq Amgqpitogn Oga' (48 |`amee`gdbtomgq/

\`so`~ mc \ba` \`ibtomgq V|batoa`q mc th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a`lyE`t|mvmiotbg Bpdotm| Biibg Bgd|`~q (>4 |`amee`gdbtomgq/

Th` \`vm|t mc th` \ba` \`ibtomgq bgd Vmioaogn Tbqk Cm|a`ahbo|`d ly Aibo|` I`~oq (22

|`amee`gdbtomgq/ Gbtomgbi Libak Vmioa` Bqqmaobtomg 2??1 Amgc`|`ga` (> |`amee`gdbtomgq/

@rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq bgd Epk~b Md` Co|qt Gbtomgq Amgqpitogn Oga' ~`|` |`tbog`d mgMatml`| 1) 2??2) ly th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d tm d`s`imv qt|bt`no`q tm`ghbga` th` |`ibtomgqhov l`t~``g th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` bgd th` |baobi eogm|oty bgd

Blm|onogbi ameepgoto`q'

@rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq v|msod`d th`o| |`vm|t) `gtoti`d B Qt|bt`ny tm @ghbga` th`E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a`q V|mcoi` ~oth \baobi Eogm|oto`q) og Jbgpb|y 2??

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4|`amee`gdbtomgq og th` sb|ompq `xt`|gbi |`vm|tq ~`|` qv`aocoabiiy bdd|`qq`d' Thoq ~bqbaamevioqh`d ly doqt|olptogn th` |`vm|tq cm| |`so`~ bgd tbqk od`gtocoabtomg ly |`i`sbgt v|mn|beb|`bq mc th` Q`|soa`' Pgotq ~`|` th`g bqqong`d tm cm|epibt` |`qvmgq`q tm th` |`amee`gdbtomgqthbt bvvio`d tm th`o| v|mn|be b|`bq og t`|eq mc `xoqtogn v|mn|beq) v`gdogn ogotobtos`q bgd|`rpo|`d batomg' Th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Ebgbn`e`gt Ameeott`` bdd|`qq`d th` |`amee`gdbtomgqbgd oqqp`q thbt dod gmt cbii v|`aoq`iy ~othog b qv`aocoa pgotq ebgdbt`) bgd biqm cogbioz`d bii|`qvmgq`q' Pitoebt`iy) ms`| mg` hpgd|`d aosoiobg bgd pgocm|e e`el`|q ~m|k`d mg thoq v|mj`at'

Tm `gqp|` thbt th` smoa` mc th` ameepgoty ~bq h`b|d) qox ameepgoty amgqpitbtomg q`qqomgq~`|` hmqt`d og Jbgpb|y 2??1' Th` q`qqomgq d`bit ~oth t|bogogn) amevibogtq bgd doqaoviog`)baa`qq bgd `gcm|a`e`gt) ameepgoty bgd e`dob |`ibtomgq) Blm|onogbi oqqp`q bgd v`|qmgg`iv|batoa`q bgd `evimye`gt' Ogsotbtomgq ~`|` `xt`gd`d tm gog`ty ogdosodpbiq bgd m|nbgozbtomgqogaipdogn th` Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d tm vb|toaovbt` og th` `s`gogn q`qqomgq m| mth`|~oq` hbs`ogvpt tm th` Ameeott``q d`iol`|btomgq' Bii mc th` ogcm|ebtomg |`a`os`d ~bq amgqod`|`d bgd)~h`|` bvv|mv|obt`) ot ~bq ogam|vm|bt`d ogtm Emsogn Cm|~b|d Tmn`th`|: Bg Ogt`n|bt`d Bvv|mbahtm \ba` \`ibtomgq'

Mg Jpiy

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Bq th` Emsogn Cm|~b|d Tmn`th`|v|ma`qq amgaipd`d)bgmth`| |ba` |`ibtomgq |`so`~ ~bq l`ognpgd`|tbk`g bt th` v|msogaobi i`s`i thbt hbd bg oevbat mg bii `i`e`gtq mc th` jpqtoa` qyqt`e ogMgtb|om) ogaipdogn th` vmioa`' Og Matml`| 2??

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Th|``rpb|t`|q mc Jbeboabgq c``i th` e`dob t|`bt th` libak ameepgoty pgcbo|iy'42 Qpah |`vm|tqb|` |mptog`iy cbatm|`d ogtm th` Q`|soa`q t|bogogn v|mn|beq bgd b|` bdd|`qq`d og vb|t og Aho`cLmmthlyq |`vm|t tm th` Lmb|d e`gtomg`d og th` v|`a`dogn vb|bn|bvh'

Aoty mc Tm|mgtm Bpdot Q`|soa`q) og '6144 m|onogbt`d ~oth th` Aoty Bpdotm| 22 ~`|` cmpgd og th` \ba` \`ibtomgq bgd Vmioaogn Tbqk Cm|a` > `e`|n`d c|me th` Gbtomgbi Libak Vmioa` Bqqmaobtomgq 2??1 Amgc`|`ga`

Og bg `ccm|t tm amgdpat th` emqt amev|`h`gqos` |`so`~ mc th` Q`|soa`q |ba` |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q)th`q` 282 |`amee`gdbtomgq ~`|` |`soqot`d) bimgn ~oth

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oevi`e`gtbtomg' Qme` bvv|ms`d |`amee`gdbtomgq hbs` y`t tm l` amevi`t`iy oevi`e`gt`d)ib|n`iy dp` tm |`qmp|a` ioeotbtomgq bgd amev`togn v|om|oto`q'

Th` oevi`e`gtbtomg qtbtpq mc th` 6 (82'1%/ Oevi`e`gtbtomg og V|mn|`qq 3 (

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batosoto`q pgd`|tbk`g ly th` `gto|` Q`|soa`' @s`|y pgot ~bq |`rpo|`d tm v|msod` th` Ameeott``~oth b |`vm|t d`qa|ologn otq mv`|btomgbi amgt|olptomgq tm th` |ba` |`ibtomgq `ccm|tq mc th`m|nbgozbtomg bq b ~hmi`' Q`atomg D mc thoq |`vm|t doqapqq`q q`|soa` d`ios`|y ly th` Tm|mgtmVmioa` Q`|soa`) bgd qpeeb|oz`q |ba` |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q pgd`|tbk`g th|mpnhmpt th`m|nbgozbtomg'

Hoqtm|oa V`|qv`atos`

Amgap||`gt ~oth th` cm|`nmogn |`so`~ v|ma`qq) th` Ameeott`` biqm do|`at`d th` \ba` \`ibtomgq\`so`~ T`be tm `xbeog` th` `smiptomg mc vmioaogn og Tm|mgtm ~oth vb|toapib| |`nb|d tm |ba`|`ibtomgq' Ogqmcb| bq ot ~bq vmqqoli`) thoq `x`|aoq` ogaipd`d bg `xbeogbtomg mc `b|iy qtpdo`q mcvmioa` |ba` |`ibtomgq og Tm|mgtm bgd th` Q`|soa`q |`qvmgq` tm th`e'

Hm~`s`|) og ionht mc th` ebgy y`b|q thbt hbs` `ibvq`d qoga` qme` mc th`e ~`|` vplioqh`d) bamev|`h`gqos` |`so`~ ampid gmt l` v`|cm|e`d' Gmg`th`i`qq) bq b n`g`|bi v|mvmqotomg th`cogdognq bgd |`amee`gdbtomgq og thmq` `b|iy |`vm|tq eo||m| th` th`e`q bdd|`qq`d dp|ogn th`Emsogn Cm|~b|d Tmn`th`|v|ma`qq' Thoq hoqtm|oa ms`|so`~ bvv`b|q og Q`atomg B mc thoq |`vm|t'

Ogt`|gbi Ameepgoabtomg

Th` |``qtblioqhe`gt mc th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Amm|dogbtogn \`so`~ Ameeott`` ~bq bggmpga`dtm th` Q`|soa` th|mpnh b \mptog` M|d`| thbt biqm `gamp|bn`d bii e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` tmamgt|olpt` tm th` |`so`~' Cp|th`|em|`) mg b gpel`| mc maabqomgq Aho`c Cbgtogm ameepgoabt`ddo|`atiy ~oth e`el`|q mc th` m|nbgozbtomg og v`|qmg) ly ~|ott`g lpii`togq bgd sob sod`m l|mbdabqtmg |ba` |`ibtomgq oqqp`q' Ly th`q` e`bgq) th` Aho`c p|n`d e`el`|q tm amgtogp` tm doion`gtiy)`rpotbliy bgd qt`bdcbqtiy v`|cm|e th`o| q~m|g dpto`q og th` q`|soa` mc th` vplioa'

Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtomg

Og bddotomg tm th` ~od`qv|`bd ogt`|gbi amgqpitbtomg pgd`|tbk`g dp|ogn th` |`so`~ v|ma`qq) th`Q`|soa` |`amngoz`d th` g``d tm nb|g`| bq epah ogvpt bq vmqqoli` og th` toe` bsboibli` c|meogdosodpbiq bgd m|nbgozbtomgq th|mpnhmpt Tm|mgtm bgd l`ymgd' Em|`ms`| c|me th` mptq t mc th`|`so`~ v|ma`qq) Aho`c Cbgtogm v`|qmgbiiy i`d bg mpt|`bah `ccm|t) vb|toapib|iy og th` Libakameepgoty' Bt th` qbe` toe`) h` biqm qv`b|h`bd`d bg bnn|`qqos` epitocba`t`d ameepgoabtomgabevbong og ~hoah h` |`ot`|bt`d th` Q`|soa`q ameeote`gt tm q`|s` th` vplioa ib~cpiiy) thoabiiy)v|mc`qqomgbiiy bgd ~othmpt bgy ebgoc`qtbtomg mc |baoqe ~hbtqm`s`|'

Th` Q`|soa` ogaipd`d th` imgn`qtblioqh`d Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtos` Ameeott``q) ~hoah b|` bgoevm|tbgt qmp|a` vplioa ogvpt' Ogaipd`d og thoq vb|tg`|qhov b|` th` Aho`cq Bdsoqm|y Ampgaoi bgd

Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtos` Ameeott``q) bgd th` imabi Ameepgoty Vmioa` Ioboqmg Ameeott``q' Thoqcm|ebi ameepgoty amgqpitbtos` v|ma`qq oq d`qa|ol`d og d`tboi og Q`atomg B mc thoq |`vm|t'

Og bddotomg) e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` bt bii i`s`iq qmpnht ogvpt c|me th` ebgy cm|ebi bgd ogcm|ebiameepgoty amgtbatq ebogtbog`d ~oth so|tpbiiy `s`|y ameepgoty og th` aoty' Ogd``d) qv`aocoabiiydp|ogn thoq |`so`~) pgot ameebgd`|q bgd mth`| e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` ~`|` |`rp`qt`d tm |`bahmpt tm ameepgoty vb|tg`|q bgd q``k th`o| ogvpt' Bq ~`ii) gpe`|mpq v|osbt` ogdosodpbiq bgdameepgoty i`bd`|q ahmq` tm ameepgoabt` th`o| so`~q do|`atiy ~oth th` Q`|soa` sob t`i`vhmg`)eboi bgd `eboi ~oth |`qv`at tm th` oqqp` mc vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq'

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Og ionht mc th` ebgg`| og ~hoah vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq l`abe` b ebtt`| mc amgqod`|bli` vplioad`lbt` og ibt` Matml`| ' \`so`~ bgd vplioaiy |`vm|t mg th` TVQ oevi`e`gtbtomg mc vbqt |ba` |`ibtomgq |`vm|tq bgd|`amee`gdbtomgq'

8' Ogqtotpt` b g`~ TVQ vmioay tm gqp|` thbt th`|` oq z`|m tmi`|bga` cm| |baobiiy lobq`dvmioaogn'

?' Am%m|dogbt` b \ba` \`ibtomgq Amgc`|`ga` og Tm|mgtm ~h`|` th` TVQ) th` libakameepgoty bgd bii i`s`iq mc aosoi qmao`ty-nms`|ge`gt cmapq mg v|mli`e qmisogn'

26' @ghbga` TVQ `ccm|tq bt |`dpaogn somi`ga` og th` libak ameepgoty th|mpnh v|mbatos`ogotobtos`q bgd ogt`iion`ga` i`d `gcm|a`e`gt ogotobtos` (o'`' th` Npg Tbqk Cm|a`/'

Th` Aho`c amee`gt`d thbt th` Q`|soa` oq ameeott`d tm amgtogpogn tm ~m|k ~oth th` Libakameepgoty tm l|ogn th`q` |`amee`gdbtomgq tm c|potomg) bgd tm l|ognogn bg `gd tm somi`ga` og th`ameepgoty' Th` Aho`c mc Vmioa` biqm `gamp|bn`d bii aotoz`gq tm ebk` b amgt|olptomg lyqpleottogn th`o| |`amee`gdbtomgq sob th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` ~`l qot`'

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Aho`cq Epitoapitp|bi E`dob Ipgah`mg

Th` epitoapitp|bi e`dob ipgah`mg oq h`id bggpbiiy' Thoq `s`gt l|ognq tmn`th`| th` Aho`c mcVmioa`) Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgq v`|qmgg`i bgd e`el`|q mc th` `thgoa bgd ameepgotye`dob' Mg Gms`el`| 20th

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Qplq`rp`gtiy) th` Lmb|d d`aod`d tm cm|~b|d amvo`q mc th` Bpdotm|q |`vm|t bgd ~|ott`gqpleoqqomgq v|msod`d ly th` d`lptbgt`q tm th` Eogoqt|y mc Vplioa Qbc`ty bgd Q`ap|oty) bgd tm|`rp`qt thbt th`y l` |`so`~`d ~oth th` ogt`gtomg mc be`gdogn th` v|`q`gt amevibogtq qyqt`e tma|`bt` b em|` ogd`v`gd`gt) aosoiobgm|o`gt`d amevibogtq v|ma`qq'

Qpeeot mg Vmioaogn) \ba` \`ibtomgq bgd \baobi V|mcoiogn

Th` eoqqomg mc th` Abgbdobg \ba` \`ibtomgq Cmpgdbtomg oq tm qh`d ionht mg th` abpq`q bgdebgoc`qtbtomgq mc |baoqe) v|msod` ogd`v`gd`gt) mptqvmk`g gbtomgbi i`bd`|qhov) bgd bat bq b|`qmp|a` bgd cbaoiotbtm| og th` vp|qpot mc `rpbioty) cbo|g`qq bgd qmaobi jpqtoa`'

Mg Gms`el`|

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d/ Bg `xbeogbtomg mc th` ap||`gt amgqtbli` q`i`atomg v|ma`qq tm `gqp|` thbt gmogbds`|t`gt apitp|bi-|baobi lobq`q xoqt og th` q`i`atomg v|ma`qq'41

Bt b v|`qq amgc`|`ga` cmiim~ogn th` qpeeot q`s`|bi mc th` vb|toaovbgtq ebd` vplioa qtbt`e`gtq)ogaipdogn Aho`c Cbgtogm ~hm qbod) O be vi`bq`d ~` hbs` baho`s`d amgq`gqpq thbt b v|mli`e

dm`q `xoqt) bgd thbt th`|` epqt l` z`|m tmi`|bga` cm| |baoqe bgd bii cm|eq mc doqa|oeogbtomg ogvmioaogn lpt O be biqm vi`bq`d ~` |`bah`d amgq`gqpq thbt th` ms`|~h`ieogn ebjm|oty mc vmioa`og Tm|mgtm (bgd ba|mqq th` ampgt|y/ dm th`o| jmlq `thoabiiy bgd v|mc`qqomgbiiy) l`abpq` th`y c``ith`y hbs` bii l``g pgjpqtiy vm|t|by`d bq |baoqtq' ^` b|` ameeott`d tm ~m|kogn tmn`th`| ~othameepgoty bgd thmq` nbth`|`d tmdby tm |`qmis` th` oqqp`q bgd oev|ms` vmioa`-ameepgoty|`ibtomgq'44

Th` Hmgmp|bli` Iogamig Bi`xbgd`| abii`d th` qpeeot b e``togn mc th` eogdq) bgd bggmpga`dthbt ot ~mpid |`amgs`g` og blmpt th|`` emgthq tm doqapqq th` qtbtpq mc th` `xt`gqos` vmqotos`|`amee`gdbtomgq bgd vibgq cm| batomg ~hoah hbd l``g vpt cm|~b|d'

Amgc`|`ga` mg \baoqe og th` A|oeogbi Jpqtoa` Qyqt`e

Mg Gms`el`|

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Dp|ogn th` amp|q` mc th` s`|y vmqotos` e``togn) ot qmmg l`abe` bvvb|`gt thbt emqt mc th``xv`|o`ga`q qhb|`d ly th` AIA ~`|` qoeoib| tm thmq` mc th` Q`|soa`' Ogd``d) ebgy bqv`atq mcth` AIA v|ma`qq amogaod`d ~oth thmq` mc th` Q`|soa` dp|ogn th` d`s`imve`gt mc th` EmsognCm|~b|d Tmn`th`|qt|bt`noa vibg) bq ~`ii bq th` ap||`gt |`so`~'

Th` e``togn amgaipd`d ~oth bg bn|``e`gt tm amgtogp` th` dobimnp` bgd tm d`s`imv b ~m|kogn

vb|tg`|qhov tm qhb|` od`bq bgd bdd|`qq ebtt`|q mc eptpbi amga`|g' Th` AIA biqm bn|``d tmqpvviy amvo`q mc otq |`vm|t `gtoti`d Ahbii`gnogn \baoqe: Nmogn L`ymgd \`amee`gdbtomgqtme`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa`) bgd tm cbaoiotbt` th` vibggogn mc cptp|` e``tognq cmapqogn mg qv`aocoabqv`atq mc th` oqqp`'

Th` Q`|soa` biqm bn|``d tm ebk` amvo`q mcVmioaogn B ^m|id ^othog B Aoty Th` \ba` \`ibtomgqOgotobtos`q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`bsboibli` tm th` AIA bq qmmg bq ot oq bvv|ms`d'

Tm~g Hbii E``tognq

Bq vb|t mc bg mgnmogn amgqpitbtos` qt|bt`ny) Aho`c Cbgtogm qah`dpi`d b q`|o`q mc |mptog` tm~g

hbii e``tognq cm| th` ibqt rpb|t |

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Qmebio Ameepgoty I`bd`|q

Mg Jbgpb|y 4)

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Th|mpnh th`q` mgnmogn `ccm|tq) b aioebt` mc t|pqt hbq d`s`imv`d og ~hoah Blm|onogbi v`mvi` c``iem|` amecm|tbli` baa`qqogn vmioa q`|soa`q' Th`y b|` `gamp|bn`d tm |`vm|t a|oe`) bgd ogcm|e`dblmpt hm~ amevibogtq blmpt vmioa` q`|soa` eby l` |`e`do`d' Vplioabtomgq `xvibogogn th`amevibogt v|ma`qq hbs` l``g ebd` bsboibli` og Blm|onogbi ibgnpbn`q) bgd t|bgqibtomg q`|soa`q b|`baa`qqoli` ly vmioa`

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Mlj`atos` Gm' 2

Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t ~oii amgtogp` tm `qtblioqh) ebogtbog bgd ghbga` vmqotos` bgdamgqt|patos` vb|tg`|qhovq ~oth ogdosodpbiq bgd m|nbgozbtomgq og th` ameepgoty'

Qt|bt`no`q

`qtblioqh qt|bt`noa biiobga`q ~oth c`d`|bi) v|msogaobi bgd epgoaovbi bn`gao`q ogsmis`d ~oth|ba` bgd dos`|qoty oqqp`q

mltbog ameepgoty c``dlbak th|mpnh th` Q`|soa`q amgqpitbtomg v|ma`qq`q bgd ameeott``q

ebogtbog ~m|kogn |`ibtomgqhovq ~oth vmioa` q`|soa`q bgd mth`| ogqtotptomgq batos`iy ogsmis`d og|ba` bgd dos`|qoty oqqp`q

ebogtbog bgd apitosbt` |`ibtomgqhovq ~oth e`dob mpti`tq q`|sogn th` dos`|q` ameepgoto`q mcTm|mgtm

Mlj`atos` Gm'

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Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgq |`ebogq ameeott`d tm ogt`|batogn ~oth th` e`dob bgd th` ameepgotyog bg mv`g) oevb|tobi) q`gqotos` bgd toe`iy ebgg`|' @s`|y `ccm|t oq ebd` tm v|msod`amev|`h`gqos` e`dob t|bogogn cm| bii e`el`|q tm h`iv `gqp|` th`y pgd`|qtbgd |ba` |`ibtomgqoqqp`q bgd tm `gbli` th`e tm cpicoi th`o| ogdosodpbi |`qvmgqoloioto`q tm ameepgoabt` `cc`atos`iy ~othth` vplioa th|mpnh th` e`dob'

Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgq oq |`qvmgqoli` cm| q``kogn mvvm|tpgoto`q tm ebk` kgm~g th` Q`|soa`qv|om|oto`q bgd ameeote`gt tm mgnmogn oev|ms`e`gt mc |ba` |`ibtomgq' Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgqhbq qpvvm|t c|me th` \ba` \`ibtomgq Amm|dogbtogn Ameeott`` tm amgtogp` otq ccm|tq tm l` em|`do|`atiy ogsmis`d og |ba` bgd dos`|qoty |`ibtomgq'

Eoqqomg Qtbt`e`gt

Th|mpnh lmth i`at|mgoa bgd v|ogt e`dob) Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgq ~oii v|memt` vmqotos` |ba`bgd dos`|qoty |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q pgd`|tbk`g ly th` Q`|soa`) lmth ogt`|gbiiy bgd tm th` ~od`|ameepgoty'

Mlj`atos` Gm' 2

Tm `gqp|` thbt ogcm|ebtomg qpvvio`d tm th` e`dob lbibga`q th` q`|soa` bqv`atq mc th` vmioa` |mi`~oth th` em|` t|bdotomgbi vm|t|bybiq'

Qt|bt`no`q

|`so`~ th` cm|ebt bgd amgt`gt mc ebt`|obi ap||`gtiy doqq`eogbt`d tm `gqp|` thbt ot oqbaa`qqoli` tm eogm|oty ameepgoto`q bgd thbt ot qpvvm|tq th` mlj`atos`

`ghbga` th` e`dob.q baa`qq tm ogcm|ebtomg blmpt th` cpii |bgn` mc q`|soa`q v|msod`d ly th`vmioa`) bgd batos`iy `gamp|bn` th` e`dob tm vplioqh v|mbatos` bgd vmqotos` vmioa` g`~q

`gqp|` thbt e`dob mpti`tq q`|sogn th` `thgm|baobi bgd Blm|onogbi ameepgoto`q b|` ogaipd`dog bii ogcm|ebtomg doqt|olptomg qyqt`eq) bgd thbt qv`aobi ccm|tq b|` ebd` tm bqqoqt bgd |`bahmpt tm th` `thgoa e`dob og m|d`| tm cbaoiotbt` vmqotos` vmioa` |`ibtomgq bgd baa`qq tm th` TVQ~othog th` thgoa ameepgoto`q

`dpabt` bgd `gamp|bn` Q`|soa` e`el`|q tm baa`qq th` e`dob tm cmqt`| vmqotos` |ba` bgddos`|qoty |`ibtomgq

Mlj`atos` Gm'

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Qt|bt`no`q

`gqp|` thbt e`el`|q mc v|`qa|ol`d n|mpvq b|` c|`rp`gtiy d`voat`d og sb|ompq |mi`q bgd|bgkq ~othog th` Q`|soa`) bgd vplioaoz` v|`qa|ol`d n|mpv |mi` emd`iq ~othog th` m|nbgozbtomg

v|memt` th` vplioa |`amngotomg mc e`el`|q baho`s`e`gtq og |ba`) dos`|qoty bgd ameepgoty

|`ibtomgq v|msod` ogcm|ebtomg blmpt th` |mi` mc th` vmioa` bgd ab|``| mvvm|tpgoto`q bsboibli`

`gamp|bn` `thgm|baobi bgd Blm|onogbi ameepgoto`q tm tmp| vmioa` cbaoioto`q bgd th` TVQ^`l Qot`

V|mc`qqomgbi Qtbgdb|dq

Bii e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` b| mlionbt`d) c|me th` co|qt dby mc th`o| `evimye`gt) tm amgdpatth`eq`is`q og b v|mc`qqomgbi ebgg`|' Th` |`rpo|`e`gtq mc thoq v|mc`qqomgbi amgdpat b|` doatbt`dog \pi` 4'

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Cogbiiy) og k``vogn ~oth th` Am|` Sbip`q mc thoq bn`gay) th` Q`|soa` |`ebogq baampgtbli` tm th`ameepgoty ly biim~ogn otq batomgq) bgd thmq` mc otq ||bgt e`el`|q) tm l` vplioaiy qa|ptogoz`d lybn`gao`q mptqod` th` vmioa` m|nbgozbtomg'

Th` v|msogaobi Qv`aobi Ogs`qtonbtomgq Pgot (QOP/) cm| `xbevi`) ogs`qtonbt`q ogaod`gtq ~h`|` vmioa`

mccoa`|q b|` ogsmis`d bgd bg ogdosodpbi hbq qpcc`|`d q`|ompq ogjp|y m| d`bth' Th` QOP oq |`qvmgqoli`cm| oqmibtogn bgy a|oeogbi iobloioty btt|olptbli` tm b vmioa` mccoa`|) bgd th`o| |`vm|tq od`gtocy toe`q ~h`gbatomg tbk`g ~bq doqa|oeogbtm|y og gbtp|`'

Bgmth`| mptqod` bn`gay ogsmis`d og vmioa` ms`|qonht oq th` Mgtb|om Aosoiobg Ameeoqqomg mg Vmioa`Q`|soa`q (MAAVQ/) ~hoah ms`|q``q th` amevibogt qyqt`e cm| vmioa` bn`gao`q ba|mqq th` v|msoga`'Th` Ameeoqqomg hbq th` bpthm|oty (bgd hbq x`|aoq`d ot cm| a`|tbog ebtt`|q/ tm ms`|tp|g d`aoqomgqebd` ly Aho`cq mc Vmioa` ~oth |`qv`at tm vplioa amevibogtq) m| tm m|d`| bddotomgbi ogs`qtonbtomgq m|h`b|ognq ogtm amevibogt ebtt`|q' B doqa|oeogbtm|y bat ampid cm|e th` lbqoq cm| MAAVQ tm `x`|aoq`thoq bpthm|oty'

Eoqqomg Qtbt`e`gt

V|mc qqomgbi Qtbgdb|dq ~oii gqp| thbt Q`|soa` qtbgdb|dq amga`|gogn th` bdeogoqt|btomg)v|memtomg bgd qpvvm|t mc v|mc`qqomgbioqe (ogaipdogn th` v|batoa`q) amgdpat) bvv`b|bga`) `thoaqbgd ogt`n|oty mc otq e`el`|q/ h`iv tm qt|`gnth`g vplioa amgcod`ga` og bgd ammv`|btomg ~oth th`vmioa`'

Mlj`atos` 2

V|mc`qqomgbi Qtbgdb|dq ~oii gqp|` thbt bvv|mv|obt` doqaoviogb|y batomg oq tbk`g bnbogqt e`el`|q~hm amgt|bs`g` \pi` 4'

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% Doqvibyq) v|`q`gtbtomgq bgd |`a|pote`gt vbevhi`tq og k`y baa`qqoli` b|`bq bgdcbaoioto`q) ogaipdogn qahmmiq) c`qtosbiq) ameepgoty a`gt|`q) ahp|ah`q bgd mth`||`ionompq cbaoioto`q

% Ogsmis`e`gt og q`s`|bi jml cbo|q ba|mqq th` NTB

% Bg Ogt`|g`t ~`lqot`

% E`gtm|ogn bgd ogcm|ebtomg q`qqomgq thbt v|msod` ogcm|ebtomg bgd npodbga` tmvmt`gtobi |`a|potq4>

% Bds`|toq`e`gtq cm| t`i`soqomg) emso` th`bt|`q) loiilmb|dq) vplioa t|bgqot) g`~qvbv`|q)ebnbzog`q bgd th` `i`at|mgoa LEMT\MG bt Kogn bgd Lby Qt|``tq

% Ogt`|so`~q mg t`i`soqomg bgd |bdom

% Amgtogp`d mpt|`bah v|mn|beq ~oth |baobi eogm|oty ahp|ah`q bgd emqrp`q

% Bg ogt`|batos` AD\ME `gtoti`d Eptpbi \`qv`at) ~hoah ogsot`q e`el`|q mc soqoli`eogm|oty ameepgoto`q tm bvviy tm th` vmioa` bgd mth`| `e`|n`gay q`|soa`q

% B rpb|t`|iy |`a|potogn g`~qi`tt`|

% V|msodogn ~``kiy v|batoa` t`qtogn q`qqomgq bt th` Bvvioabgt T`qtogn Qot` ogDm~gqso`~

% \`a|potogn th|mpnh Hpebg \`qmp|a`q d`vb|te`gtq og ib|n` NTB am|vm|btomgq)`qv`aobiiy thmq` `xv`|o`gaogn qtbccogn |`dpatomgq

% B amev|`h`gqos` bgd belotompq |`a|potogn batomg vibg cm| E`gtm|ogn ogotobtos`q b|` bsboibli` tm bii bvvioabgtq) lpt b|` q``g bq sbipbli` cm| soqoli` eogm|otybvvioabgtq bq th` Q`|soa` amgtogp`q tm qt|os` tm |`ci`at otq ameepgoty' ^othmpt nosogn bgymg` bg pgcbo|bdsbgtbn`) e`gtm|ogn ogotobtos`q v|memt` b~b|`g`qq mc th` `evimye`gt v|ma`qq) ogaipdogn hm~ bgd ~h`gtm |`bvviy) hm~ tm v|`vb|` cm| th` v|ma`qq) `ta' E`gtm|ogn batosoto q biqm tbk` viba` th|mpnh vb|tg`|m|nbgozbtomgq qpah bq th` Bqqmaobtomg mc Libak Ib~ @gcm|a`|q bgd Mgtb|om ^me`g og Ib~ @gcm|a`e`gt'

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Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t Ameebgd Mv`|btomgbi Qpvvm|t

Pgotq og Mv`|btomgbi Qpvvm|t v|msod` do|`at qv`aobioz`d q`|soa`q tm th` c|mgt iog` bgd tm mth`|qv`aobioqt pgotq ba|mqq th` TVQ' ^hoi` epah mc thoq qpvvm|t oq |`batos`) th`|` oq b v|`s`gtos``i`e`gt tm `bah pgot thbt oq mct`g |`ci`at`d og th`o| amgt|olptomg tm vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq ogTm|mgtm'

Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t (AVQ/: AVQ ~m|kq c|me H`bdrpb|t`|q) bgd ogaipd`qqv`aobioqtq ~hm b|` ebgdbt`d tm qpvvm|t c|mgtiog` bgd mth`| qv`aobioz`d mccoa`|q ~othbdsoa`) ogcm|ebtomg bgd jmogt q`|soa` d`ios`|y' B|`bq mc qv`aobiozbtomg ogaipd` th`cmiim~ogn:

% Ameepgoty V|mn|beq: A|oe` v|`s`gtomg) qahmmi vbt|mii`|q) ympth q`|soa`q) A|oe`Qtmvv`|q) cbeoiy q`|soa`q) dme`qtoa somi`ga`) hme`i`qq oqqp`q) `id`| # ahoid blpq`oqqp`q) bgd e`gtbi h`bith oqqp`q

% Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq: Th` Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq q`atomg oq s`|y oevm|tbgt tm vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq og Tm|mgtm' Th` q`atomg ogaipd`q:

Ameepgoty Ioboqmg (~hoah ebogtbogq b ioboqmg ~oth em|` thbg 20 ameepgoto`qba|mqq Tm|mgtm/

Qv`aobi @s`gtq (|`qvmgqoli` cm| H`bdrpb|t`|q SOV soqotq bgd `s`gtq) ebgy mc~hoah ogaipd` `thgoa ameepgoto`q) bgd cm| amm|dogbtogn |`qmp|a`q qpah bq vmioa`epqoabi n|mpvq bgd hoqtm|oa vmioa` s`hoai`q/

Blm|onogbi V`ba`k``vogn

Th` Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq q`atomg mc AVQ v|msod`q qpvvm|t og th` b|`b mc |ba` bgddos`|qoty tm TVQ e`el`|q ~hoi` biqm ebogtbogogn |`ibtomgqhovq ~oth m|nbgozbtomgq bgdogdosodpbiq mptqod` mc th` Q`|soa`' Th` ioqt mc ameepgoty amgtbatq ebogtbog`d ly th`q`atomg oq oev|`qqos`) bgd cbaoiotbt`q vb|tg`|qhovq ~oth th`q` n|mpvq mg ebtt`|q

|bgnogn c|me a|oe` bgd soatoeozbtomg tm e`dob |`ibtomgq'

Thoq q`atomg a|`bt`q qyqt`eq tm qpvvm|t Q`|soa` e`el`|q ~hm d`bi ~oth |ba`|`ibtomgq oqqp`q' Ot biqm v|msod`q imnoqtoabi qpvvm|t tm th` Q`|soa`q qox `thgmapitp|biamgqpitbtos` ameeott``q48) bgd cbaoiotbt`q ameepgoabtomg bemgn th`e'

Th` q`atomgq ogsmis`e`gt og sb|ompq `thgmapitp|bi `s`gtq) v|mn|beq bgd mpt|`bahogotobtos`q h`ivq tm lpoid l|odn`q bemgn th` dos`|q` ameepgoto`q og Tm|mgtm' Ot biqmv|msod`q t|bgqibtomg q`|soa`q bq g``d`d) bgd doqt|olpt`q t|bgqibt`d vmioa` vbevhi`tqtm th` ameepgoty' Ot v|msod`q ogs`qtonbtos` qpvvm|t |`ibtos` tm `thgmapitp|bi oqqp`q)bgd biqm v|memt`q sb|ompq vmioa` ogotobtos`q th|mpnh bg `xt`gqos` `thgoa e`dobqt|bt`ny'

Th` Q`|soa`q |`a`gt Pgocm|e Qtbccogn \`so`~ v|mvmq`d th` |`bionge`gt mc qme``i`e`gtq mc Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t' Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq) hm~`s`|) ~bq gmtahbgn`d) bq th` Q`|soa` |`amngoz`d th` sbip` bgd `cc`atos`g`qq mc th` q`atomg og otqap||`gt cm|e'

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Th` qox amgqpitbtos` ameepgoto`q |`v|`q`gt th` Libak) Ahog`q`) Qmpth~`qt Bqobg) Blm|onogbi) C|`gahbgd I`qlobg-Nby-Loq`xpbi-T|bgqq`xpbi

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Th` ameepgoto`q ap||`gtiy |`v|`q`gt`d b|`:

Blm|onogbi Libak Ahog`q` C|`gah Nby) I`qlobg) Loq`xpbi bgd

T|bgqn`gd`| N|``k Hoqvbgoa

O|bgobg Otbiobg Jbvbg`q` Km|`bg Coiovogm Qmpth bgd ^`qt Bqobg So`tgbe`q`

Th` Q`|soa` sbip`q th` |`ibtomgqhovq thbt hbs` l``g d`s`imv`d bgd ebogtbog`d ms`|th` y`b|q ~oth `bah mc th`q` ameepgoto q' Th`q` vb|tg`|qhovq hbs` |`dpa`d lb||o`|qbgd oga|`bq`d ogcm|ebtomg `xahbgn`) ~hoah hbq l``g b l`g`cot tm `s`|ymg` ogsmis`d'

% Smipgt``| \`qmp|a`q: AVQ amm|dogbt`q th` Bpxoiob|y Vmioa` bgd mth`| bdpit bgdympth smipgt``|q ~hm v|msod` v|batoabi qpvvm|t tm th` vmioa`' E`el`|q mc th`

ameepgoty c|me bii ~bikq mc ioc` h`iv th` vmioa` og b gpel`| mc smipgt``| v|mn|beqba|mqq th` aoty'

% Qv`aobi Amgqtbli`q: AVQ oq |`qvmgqoli` cm| th` amm|dogbtomg bgd qpvvm|t mc qv`aobiamgqtbli`q (o'`') TVQ qv`aobi amgqtbli`q) TTA q`ap|oty) Tm|mgtm Ameepgoty HmpqognAm|vm|btomg Q`ap|oty bgd th` Pgos`|qoty mc Tm|mgtm Vmioa`/'

Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t: H`bdrpb|t |q%qv`aocoa Batosoto`q: AVQ biqm amm|dogbt`qebgy `s`gtq bt Vmioa` H`bdrpb|t`|q th|mpnhmpt th` y`b| thbt b|` ogt`gd`d tm `oth`|v|memt` vmqotos` |`ibtomgq l`t~``g th` vmioa` bgd dos`|q` ameepgoto`q) m| tm qhm~abq`bdsbga`q bgd vb|tg`|qhovq og thoq b|`b' Th`q` `s`gtq b|` c|`rp`gtiy pgd`|tbk`g ogvb|tg`|qhov ~oth ameepgoty n|mpvq bgd mth`| TVQ pgotq' Bemgn th`q` |`npib| `s`gtqb|` th` cmiim~ogn:

% Libak Hoqtm|y Emgth Koak%mcc (Jbgpb|y m| C`l|pb|y/: Qoga` 2??4) th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa`Q`|soa` hbq l``g a`i`l|btogn th` amgt|olptomgq mc e`el`|q mc th` Libak ameepgotyth|mpnh b cm|ebi a`|`emgy h`id bt Tm|mgtm Vmioa` H`bdrpb|t`|q' E`el`|q mc th`Libak ameepgoty bgd mth`| ameepgoty e`el`|q b|` ogsot`d bgd vb|toaovbt` og `s`gtv|mn|beeogn' Og bddotomg tm th`o| y`b|imgn `ccm|tq tm v|memt` pgd`|qtbgdogn bgdnmmd |`ibtomgq) Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq Mccoa`|q c|me Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t biqmamgdpat mpt|`bah ~othog th` Libak ameepgoty dp|ogn thoq gbtomgbiiy |`amngoz`demgth'

% Ogt`|gbtomgbi Dby cm| th` @ioeogbtomg mc \baoqe (Eb|ah

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th` nbv l`t~``g vmioa` bgd Blm|onogbi v`mvi` th|mpnh sb|ompq vb|tg`|qhovq' Th`Blm|onogbi V`ba`k``vogn Pgot amm|dogbt`q b a`|`emgy bt Tm|mgtm Vmioa`H`bdrpb|t`|q `s`|y Jpg`) |`amngozogn Gbtomgbi Blm|onogbi Dby og Abgbdb' E`el`|qmc th` ameepgoty btt`gd thoq a`|`emgy bgd biqm vb|toaovbt` bq batos` e`el`|q ~otht|bdotomgbi qmgn bgd dbga`' Thoq oq bgmth`| `xbevi` mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`ameeottogn otq |`qmp|a`q tm v|msodogn q`|soa` d`ios`|y tm th` Blm|onogbi ameepgoty'

% Vmioa` ``k Koak%mcc (Eby/: Bggpbiiy th|mpnhmpt th` v|msoga`) Vmioa` ^``k oq bgmvvm|tpgoty cm| ameepgoty e`el`|q c|me bii ameepgoto`q tm ogt`|bat ~oth th`o| imabivmioa`' @s`|ymg` oq ogsot`d tm Vmioa` ^``k batosoto`q' Vmioa` ^``k h`ivq aotoz`gqpgd`|qtbgd th` |mi` thbt Q`|soa` e`el`|q viby og th`o| ameepgoty' Bg mccoaobia`|`emgy oq h`id b vmioa` h`bdrpb|t`|q tm ibpgah thoq ~``kimgn a`i`l|btomg' Ebgymth`| c|mgtiog` Q`|soa` pgotq amgdpat sb|ompq batosoto`q bgd mpt|`bah v|mn|beq cm|imabi ameepgoty e`el`|q'

% Tm|mgtm Ogt`|gbtomgbi Ab|gosbi (Ab|olbgb/ Koak%mcc (Bpnpqt/: Qoga` 2??4) th` Tm|mgtmVmioa` Q`|soa` hbq l``g a`i`l|btogn Ab|olbgb c`qtosoto`q) og vb|tg`|qhov ~oth th`ameepgoty) th|mpnh bg bggpbi koakmcc a`|`emgy h`id bt Tm|mgtm Vmioa`H`bdrpb|t`|q' Ebgy ameepgoty e`el`|q) `qv`aobiiy c|me th` Bc|mAb|oll`bg

ameepgoty) btt`gd bgd vb|toaovbt` og th` a`|`emgy' Th|mpnh cpgdogn c|me th`Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d) th` Q`|soa` biqm `gt`|q b cimbt dp|ogn th` vb|bd`'Ab|olbgb ~bq |`gbe`d Tm|mgtm Ogt`|gbtomgbi Ab|gosbidp|ogn

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% \`e`el|bga` Dby A`|`emgy (Gms`el`|/: Og hmgmp| mc Abgbdobg ~b| s`t`|bgq)Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq h`ivq tm amm|dogbt` th` bggpbi \`e`el|bga` DbyA`|`emgo`q h`id og th` cmy`| mc H`bdrpb|t`|q' Ebgy ameepgoty e`el`|q b|`ogsot`d tm btt`gd'

% Blm|onogbi Ah|oqtebq T|`` A`|`emgy (D`a`el`|/: @s`|y y`b| qoga` 2??

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Hbt` A|oe` pgot hbq l``g ogsmis`d ~oth em|` thbg 10 n|mpvq ba|mqq Tm|mgtm) ogaipdognth` cboth ameepgoty) qahmmi lmb|dq) hpebg |onhtq m|nbgozbtomgq) th` e`dob) bgd qpvvm|tn|mpvq cm| apitp|bi) |baobi bgd `thgoa ameepgoto`q'4?

Qv`aobi Ogs`qtonbtomg Q`|soa`q (QOQ/: Qtbcc c|me QOQ hbs` l``g ogsmis`d og q`s`|bi ebjm|ogotobtos`q ms`| th` vbqt y`b| thbt oevbat mg vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq' Og vb|toapib|) th` Nbgn

Tbqk Cm|a` ~m|kq og ammv`|btomg ~oth b gpel`| mc ameepgoty n|mpvq' Bithmpnh th`Tbqk Cm|a` hbq mgiy `xoqt`d qoga` Eby) ot ~m|kq aimq`iy ~oth th` Ab|olbgb Apitp|biAmeeott``) Abgbdobg Tbeoi _mpth D`s`imve`gt (AbgTyd/) TbeoiHogdp T`evi`q bgdth` Qbc` Qahmmi V|mn|be'

Amelog`d Cm|a`q Bqobg Ogs`qtonbtos` Pgot (ACBOP/: Th` ACBOP oq b vb|tg`|qhov bemgnTm|mgtm Vmioa`) mth`| vmioa` bn`gao`q bgd th` Bqobg ameepgoty' Th` ACBOP oq ogsmis`d~oth b sb|o`ty mc Bqobg ameepgoty n|mpvq ~othog th` NTB' Ot e``tq |`npib|iy ~oth qme`(qpah bq th` Ameepgoty A|oe` B~b|`g`qq Bqqmaobtomg/) bgd maabqomgbiiy ~oth mth`|q'

Bg bggpbi dogg`| e``togn oq h`id (emqt |`a`gtiy og Matml`|

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|`q`b|ah ameepgoty v|mli`eq) bgd tbk` bvv|mv|obt` batomg tm qmis` m| v|`s`gt th`e'Thoq batomg abg ogaipd` `gcm|a`e`gt) ameepgoty `dpabtomg v|mn|beq) m| mth`|bvv|mv|obt` batosoto`q' Th`|` oq em|` ogcm|ebtomg mg thoq oevm|tbgt qplpgot ibt`| og thoq|`vm|t'

V|oeb|y \`qvmgq` mccoa`|q b|` ogsmis`d) ~h`|` vmqqoli`) og qme` ameepgoty

|`qvmgq` ogotobtos`q' Cm| `xbevi`) V|oeb|y \`qvmgq` mccoa`|q b|` bqqong`d tmogdosodpbi qahmmiq cm| b qoxemgth v`|omd) bgd soqot th` qahmmiq mg b |`npib| lbqoq tmogt`|bat ~oth qtpd`gtq bgd qtbcc bgd tm d`bi ~oth dbytmdby oqqp`q thbt b|oq`'Mgnmogn m| imgnt`|e v|mli`eq b|` |`c`||`d tm Ameepgoty \`qvmgq` m| Qt|``t A|oe`mccoa`|q' Thoq v|mn|be oq ogt`gd`d tm l|`bk dm~g lb||o`|q bgd oga|`bq` qbc`ty bgdth` v`|a`vtomg mc qbc`ty og th` qahmmiq'

Ogs`qtonbtos` \`qvmgq`: Ogs`qtonbtm|q bgd pgd`|ams`| mccoa`|q biqm ~m|k og `bahdosoqomg) v`|cm|eogn ogs`qtonbtomgq m| ogsmisogn th`eq`is`q og v|`s`gtos` batosoto`q'Ogs`qtonbtos` mccoa`q ogaipd` d`t`atos` mccoa`q) ympth lp|`bpx) bgd qt|``t a|oe` bgd ebjm|a|oe` pgotq' @bah dosoqomgbi ogs`qtonbtos` cpgatomg biqm ogaipd`q b hbt` a|oe` qv`aobioqt)~hm cmapq`q mg a|oe`q bnbogqt v`|qmgq bgd v|mv`|ty thbt b|` emtosbt`d ly hbt` bnbogqtod`gtocobli` n|mpvq) ogaipdogn e`el`|q mc |baobi bgd `thgoa n|mpvq bgd mth`|q od`gtoco`d

pgd`| hpebg |onhtq i`noqibtomg' Th`y v|msod` qpvvm|t tm soatoeq) bgd |`ogcm|a` th`oevm|tbga` mc thm|mpnh ogs`qtonbtomgq bgd soatoe ab|` tm c|mgtiog` pgocm|e`d mccoa`|q)bgd cmiim~ bii maap||`ga`q th|mpnh ogs`qtonbtos` bgd amp|t vhbq`q' Ly dmogn qm) th`y`gqp|` thbt hbt` a|oe` maap||`ga`q b|` hbgdi`d thm|mpnhiy bgd bvv|mv|obt`iy) bgd thbtth`y b|` q``g bq hbt` a|oe`q bgd nos`g bvv|mv|obt` btt`gtomg bt th` vmioa` bgd amp|ti`s`iq'

T|bccoa \`qvmgq`: @bah dosoqomg hbq b t|bccoa mccoa`) ebgdbt`d tm bdd|`qq t|bccoa qbc`tyoqqp`q th|mpnhmpt th` dosoqomg' T|bccoa mccoa`|q b|` ogsmis`d og `gcm|a`e`gt bgd vplioa`dpabtomg batosoto`q) bgd mct`g ogs`qtonbt` em|` q`|ompq amiioqomgq bgd t|bccoa v|mli`eq'

A|oe` Bgbiyqt: @bah dosoqomg hbq b a|oe` bgbiyqt) ~hm oq bg `xv`|o`ga`d vmioa` mccoa`|tbqk`d ~oth t|bakogn a|oe` t|`gdq bgd doqm|d`| oqqp`q) bgd) ~h`|` vmqqoli`) v|`doatogn

cptp|` oqqp`q' Bii mth`| e`el`|q mc th` dosoqomg |`iy mg th` a|oe` bgbiyqt cm| ogcm|ebtomgtm qpvvm|t th`o| v|`s`gtos` batosoto`q'

Dosoqomgbi T|bogogn Q`|n`bgt: @bah dosoqomg biqm hbq b q`|n`bgt d`doabt`d tm `gqp|ognthbt th` t|bogogn v|msod`d tm dosoqomgbi e`el`|q oq pvtmdbt`) bgd thbt bddotomgbi t|bogognqv`aocoa tm th` dosoqomg bgd otq vb|toapib| v|mli`eq oq od`gtoco`d bgd v|msod`d bq g``d`d'Thoq t|bogogn abg (bgd mct`g dm`q/ ogaipd` ebt`|obi qv`aocoa tm th` ebk`pv mc `bahdosoqomgbi b|`b'

Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq) A|oe` V|`s`gtomg bgd Qahmmiq Mccoa`|q: Thoq oevm|tbgt n|mpv mcmccoa`|q d`biq ~oth ympgn v`mvi`) ameepgoty n|mpvq) soatoeq bgd mth`| n|mpvq bgdogdosodpbiq ~othog th` ameepgoty ~hm |`rpo|` qv`aobi qpvvm|t c|me th` vmioa`'

Tm th` n|`bt`qt d`n|`` vmqqoli` ~othog qtbccogn ioeotbtomgq) bii mc th`q` n`g`|bioqt bgd qv`aobioqtvmioa` mccoa`|q ~m|k tmn`th`| tm v|msod` b ~od` sb|o`ty mc q`|soa`q tm th` `gto|` ameepgoty bgd otqogdosodpbi n|mpvq'

Qv`aobioqt vmioa` mccoa`|q ~othog th` dosoqomgq b|` biqm ogsmis`d og batosoto`q thbt qpvvm|t vmqotos`vmioa`|ba` |`ibtomgq' Mg` `xbevi` oq th` Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq Mccoa`| (A\M/ vmqotomg) ~hoahL`ymgd

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tm `qtblioqh mgnmogn ameepgoabtomg ~oth m|nbgozbtomgq bgd bn`gao`q th|mpnhmpt th` ameepgoty)bgd tm |`am|d th` |`qpitq mc bii amgtbatq'06

@ghbga`d \ba` \`ibtomgq Mpt|`bah V|mn|be

Th` Q`|soa` ~m|k`d hb|d ms`| th` y`b|q tm oev|ms` |ba` |`ibtomgq) lmth bemgn n|mpvq ogTm|mgtm bgd l`t~``g thmq` n|mpvq bgd th` vmioa`' Emqt |`a`gtiy) og th` aimqogn ~``kq mc

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Mth`| ahbgn`q qongocoabgtiy oev|ms`d th` Q`|soa`q bloioty tm d`ios`| ameepgotym|o`gt`d vmioa`q`|soa`q) bgd tm cp|th`| d`s`imv ameepgoty |`ibtomgqhovq' Mg` mc th`q` ahbgn`q ~bq th`bddotomg mc b Ameepgoty Vmioa` Ioboqmg Ameeott`` (AVIA/ og `bah dosoqomg' ^hoi` b qebiigpel`| mc dosoqomgq hbd AVIAq l`cm|` L`ymgd

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qtpd`gtq og th`o| g`onhlmp|hmmdq' Pqogn b ameepgoty v|mli`eqmisogn bvv|mbah) th`mccoa`| ~oii `x`|t b vmqotos` ogcip`ga` mg imabi ympth th|mpnh b eox mc ameepgoabtomg)`dpabtomg) bgd) ~h`g g`a`qqb|y) gcm|a`e`gt'02

L`ymgd

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_`b| Tmtbi Pgocm|e Qt|`gnth

2??1 0)4062??4 0)2??0 0)60?2??3 4)>432??> 4)?462??8 4)?642??? 0)222

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Hpebg \`qmp|a` D`s`imve`gt Q`|soa` Ogc|bqt|patp|` Ameepgoty Qbc`ty bgd Qbtoqcbatomg

Th` vbevhi`t v|msod`q b qpeeb|y mc hm~ th` Q`|soa` hmv`q tm `xa`i og bii mc th` blms`v|om|oto`q' Ot biqm qtbt`q thbt:

th` Eoqqomg mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` oq ^` b|` d`doabt`d tm d`ios`|ogn vmioa`q`|soa`q og vb|tg`|qhov ~oth mp| ameepgoty tm k``v Tm|mgtm th` l`qt bgd qbc`qt viba` tml`

th` Am|` Sbip`q mc th` Q`|soa` b|` Hmg`qty) Ogt`n|oty) Cbo|g`qq) \`qv`at) \`iobloioty)T`be~m|kbgd Vmqotos` Bttotpd`

th`q` V|om|oto`q |`qpit c|me `xt`gqos` amgqpitbtomg ~oth e`el`|q mc lmth th` Q`|soa`bgd th` ameepgoty) bgd c|me b amev|`h`gqos` bgbiyqoq mc t|`gdq bgd bgtoaovbt`dahbii`gn`q tm th` d`ios`|y mc vmioa` q`|soa`q og th` ameogn y`b|q

ebgy oqqp`q bgd v|mli`eq abggmt l` bdd|`qq`d ly th` Q`|soa` bimg`) bq ~` b|` bii

|`qvmgqoli` cm| `gqp|ogn thbt Tm|mgtm |`ebogq b nmmd bgd qbc` viba` tm ios`) ~m|k bgdsoqot

Th` cmapq mg v|`s`gtomg bgd amgqpitbtos` v|ma`qq`q oq amgqoqt`gt ~oth th` sbip`q mc ameepgotyvmioaogn (~hoah abii cm| b v|mbatos`) amgqpitbtos` |`qvmgq` tm a|oe` bgd doqm|d`|/ bgd oevm|tbgttm th` v|om|oto`q bgd batomgq mc th` Q`|soa` ~oth |`qv`at tm vmioa`-|ba` |`ibtomgq' Thoq oq`qv`aobiiy t|p` mc th` sbip`q mccbo|g`qqbgd |`qv`at) bgd biqm ~oth:

th` v|om|oty mcympth somi`ga` bgd soatoeozbtomg mc ympth) ~hoah cmapq`q mg v|`s`gtomgbgd vb|tg`|qhov `ccm|tq ~oth qahmmiq bgd mth`|q tm bdd|`qq th` qbc`ty bgd q`ap|oty g``dqmc thmq` emqt spig`|bli` tm soatoeozbtomg (ogaipdogn ahoid|`g bgd ympth/) bgd ~hoah

ogam|vm|bt`q |`ibtomgqhovlpoidogn v|mtmamiq l`t~``g th` vmioa` bgd ympth ba|mqq qmao`ty th` v|om|oty mcameepgoty qbc`ty bgd qbtoqcbatomg) ~hoah v|meoq`q `ccm|tq tm oev|ms`

qbtoqcbatomg ~oth vmioa` q`|soa`q) bgd `qv`aobiiy tm oga|`bq` vmioa` soqoloioty bgdv|mc`qqomgbioqe bgd tm qt|`gnth`g th` amgcod`ga` mc th` vplioa bgd Q`|soa` e`el`|q ogth` oevb|tobioty bgd ogt`n|oty mc th` Q`|soa`q bdeogoqt|btomg mcth` amevibogtq qyqt`e'

@xv`atbtomgq

Th` ahbgn`q tm th` Q`|soa` thbt |`qpit`d c|me L`ymgd

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T|bogogn) @dpabtomg bgd Qkoii \`rpo|`e`gtqtm qpvvm|t th` `xvbgd`d |mi`q bgd|`qvmgqoloioto`q mc vmioa` mccoa`|q

\`a|pote`gt bgd Q`i`atomg) tm `gqp|` thbt g`~ e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` hbd th` vmt`gtobitm l`ame` g`onhlmp|hmmd mccoa`|q) bgd thbt `ccm|tq amgtogp`d tm a|`bt` b vmioa` q`|soa`thbt |`ci`atq th` ameepgoty tm th` n|`bt`qt `xt`gt vmqqoli` og t`|eq mc |ba`) `thgoaoty bgd

n`gd`| V`|cm|ebga` @sbipbtomg Qyqt`eq) tm `gqp|` thbt c|mgtiog` mccoa`|q |`ci`at th` |`bioto`q mc

ameepgoty vmioaogn

Ebgbn`e`gt bgd Qpv`|soqm|y \`qvmgqoloioto`q) tm `gqp|` thbt qpv`|soqm|q bgdebgbn`|q hbs` th` qkoiiq bgd th` ebgdbt` tm qpvvm|t ameepgoty vmioaogn batosoto`q

Ogt`|gbtomgbi Ogotobtos`q

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` l`abe` ogsmis`d og b gpel`| mc ogt`|gbtomgbi ogotobtos`q bct`| th`Vmioa` Q`|soa`q Lmb|d bvv|ms`d TVQ ogsmis`e`gt og bg mgnmogn q`|o`q mc v`ba`k``vogn bgd

mth`| mpt|`bah ogotobtos`q'

Th` Lmb|d biim~`d t`g e`el`|q mc th` Q`|soa` tm l` ogsmis`d og qpah `ccm|tq bt bgy mg` toe`'Thoq oq b qongocoabgt amgt|olptomg tm ogt`|gbtomgbi `ccm|tq thbt d`emgqt|bt`q th` oevm|tbga` viba`dly th` Lmb|d bgd th` Q`|soa` mg ogt`|gbtomgbi bgd ogt`|apitp|bi qpvvm|t bgd ammv`|btomg'

Th` l`g`cotq mc th`q` ogotobtos`q b|` gmt ioeot`d tm th` ameepgoto`q l`ogn q`|s`d ly TVQe`el`|q (bithmpnh th`y a`|tbogiy l`g`cot c|me th` `xv`|o`ga` bgd qkoiiq th`y l|mpnht ogtm th`o|ameepgoto`q/' @bah mc th` ampgt|o`q ogsmis`d oq qongocoabgtiy |`v|`q`gt`d og th` Tm|mgtmameepgoty) bgd v`mvi` og Tm|mgtm b|` bli` tm q`` thbt th`o| hme` ameepgoto`q l`g`cot c|me th`Q`|soa`q ogsmis`e`gt th`|`'

Og bddotomg) TVQ e`el`|q |`tp|g ~oth qkoiiq bgd `ghbga`d pgd`|qtbgdogn mc th` apitp|`q og mth`|vb|tq mc th` ~m|id ~hmq` v`mvi` b|` |`v|`q`gt`d og Tm|mgtm' Bgmth`| l`g`cot) mc amp|q`) oq thbtth` v|mcoi` mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` oq |boq`d lmth bt hme` bgd bl|mbd'

@xbevi`q mc th` ogsmis`e`gt mc th` Q`|soa` bgd otq e`el`|q mg th` ogt`|gbtomgbi qtbn` b|` bqcmiim~q'

Iothpbgob

Ms`| b d`abd` bnm) Iothpbgob l`abe` th` co|qt mc b q`|o`q mc Qmso`tmaapvo`d ampgt|o`q tm|`bqq`|t otq ogd`v`gd`ga` c|me th` Qmso`t |`noe`'

Og th` y`b|q thbt cmiim~`d) Iothpbgob |`a`os`d sb|ompq tyv`q mc bod c|me ~`qt`|g ampgt|o`q)ogaipdogn Abgbdb' Th` Abgbdobg Ogt`|gbtomgbi D`s`imve`gt Bn`gay (AODB/ ~bq ogqt|pe`gtbiog th` oevi`e`gtbtomg mc b |`a`gt) mgnmogn v|mj`at) d``e`d a|paobi tm Iothpbgobq d`ema|btoan|m~th'

Qpv`|ogt`gd`gt T`d V|oa`) gm~ |`to|`d c|me Tm|mgtm vmioa`) `gsoqomg`d th` Vmioa` tm Iothpbgobv|mj`at bgd ~m|k`d ~oth AODB bgd th` TVQ tm ebk` ot hbvv`g' Og Matml`|

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Mth`| Ogotobtos`q

Bq thoq |`vm|t oq l`ogn ~|ott g) th` Q`|soa` oq ogsmis`d og vibggogn ogt |gbtomgbi `ccm|tq og @bqtToem|) Tbgzbgob bgd Jbeboab) ~hoah b|` `xv`at`d tm l`g`cot th` ameepgoto`q bt hme` bgdbl|mbd' Th`|` oq biqm bg mgnmogn ioboqmg ~oth th` G`~ _m|k Vmioa` D`vb|te`gt thbt ogsmis`q bg`xahbgn` mc vmioa` mccoa`|q l`t~``g th` t~m jp|oqdoatomgq' ^` biqm hbs` TVQ e`el`|q q`|sognog _`bqt Toem| bgd ~oth th` Abgbdobg eoiotb|y'

Th` ogt`|gbtomgbi ammv`|btomg og ~hoah th` TVQ oq ogsmis`d amgtogp`q tm eo||m| ameepgotyvb|tg`|qhovq bt hme`' Ot biqm |`ci`atq th` Q`|soa`q ogt`|gbtomgbi |`vptbtomg bq l`ogn bt th`cm|`c|mgt mc ameepgoty vmioaogn d`ios`|y emd`iq' Og cbat) th` TVQ oq so`~`d ogt`|gbtomgbiiy bq b

emd`i cm| ameepgoty vmioaogn bgd |ba` |`ibtomgq amga`vtq bgd ogotobtos`q'

Ogs`gtm|y mc Pgot Ogotobtos`q ly Ameebgd

Qv`aocoa ogotobtos`q bgd batosoto`q ly th` qv`aobioz`d pgotq ~oth th` n|`bt`qt oevbat mg vmioa`|ba`|`ibtomgq b|` mptiog`d og th` Ms`|so`~ q`atomg mc thoq |`vm|t' Th`q` pgotq b|` Hpebg\`qmp|a`q) T|bogogn # @dpabtomg) Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t) Am|vm|bt` Ameepgoabtomgq bgdV|mc`qqomgbi Qtbgdb|dq'

Th` cmiim~ogn vbn`q mptiog` th` ogotobtos`q l`ogn pgd`|tbk`g ly th` Q`|soa`q t~m Co`idAmeebgdq:

B|`b Co`id Ameebgd) ~hoah ams`|q th` dosoqomgq mptqod` th` dm~gtm~g am|` (

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Og v|`vb|btomg cm| thoq |`vm|t) `bah mc th` t~m Co`id Ameebgdq ~bq bqk`d tm bgq~`| b q`|o`q mcrp`qtomgq blmpt th`o| dosoqomgq |ba` |`ibtomgq|`ibt`d batosoto`q' Qv`aocoabiiy) `bah pgotameebgd`| ~bq bqk`d blmpt:

T|bogogn bgd mccoa`| b~b|`g`qq

A|oe`) doqm|d`| bgd vplioa qbc`ty vb|tg`|qhovq ~oth th` apitp|bi ameepgoty Pgot ameebgd`| m| q`gom| mccoa`| mpt|`bah ogtm th` apitp|bi ameepgoto`q

Dosoqomgbi e`el`|q |`a`osogn ameepgoty b~b|dq cm| apitp|bi m| |ba` |`ibtomgq batosoto`q

Dosoqomgbi ogsmis`e`gt og apitp|bi `s`gtq

Mth`| dosoqomgbi apitp|bi m| |ba` |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q

Amevmqotomg mc `bah dosoqomgbi Ameepgoty Vmioa` Ioboqmg Ameeott`` (AVIA/

Ameepgoty \`qvmgq` Pgot qtbtpq |`vm|t (amevb|ogn `bah A\P ~oth th` A\P emd`ic|me L`ymgd

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A|oe`) Doqm|d`| bgd Vplioa Qbc`ty Vb|tg`|qhovq

Th|mpnh th` A|oe` Ebgbn`e`gt v|ma`qq) dosoqomgq ~m|k aimq`iy ~oth th`o| ameepgoty n|mpvq tmod`gtocy bgd |`qvmgd tm a|oe` og th` ameepgoty' Emqt dosoqomgq e``t |`npib|iy ~oth th`o| apitp|biameepgoto`q) btt`gdogn emgthiy e``tognq ~oth AVIAq bgd LOBq tm doqapqq a|oe` v|`s`gtomgbgd ~m|k tmn`th`| tm od`gtocy ameepgoty v|mli`eq bgd qt|bt`no`q'

Gm' 00 Dosoqomg oq v|`q`gtiy ~m|kogn ~oth th` Qmpth Bqobg bgd @bqt Ogdobg ameepgoto`q tmbdd|`qq a|oe` v|mli`eq og th`q` ameepgoto`q' Ameepgoty \`qvmgq` mccoa`|q hbs` h`id a|oe`v|`s`gtomg q`eogb|q cm| e`|ahbgtq bgd |`qod`gtq og th`q` ameepgoto`q) bgd hbs` bdd|`qq`dv|mli`eq ~oth ibgnpbn` lb||o`|q) c`b| mc |`vm|togn a|oe` bgd ibak mc pgd`|qtbgdogn mc hm~ tm|`vm|t b a|oe`' Gm' 00 Dosoqomg hbq `gt`|`d ogtm bg bn|``e`gt ~oth e`|ahbgtq og @bqtAhogbtm~g tm |`vm|t bii a|oe`q og th`o| b|`b'

Mccoa`|q bt Gm' 2< Dosoqomg e``t |`npib|iy ~oth th` Epqioe) Qmebio bgd Jbeboabg ameepgoto`q tmbdd|`qq a|oe`) doqm|d`| bgd apitp|bi oqqp`q ogaipdogn th` pq` bgd t|bccoakogn mc Khbt og th`Qmebio ameepgoty' E`el`|q mc Gm' 2< Dosoqomg bgd th`o| AVIA vb|toaovbt`d og Amgs`|qbtomgAbc) b doqapqqomg n|mpv h`id og b imabi ahp|ah tm mv`giy doqapqq vplioa qbc`ty) `amgmeoa bgd

qmaobi oqqp`q' Thoq ahp|ah oq imabt`d og ^`qtmg) ~hoah amgtbogq b ib|n` Jbeboabg ameepgoty'

Og Gm' 01 Dosoqomg) th` pgot ameebgd`| btt`gdq |`qod`gt bgd t`gbgt e``tognq) ~h`|` vmqotos`|ba` |`ibtomgq b|` `evhbqoz`d' Doqm|d`| oqqp`q b|` od`gtoco`d) bgd l|mk`g ~ogdm~q tyv`amevibogtq b|` bdd|`qq`d th|mpnh do|`at`d vbt|miq ly th` vmioa` bgd ameepgoty q`ap|oty'

Th` Qt' Jbe`qtm~g Q`|soa`q G`t~m|k ~m|kq ~oth th` vmioa` tm od`gtocy v|mli`eq cba`d ly Gm' 02Dosoqomgq Tbeoi ameepgoty' Og th` \`n`gt Vb|k b|`b) Vb|`gtq cm| L`tt`| L`noggognq)qpvvm|t`d ly th` vmioa`) mcc`| v|mn|beq cm| vb|`gtogn qpvvm|t bgd `dpabtomg tm a|`bt` b qbc`g`onhlmp|hmmd' Thoq m|nbgozbtomg ~bq th` oev`tpq l`hogd th` Tmyq Gmt Npgq ogotobtos`) ~h`|`tmy npgq ~`|` tp|g`d og bgd ahoid|`g ~`|` nos`g qpotbli` |`viba`e`gt tmyq' Thoq ogotobtos`oga|`bq`d npg b~b|`g`qq) qt|`gnth`g`d vmioa`-ameepgoty |`ibtomgq bgd cmqt`|`d hmv` cm| qbc`|

qt|``tq'

Aoty%^od` Vb|tg`|qhovq

^hoi` th` vmioa` dosoqomgq qv`b|h`bd ogotobtos`q bgd vb|tg`|qhovq og th`o| m~g b|`bq) qoeoib|batosoto`q biqm tbk` viba` Q`|soa`~od`' Mg` mc th` v|oe` `xbevi`q mc b vb|tg`|qhov thbt d`biq~oth a|oe` bgd doqm|d`| ba|mqq th` aoty oq th` ap||`gt N|bccoto @|bdoabtomg V|mn|be) ~hoah oq bQ`|soa` ogotobtos` cmapqogn mg |`dpaogn th` a|oe`) c`b| bgd vhyqoabi doqm|d`| abpq`d ly n|bccoto'

Th` vp|vmq` mc th` v|mn|be oq tm `gamp|bn` Q`|soa` bgd ameepgoty e`el`|q tm ~m|k ammv`|btos`iy tm~b|d mcc`gd`| ogt`|doatomg) n|bccoto ampgt`|apitp|` `|mqomg bgd p|lbg l`bptocoabtomg'

Bq th` N|bccoto @|bdoabtomg V|mn|be d`cog`q ot) n|bccoto oq th` pgib~cpi d`cbaogn mc v|osbt` m|vplioa v|mv`|ty th|mpnh ~|otogn d`biogn ~oth ebgy thognq) ogaipdogn:

Qbtbgoa apitq Vmiotoabi batosoqe Hbt` a|oe` Nbgnq Cmik von|bvhy

Ibt|ogbiob Hov Hmv apitp|` Tbnnogn Th|m~pvq Vo`a`q

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Th` v|mn|be ~bq d`s`imv`d dp|ogn th` qpee`| mc 0)666 qrpb|` c``t mc h`bsoiy sbgdbioz`d ~bii qvba`) ibg`~by bgd l|odn` blpte`gtq hbs` l``g|`aiboe`d dp|ogn th` vbqt t~m y`b|q' Ai`bgpvq ogsmis`d smipgt``|q c|me th` Aho`c mc Vmioa` bgd

Tm|mgtm Ebym| tm honh qahmmi qtpd`gtq bgd v|oqmg`| ~m|k v|mn|be v`|qmgg`i'

Ms`| th` vbqt t~m y`b|q) 0 ahb|n`q ibod bq b |`qpit mc th`v|mn|be' 1'0 eoiiomg Abgbdobgq hbs` l``g ogt|mdpa`d tm th` v|mn|be th|mpnh bg bnn|`qqos`ogt`n|bt`d e`dob abevbong'

Th` vplioa hbq biqm l``g ogcm|e`d bgd `dpabt`d th|mpnh i`tt`| abevbongq) ameepgotye``tognq bgd Tm|mgtm Aoty Ampgaoi' Og bii) thoq v|mn|be hbq |`qpit`d og v`|a`vtomgq mc qbc`|ameepgoto`q bgd |`amngotomg bgd qpvvm|t c|me bii th|`` i`s`iq mc nms`|ge`gt'

Bithmpnh hbt` a|oe` oqqp`q |`qpit og mgiy cos` v`|a`gt mc soqoli` n|bccoto) ot oq b v|om|oty cm| th`v|mn|be' ^h`g Q`|soa` e`el`|q b|` ebd` b~b|` mc hbt` n|bccoto) th`y tbk` oee`dobt` batomg'

Th`y hbs` th` n|bccoto vhmtmn|bvh`d bgd qpleot bg maap||`ga` |`vm|t tm hbs` ot ogs`qtonbt`d)bgd th`g `gqp|` thbt ot oq |`ems`d oee`dobt`iy'

Th` oevm|tbga` th` Q`|soa` bgd otq vb|tg`|q viba` mg hbt` a|oe` n|bccoto abg l` oiipqt|bt`dth|mpnh b c`~ honhionhtq'

Th` Jpiy

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Pgot Ameebgd`| # Q`gom| Mccoa`| Mpt|`bah Ogotobtos`q

Pgot ameebgd`|q og A`gt|bi Co`id b|` ogsmis`d ~oth th` ameepgoty mg b dboiy lbqoq)btt`gdogn e``tognq og th` lpqog`qq bgd |`qod`gtobi ameepgoty) vb|toaovbtogn og~bikblmptq) bgd btt`gdogn qv`aobi `s`gtq) vb|bd`q bgd batosoto`q bt apitp|bi a`gt|`q'

Qv`aocoa ogotobtos`q ogaipd`:

Th` qtbcc qpv`|ogt`gd`gt og A`gt|bi Co`id Ameebgd oq th` D`vpty GbtomgbiAmeeoqqomg`| mc Qamptq Abgbdb) |`v|`q`gtogn ms`| ?6)666 ympgn v`mvi`bgd bdpitq c|me ba|mqq Mgtb|om bgd Rp`l`a' Bq qpah) h` oq s`|y epahogsmis`d og dos`|qoty oqqp`q bgd sb|ompq `thgmapitp|bi n|mpvq'

Th` pgot ameebgd`| mc Gm' 00 Dosoqomg bgd th` qtbcc qpv`|ogt`gd`gt btA`gt|bi Co`id Ameebgd ~m|k aimq`iy ~oth AVIAq mg b qt|bt`ny qvmgqm|`d lyth` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` bgd Qamptq Abgbdb) `gamp|bnogn mid`| ympthq~othog th` `thgoa ameepgoto`q tm l`ame` vmioa` mccoa`|q) bgd ympgn`| v`mvi`tm l`ame` Smabtomgbi S`gtp|`|q) ~hoah eby i`bd th`e tm ~m|k og th` co`id mc

`e`|n`gay q`|soa`q' Mccoa`|q bt Gm' 00 Dosoqomg amgtogp` tm `gamp|bn` ympth c|me qmaobi hmpqogn

b|`bq tm vb|toaovbt` og lbqk`tlbii v|mn|beq qvmgqm|`d ly V|m Batomg' Th`pgot ameebgd`| mc Gm' 00 Dosoqomg hbq btt`gd`d th`q` batosoto`q og th` vbqtbgd amgtogp`q tm qpvvm|t th` |`tp|g mc th` v|mn|be og

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Jbeboabg Ogd`v`gd`ga` Dby) th` Eb|apq Nb|s`y C`qtosbi bgd th`Qye`^mmig`| Ameepgoty @s`gt'

Ameepgoty B~b|dq cm| Dosoqomgbi E`el`|q

Ameepgoty B~b|dq: Dosoqomgq og A`gt|bi Co`id b|` og |`a`ovt mc a`|tocoabt`q) i`tt`|q mc|`amngotomg) vibrp`q bgd b~b|dq v|`q`gt`d ly th` ameepgoty cm| th`o| amgtogpognqpvvm|t bgd ogsmis`e`gt'

Gm' 01 Dosoqomg ~bq b~b|d`d th` Aoty Qa|mii ly Ebym| E`i Ibqtebg cm| th` d`qongbgd d`ios`|y mc th` Thm|gaiocc` _mpth-Vmioa` Batosoty Dby og Thm|gaiocc` Vb|k'@xbevi`q mc mth`| b~b|d |`aovo`gtq ogaipd`:

B V|oeb|y \`qvmgq` Qtbcc Q`|n`bgt bt Gm' 22 Dosoqomg ~hm oq `xt`gqos`iyogsmis`d og th` Epqioe bgd Qmpth Bqobg ameepgoto`q) bgd hbq |`a`os`d t~mameepgoty b~b|dq bgd ampgti`qq i`tt`|q mc thbgkq bgd |`amee`gdbtomg cm|

hoq toe` bgd `ccm|tq' B Ameepgoty \`qvmgq` Qtbcc Q`|n`bgt bt Gm' 01 Dosoqomg ~hm ~bq b

gmeog`` cm| th` J'Q' ^mmdq~m|th B~b|d) v|`q`gt`d ly th` @thgoa IoboqmgAmeeott`` mc th` Mgtb|om GDV cm| hoq `ccm|tq og bgto|baoqe bgd bgto|baobidoqa|oeogbtomg bdsmabay'

Q`|soa` B~b|dq: Th` cmiim~ogn ebjm| ogt`|gbi b~b|dq hbs` l``g nos`g tm Q`|soa`e`el`|q'

B Q`|n`bgt bt Gm' 01 Dosoqomg ~bq b~b|d`d th` Aho`c mc Vmioa` B~b|d ly

cm|e`| Aho`c Dbsod Lmmthly cm| hoq `ccm|tq og Tm|mgtmq Bqobg Ameepgoty' Th` pgot ameebgd`| mc Gm' 00 Dosoqomg oq |`a`osogn th` Aho`c mc Vmioa` B~b|d

cm| hoq ameepgoty ogsmis`e`gt'

Dosoqomgbi Ogsmis`e`gt og Apitp|bi @s`gtq

@bah dosoqomg ~othog A`gt|bi Co`id oq hmqt tm b gpel`| mc imabi apitp|bi `s`gtq'@xbevi`q ogaipd`:

Pk|bogobg Dby C`qtosbi og Gm' 22 Dosoqomg

Jbeboabg Ogd`v`gd`ga` Dby bgd Eb|apq Nb|s`y Dby og Gm' 2< Dosoqomg

_m|k Ahoid|`gq C`qtosbi bgd Vm|tpnp`q` C`qtosbi og Gm' 21 Dosoqomg

Tm|mgtm Ogt`|gbtomgbi Ab|gosbi (Ab|olbgb/ og Gm' 24 Dosoqomg

Emqq Vb|k C`qtosbi og Gm' 02 Dosoqomg

Ahog`q` G`~ _`b| og 0< Dosoqomg

Libak Hoqtm|y Emgth og 01 Dosoqomg

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Tbqt` mc th` Dbgcm|th og 04 bgd 00 Dosoqomg

Do~bio bgd Sboqbkho Ogdobg C`qtosbiq og 00 Dosoqomg

Og bddotomg tm vmioaogn bgd qpvvm|togn imabi dosoqomgbi `s`gtq) Ameepgoty \`qvmgq`bgd V|oeb|y \`qvmgq` mccoa`|q v`|cm|e vmioaogn dpto`q bt apitp|bi `s`gtq mptqod` th`o|

dosoqomgq'

Mth`| Dosoqomgbi Apitp|bi m| \ba` \`ibtomgq Ogotobtos`q

@xbevi`q mc apitp|bi bgd |ba` |`ibtomgq ogotobtos`q og th` co`id b|`:

Mccoa`|q c|me Gm' 24 Dosoqomg btt`gd epitoapitp|bi bdpit @QI (@gnioqh bq bQ`amgd Ibgnpbn`/ aibqq`q tm qv`bk mg qt|``t v|mmcogn) |`vm|togn a|oe` bgdvb|tg`|qhovq ~oth th` ameepgoty'

Gm' 0< Dosoqomg mccoa`|q amgdpat`d b cos`~``k v|mn|be og th` Bqobg

ameepgoty tm bdd|`qq t|bccoa qbc`ty) biamhmi bgd d|pn blpq`) qhmvioctogn)nbeliogn bgd th`ct c|me ab|q'

Og th` @bqt Ogdobg ameepgoty mc Thm|gaiocc` Vb|k) e`el`|q mc Gm' 01 Dosoqomgbdd|`qq`d q`atb|obg somi`ga` og th` ameepgoty ly qv`bkogn ~oth ameepgotyi`bd`|q) `id`|q) bgd cboth ameepgoty |`v|`q`gtbtos`q) |`qpitogn og d`a|`bq`dsomi`ga` bgd soatoeozbtomg' Tm bdd|`qq bg oga|`bqogn t|`gd mc dme`qtoasomi`ga` og th` @bqt Ogdobg ameepgoty) Gm' 01 Dosoqomg h`id b q`|o`q mc~m|kqhmvq mg ib~ bgd apitp|` ~oth th` ameepgoty' Doqapqqomgq |`nb|dogn|`ionompq bgd apitp|bi oqqp`q oevbatogn dme`qtoa somi`ga` ~`|` biqm h`id ~othmccoa`|q bt th` dosoqomgbi i`s`i tm oga|`bq` mccoa`| b~b|`g`qq'

Mccoa`|q bt Gm' 00 Dosoqomg vb|toaovbt` og g`~ oeeon|bgt v|mn|beq bt th`

^mmdn|``g Ameepgoty A`gt|`) ~hoah q`|soa`q pv tm 86% mc bii g`~oeeon|bgtq og Gm' 00 Dosoqomg' Th`y biqm vb|toaovbt` og @QI v|mn|beq) qbc`tyq`eogb|q bgd apitp|bi `s`gtq'

Ameepgoty Vmioa` Ioboqmg Ameeott``q

Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Ioboqmg Ameeott``q og A`gt|bi Co`id b|` |`v|`q`gtbtos` mc th`ameepgoto`q th`y q`|s ' Ebgy `thgoa apitp|`q b|` |`v|`q gt`d mg th` ameeott``q) bq b|`|`v|`q`gtbtos`q c|me doqtogat g`onhlmp|hmmdq) th` lpqog`qq ameepgoty) th` cbothameepgoty) th` `id`|iy) ympth bgd th` nby-i`qlobg ameepgoty' @xbevi`q mc AVIAq l`ogn|`ci`atos` mc th` thgoa ameepgoto`q th`y q`|s` ogaipd`:

Gm' 2< Dosoqomg AVIA ogaipd`q |`v|`q`gtbtos`q c|me th` Jbeboabg) Coiovogm) Otbiobgbgd Vm|tpnp`q` ameepgoty'

Gm' 00 Dosoqomg hbq |`v|`q`gtbtomg c|me th` Ogdobg) Qokh) Ahog`q`) So`tgbe`q`)N|``k) Jbvbg`q`) Eba dmgobg) nby-i`qlobg bgd cboth ameepgoto`q' E`el`|q c|meth` `id`|iy bgd ympth ameepgoto`q b|` v|`q`gtiy l`ogn qmpnht tm l|ogn cp|th`|lbibga` tm th` ameeott``'

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Gm' 22 Dosoqomg AVIA hbq |`v|`q`gtbtomg c|me th` Bqobg) Ebit`q`) Vmioqh bgdPk|bogobg ameepgoto`q'

Qtbtpq mc Ameepgoty \`qvmgq` Pgotq

Bithmpnh qme` dosoqomgq dm gmt ebogtbog b cm|ebi v|mcoi` mc th`o| pgotq thgoa bgd |baobiamevmqotomg) th`y ogqt`bd |`c`|`ga` mth`| qmp|a`q ogaipdogn Q`|soa`~od` d`emn|bvhoaqtpdo`q) th` @gso|mge`gtbi Qabgbgd th` mgnmogn ioboqmg ~oth `thgoa q`|soa`q og th`ameepgoty' Th` Ameepgoty Ioboqmg q`atomg mc Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t ebogtbogqameepgoty v|mcoi`q) ~hoah b|` bsboibli` tm Q`|soa` e`el`|q mg th` Ogt|bg`t' Ebgydosoqomgq ebogtbog |`am|dq mc ogt`|batomgq ~oth th` ameepgoty mg th` dboiy PgotAmeebgd`|q Em|gogn \`vm|t) eogpt`q mc e``tognq) th` _`b|@gd \`vm|t) bgd dosoqomgbi

jmp|gbiq'

Bddotomgbi Ogcm|ebtomg mg Dosoqomgbi Batosoto`q

Og bddotomg tm ogotobtos`q do|`at`d bt qv`aocoa `thgoa n|mpvq) ebgy dosoqomgq biqm vb|toaovbt` ogv|mj`atq tb|n`togn ympth bt |oqk) ogaipdogn thmq` l`imgnogn tm `thgoa n|mpvq' @xbevi`q mc thoqtyv` mc ameepgoty ogsmis`e`gt ogaipd`:

Th` Thm|gaiocc` Vb|k _mpth-Vmioa` Batosoty Dby og th` qv|ogn mc

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Qv`aobi `s`gtq) qpah bq @d Eo|soqhq lo|thdby vb|ty) Jmhggy Imelb|doq cpg`|bi bgd th`Qbc` Hbs`g mg Limm|ahb|oty s`gt

B|`b Co`id Ameebgd

T|bogogn bgd Mccoa`| B~b|`g qq

@s`|y dosoqomg og B|`b Co`id amgdpatq qme` cm|e mc |ba` |`ibtomgq t|bogogn ~oth otq mccoa`|q'Th|mpnhmpt th` y`b|) e`el`|q btt`gd th` A'M' Loak Amii`n` mg b |`npib| lbqoq cm|ameepgoty vmioaogn t|bogogn) dos`|qoty amp|q`q m| Bdsbga`d Vbt|mi T|bogogn'

Bii dosoqomgbi Ameepgoty \`ibtomgq Mccoa`|q btt`gd imabi ameepgoty e``tognq) bgd og tp|gv|msod` c``dlbak tm bii th` vibtmmgq amga`|gogn oqqp`q cbaogn th` eogm|oty n|mpvq'Qv`bk`|q c|me th` sb|ompq ameepgoto`q b|` ogsot`d tm btt`gd dosoqomgq mg t|bogogn dbyq bgd`dpabt` th` mccoa`|q mg th` apqtmeq bgd l`io`cq mc th` vb|toapib| `thgoa n|mpv'

Gm' 42 Dosoqomg hbq qtblioqh`d th` Tbeoi Ameepgoty btah V|mn|be) ~h`|`ly th`dosoqomgbi A|oe` V|`s`gtomg Mccoa`| ~m|kq og vb|tg`|qhov ~oth e`el`|q mc th` TbeoiAmeepgoty tm od`gtocy bgd v|msod` qmiptomgq tm v|mli`eq bcc`atogn thoq ameepgoty'Ameepgoty e`el`|q v|msod` ogcm|ebtomg ~m|kqhmvq tm Gm' 42 Dosoqomg mccoa`|q og m|d`| tm`dpabt` th`e blmpt th` Tbeoi apitp|` bgd tm `xv|`qq th`o| amga`|gq'

\`a`gtiy) Gm' 4< Dosoqomg hbd b np`qt qv`bk`| c|me th` Q|o Ibgkbg ameepgoty ~hm qvmk`blmpt th` apqtmeq bgd l`io`cq mc thoq ameepgoty bgd ~hbt ot ~bq iok` tm l` b e`el`| mc bsoqoli` eogm|oty og thoq aoty'

A|oe`) Doqm|d`| bgd Vplioa Qbc`ty Vb|tg`|qhovq

Bii dosoqomgq ~othog B|`b Co`id hbs` cm|e`d vb|tg`|qhovq ~oth |`v|`q`gtbtos`q c|me th`apitp|bi ameepgoto`q tm ~m|k tmn`th`| tm od`gtocy) v|om|otoz` bgd bdd|`qq a|oe`)doqm|d`| bgd vplioa qbc`ty oqqp`q'

E`el`|q mc dosoqomgbi AVIAq ogaipd` |`v|`q`gtbtos`q mc bii gbtomgbioto`q thbt ogaipd`(lpt b|` gmt ioeot`d tm/ th` Jbeboabg) B|bloa) @bqt Ogdobg) V`|qobg) O|bgobg) bgd Tbeoiameepgoto`q' Th`q` e``tognq b|` n`g`|biiy h`id emgthiy bgd h`iv pgot ebgbn`|q tmod`gtocy pgot qt|bt`no`q bgd bdd|`qq a|oe` bgd doqm|d`| oqqp`q'

Gm'

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ameepgoty oq immkogn cm| pq tm d`emgqt|bt` b ab|ogn bgd q`gqotos` bvv|mbahog bii mp| d`biognq ~oth aotoz`gq) qv`aobiiy thmq` ~hm c``i eb|nogbioz`d m|mth`|~oq` doqbdsbgtbn`d'

^` epqt biqm |`e`el`| thbt mpt mc th` |`a`gt \baobi V|mcoiogn amgt|ms`|qy)ebgy v`mvi` c|me th` |baobi ameepgoto`q `qv`aobiiy hbs` ame` cm|~b|d tm

qpvvm|t bgd `gamp|bn` pq dp|ogn th`q` doccoapit toe`q' Thbt |`biiy epqt l`k`vt og v`|qv`atos` biqm'

Tbkogn th`q` oqqp`q ogtm baampgt bgd hbsogn ioqt`g`d tm th` ogvpt bgd bdsoa`thbt O hbs` |`a`os`d c|me ebgy qmp|a`q) O be |`rp`qtogn ymp| v`|qmgbiqpvvm|t |`qv`atogn th` cmiim~ogn:

2/ Oga|`bq`d v`|qmgbi dobimnp`) ogt`||batomg [qoaU bgd ogsmis`e`gt og th`dboiy |mptog` mc qpv`|soqm|q bgd c|mgt%iog` mccoa`|q ~othog ymp||`qv`atos` Ameebgd'

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V|batoabi Ameepgoty Qpvvm|tq cm| TVQ Batosoto`q

Qmaom%`amgmeoa Qpvvm|t

Th` vhoimqmvhy mc ameepgoty vmioaogn |`amngoz`q thbt a|oe` bgd doqm|d`| v|mli`eq og th`ameepgoty hbs` abpq`q bgd qmiptomgq thbt nm l`ymgd th` vp|so`~ mc th` vmioa`' Th` v|mli`eq

bgd oqqp`q cba`d ba|mqq qmao`ty hbs` qmaom`amgmeoa |mmtq) bgd th`o| qmiptomgq mct`g epqtame` c|me mth`| ameepgoty |`qmp|a`q) mct`g ~m|kogn og vb|tg`|qhov ~oth th` vmioa`'

Og Matml`|

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V|mBatomg \mi` bgd Ogsmis`e`gt

Vb|be`t`|q: Vmioa`ameepgoty vb|tg`|qhovq b|` b am|g`|qtmg` mc ameepgoty vmioaogn' Mg``xbevi` mc b vb|tg`|qhov thbt oq d`qong`d tm l`g`cot ympgn v`mvi` ba|mqq th` ameepgoty bgd tmv|memt` h`bithy |`ibtomgq l`t~``g th` vmioa` bgd ympgn v`mvi` mc bii qmaom`amgmeoa bgd

`thgmapitp|bi lbakn|mpgdq oq V|mBatomg' Mv`|bt`d ly b Lmb|d mc Do|`atm|q d|b~g c|me th`ameepgoty (ogaipdogn lpqog`qq`q) nms`|ge`gt) bthi`toaq bgd smipgt``|oqe/) V|mBatomg oq bahb|otbli` m|nbgozbtomg d`doabt`d tm qpvvm|togn Tm|mgtm vmioa` mccoa`|q og a|`btogn vmqotos`|`ibtomgqhovq ~oth kodq bt|oqk32'

N|bgtq: V|mBatomgq v|oeb|y |mi` oq tm cpgd v|mn|beq thbt lpoid |`ibtomgqhovq l`t~``g vmioa` bgdympth' Og `sbipbtogn cpgdogn |`rp`qtq ~` bqk: ^oii thoq v|mn|be |`qpit og b l`tt`| pgd`|qtbgdognl`t~``g vmioa` mccoa`|q bgd bt|oqk ympth=V|mn|beq thbt rpbiocy cm| cpgdq qhmpid ogaipd` do|`atogt`|batomg l`t~``g mccoa`|q bgd ympth bt|oqk' [Bt|oqk ympth b|` ympgnU v`mvi` ~hm b|` m| eby l`ogsmis`d ~oth ioc`qtyi`q thbt i`bd tm a|oe` bgd somi`ga`) 'n') d|pnq) npgq) lpiiyogn) nbgnq)v|`amaompq q`x m| mth`| |oqk cbatm|qV|mn|beq b|` ogotobt`d ly e`el`|q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa`

Q`|soa` ~hm od`gtocy b ameepgoty g``d og th`o| dbytmdby mlq`|sbtomgq'3

Vb|toapib| btt`gtomg l` nos`g tm thmq` |`a|potogn t`ahgorp`q ogsmisognogt`|v`|qmgbi bgd ameepgoty amgtbat ~oth |baobi eogm|oty n|mpvq'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 4

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` |`a|potogn t`be pq`q ebgy dos`|q` ogt`|v`|qmgbi e`thmdq tm bqqoqt g`~ bgd ap||`gtabgdodbt`q ~hm e``t th` m|nbgozbtomgbi g``dq mc th` Q`|soa`'

Mccoa`|q hbs` d`s`imv`d hbgdqmg e`gtm|ogn q`qqomgq ogaipdogn ogcm|ebtomg mg th` Amgqtbli`Q`i`atomg Qyqt`e) bg mvvm|tpgoty tm t|y th` vhyqoabi t`qt) bgd mg`mgmg` c``dlbak ly e`el`|qmc th` t`qtogn t`be'

Abgdodbt`q ~hm ~`|` pgqpaa`qqcpi lpt aimq` og th` ~|ott`g bgd ogt`|so`~ qtbn`q b|` amgtbat`d~oth mcc`|q mc e`gtm|ogn' Th` |`a|potogn t`be ~m|kq aimq`iy ~oth th` \`a|potogn AmbiotomgAmeeott``) ~hoah ogsmis`q e`el`|q mc th` ameepgoty tm d`s`imv g`~ qt|bt`no`q' D`s`imvogn bvmqotos` |bvvm|t ~oth vmt`gtobi abgdodbt`q oq bg oevm|tbgt vb|t mc th` ebgdbt` mc th` |`a|potognt`be'

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Amevb|btos` amqt%l`g`cot bgbiyqoq tm l` pgd`|tbk`g mc th` |`a|pote`gtqt|bt`no`q vp|qp`d ly th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a` (`n:bds`|toqogn s`|qpq emloi` |`a|potogn t`beq/'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 0

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d og Vb|t

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` bn|``q thbt b amqt bgbiyqoq mc |`a|potogn qt|bt`no`q oq l`g`coaobi) bgdqt`vq b|` ap||`gtiy tbkogn viba` tm baap|bt`iy amii`at g`a`qqb|y dbtb tm pgd`|tbk` thoq amqt

bgbiyqoq'

Hoqtm|oabiiy) b smipgtb|y |`a|potogn qp|s`y hbq l``g doqt|olpt`d tm bii bvvioabgtq |`rp`qtognv`|qmgbi ogcm|ebtomg ogaipdogn ogcm|ebtomg mg ~hbt emtosbt`d th`e tm bvviy tm th` Tm|mgtmVmioa` Q`|soa`' Th` @evimye`gt pgot oq pgbli` tm rpbgtocy bgd rpbiocy th` |`qpitq mc thoq qp|s`ydp` tm th` smipgtb|y gbtp|` mc th` cm|e'

Th` @evimye`gt pgot hbq |`a`gtiy emdoco`d th` Bvvioabtomg Cm|e thbt bii bvvioabgtq epqtamevi`t`' B vbn` hbq l``g bdd`d thbt |`rpo|`q bvvioabgtq tm od`gtocy ~h`th`| m| gmt th`ybtt`gd`d b v|`q`gtbtomg) ogcm|ebtomg q`qqomg m| e`gtm|ogn q`qqomg ~oth th` Q`|soa`' Th` cm|ebiqm bqkq cm| th` gbe` bgd lbdn` gpel`| mc b Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` e`el`| ~hm ebd` b|`c`||bi'

Th` Q`|soa` hbq |`a`gtiy pgd`|nmg` b |`a`gt Hpebg \`qmp|a`q Ebgbn`e`gt Qyqt`e (H\EQ/amevpt`| pvn|bd`) bgd thoq ogcm|ebtomg abg gm~ l` `gt`|`d bgd abvtp|`d cm| cptp|` qtbtoqtoabibgbiyqoq'

Th` @evimye`gt pgot oq amgcod`gt thbt th` ogcm|ebtomg amii`at`d ~oii bqqoqt ~oth bg ms`|bii amqtl`g`cot bgbiyqoq vp|qpbgt tm thoq |`amee`gdbtomg'

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Cmiim~ogn th` v|ogaovi` mc `evimye`gt `rpoty bq b|toapibt`d og th` Vmioa`Q`|soa`q Bat) bg `evimye`gt `rpoty qtbt`e`gt l` ogq`|t`d og bii bds`|toqognbgd |`a|pote`gt ebt`|obiq mc th` E`t|mvmiotbg Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Cm|a`'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 3

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` amgtogpbiiy qt|os`q tm `gqp|` thbt ot |`v|`q`gtq th` dos`|q`ameepgoty thbt ot q`|s`q' Th` Q`|soa` hbq mptiog`d otq m|nbgozbtomgbi g``dq) ~hoah ogaipd`

|baobi eogm|oto`q) c`ebi`q) Blm|onogbi v`mvi`) ibgnpbn` qkoiiq bgd |`qod`gtq mc Tm|mgtm bgd th`N|`bt`| Tm|mgtm b|`b'

B qtbt`e`gt mptiogogn th` m|nbgozbtomgbi g``dq mc th` Q`|soa` oq ogq`|t`d ogtm |`a|potogn ebt |obiqv|mdpa`d ly th` Q`|soa`' Soqpbi oebn`q pq`d og bds`|toqogn biqm honhionht |`v|`q`gtbtos`q mcsb|ompq ameepgoto`q og th`o| |`qv`atos` |mi`q'

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\`a|pote`gt `ccm|tq ~oth eogm|oty n|mpvq qhmpid ogaipd` qt|mgn `evhbqoqmg th` q`|soa ) gmg%a|oe` bqv`atq mc vmioaogn'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' >

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` v|`q`gtq b lbibga`d |`a|pote`gt bvv|mbah tm `evimye`gtmvvm|tpgoto`q ~othog aosoiobg bgd pgocm|e ab|``|q' \`a|potogn t`beq) th|mpnh th`o| v|`q`gtbtomgqbt `dpabtomgbi ogqtotptomgq bgd ameepgoty `s`gtq) doqapqq th` q`|soa` bqv`at mc vmioaogn bq ~`ii

bq th` sb|o`ty mc ab|``| mvvm|tpgoto`q bsboibli` ~othog th` m|nbgozbtomg' Thoq qt|bt`ny v|`q`gtq blbibga`d bvv|mbah tm~b|dq vmioaogn bgd th` ab|``|q bsboibli` ~othog vmioaogn'

^oth ms`| 286 jml bqqonge`gtq bsboibli`) th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` mcc`|q `xa`ii`gt ab|``|mvvm|tpgoto`q cm| ogdosodpbiq q``kogn v|mc`qqomgbi bgd v`|qmgbi qbtoqcbatomg og th`o| ~m|k'

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\`a|pote`gt ebt`|obiq nm l`ymgd ogcm|ebtomg blmpt th` lbqoa|`rpo|`e`gtq mc th` jml bgd cmapq em|` mg th` rpbioto`q) qkoiiq bgdahbii`gn`q mc vmioaogn'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 8

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

\`a|potogn ebt`|obiq vplioqh`d ly th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` cmapq mg `xa`ii`gt ab|``|mvvm|tpgoto`q cm| ogdosodpbiq q``kogn v|mc`qqomgbi bgd v`|qmgbi qbtoqcbatomg og th`o| ~m|k' Th`

ho|ogn v|ma`qq) qbib|y) l`g`cotq bgd th` m|nbgozbtomgbi g``dq mc th` Q`|soa` b|` honhionht`d'

Th` ebt`|obi d`qa|ol`q th` |`~b|dogn bgd ahbii`gnogn ab|``| mvvm|tpgoto`q ~othog th` Q`|soa`)`evhbqozogn thbt e`el`|q hbs` th` mvvm|tpgoty tm ebk` b docc`|`ga` og th` ameepgoty'

Og bddotomg) vmqt`|q bgd loiilmb|dq v|msod` b soqpbi doqviby mc mvvm|tpgoto`q bsboibli` ~othog th`Q`|soa` ~hoah ogaipd` b sb|o`ty mc pgocm|e cpgatomgq (`'n') loayai`) empgt`d bgd t|bccoa vbt|mi/bgd biqm b |bgn` mc aosoiobg ab|``|q'

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Vmioa` mccoa`|q ~m|kogn og th` \`a|potogn Pgot l` vmqt`d cm| bg `xt`gd`dv`|omd mc toe` bgd l` nos`g bd`rpbt` cogbgaobi amev`gqbtomg bgd-m|v|memtomg'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 24

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Bqqonge`gt tm th` |`a|potogn cpgatomg sb|o`q og i`gnth mc toe`) d`v`gdogn mg th` g``dq mc th` pgot)th` e`el`|) bgd th` Q`|soa`'

Amev`gqbtomg oq d`t`|eog`d ly th` amii`atos` bn|``e`gt) bgd bvvio`q tm bg mccoa`|q |bgk |bth`|thbg hoq m| h`| qv`aocoa bqqonge`gt' Th` amgt|olptomg mc |`a|potogn mccoa |q oq tbk`g ogtm baampgt~h`g th` e`el`| vb|toaovbt`q og th` v|memtomgbi v|ma`qq'

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Qpvvm|t ebt`|obiq (lmth ~|ott`g bgd bpdom soqpbi/ l` d`s`imv`d tm qpvvm|t|`a|pote`gt `ccm|tq'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 20

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

\`a|potogn v|memtomgbi ebt`|obiq b|` bsboibli` thbt d`voat th` m|nbgozbtomgbi g``dq bgd am|`sbip`q mc th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa`' Th` ebt`|obiq ogaipd`) lpt b|` gmt ioeot d tm) hbgdmptq)cmid`|q) lmmkeb|kq) vmqt`|q bgd loiilmb|dq) ~hoah doqviby b dos`|q` |`v|`q`gtbtomg mc v`|qmgg`i

og th` Q`|soa`' Biqm ogaipd`d oq b ~`lqot` thbt ogaipd`q epitoe`dob bgd sod`m v|`q`gtbtomgq'

Th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` bgd th` Mgtb|om Bqqmaobtomg mc Aho`cq mc Vmioa` d`s`imv`d th`ebt`|obiq og |`ibtomg tm th` Amgqtbli` Q`i`atomg Qyqt`e' Th`y b|` pq`d dp|ogn jml cbo|q)ogcm|ebtomg q`qqomgq) ab|``| dbyq) ameepgoty `s`gtq bgd mg`mgmg` e`gtm|ogn'

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Th` c`bqoloioty mc th` \`a|potogn Pgot doqt|olptogn bvvioabtomg cm|eq og th`ameepgoty bgd v|ma`qqogn bgd t`qtogn abgdodbt`q l`cm|` |`c`||biq tm th`@evimye`gt Pgot l` pgd`|tbk`g'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 23

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Ogcm|ebtomg vbakbn`q bgd bvvioabtomg cm|eq b|` doqt|olpt`d tm vmt`gtobi abgdodbt`q btv|`q`gtbtomgq) ab|``| cbo|q bgd ameepgoty s`gtq btt`gd`d ly e`el`|q mc th` \`a|potogn Pgot'

Th` t`qtogn t`be c|me th` @evimye`gt Pgot btt`gdq ogt`|`qt`d ameepgoty amii`n`q bgd pgos`|qoto`q~othog th` NTB tm amii`at bvvioabtomgq bgd t qt bvvioabgtq bq b n|mpv' Og bddotomg) th`|` oq b v|osbt`bn`gay qbgatomg`d ly th` Mgtb|om Bqqmaobtomg mc Aho`cq mc Vmioa` Amgqtbli` Q`i`atomg Qyqt`e~hoah t|bs`iq th` v|msoga`) bdeogoqt`|q th` qbe` ~|ott`g bgd vhyqoabi t`qtq bgd oqqp`q b a`|tocoabt`mc |`qpitq ~hoah oq |`amngoz`d ly th` Tm|mgtm Vmioa` Q`|soa` bgd mth`| vb|toaovbtogn vmioa`bn`gao`q'

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\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Hpebg \`qmp|a`q

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` @evimye`gt Pgot oq ebgdbt`d tm |`a|pot bgd ho|` pgocm|e bgd aosoiobg qtbcc cm| th` Tm|mgtmVmioa` Q`|soa` ~oth th` mlj`atos` mc |`ci`atogn th` dos`|q` ameepgoto`q ~othog th` Aoty mc Tm|mgtm'

Og |`a`gt y`b|q) th` Q`|soa` hbq `xv`|o`ga`d bg pgv|`a`d`gt`d d`ebgd cm| ho|ogn' Pgocm|eho|`q hbs` |oq`g c|me 241 og 2??8 tm 136 og

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2

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2

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2

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@evimye`gt @rpoty Nmbiq l` |`so`~`d ~oth |`qv`at tm rpbgtoty rpbiotyoqqp`'

Qmp|a`: @rpbi Mvvm|tpgoty Amgqpitbgtq \`amee`gdbtomg Gm'

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2

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216

Biqm og

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,L`ymgd

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\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Am|vm|bt` Vibggogn

Qtbtpq: Gmt Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Th` bloioty mc th` Q`|soa` tm amgdpat th` |`amee`gd`d qtpdy og b amev|`h`gqos` ~by oq ioeot`dly th` Lmb|d lyib~ v|mholotogn th` amii`atomg mc |ba`lbq`d qtbtoqtoaq' Bgy dbtb bsboibli` tm th`

Q`|soa` ~mpid l` bg`admtbi bgd qplj`atos`) ebkogn ot doccoapit cm| th` qtpdy |`qpitq tm l` pq`cpibgd a|`doli`'

Ogqt`bd) th` Q`|soa` nb|g`|q ~hbt`s`| ogcm|ebtomg ot abg mg bg mgnmogn lbqoq c|me mptqod`qmp|a`q) qpah bq Qtbtoqtoaq Abgbdb bgd qp|s`yq amgdpat`d cm| th` e`dob m| mptqod`m|nbgozbtomgq' \`ibt`d ogcm|ebtomg oq biqm mltbog`d dp|ogn th` amgqpitbtomg v|ma`qq i`bdogn tmth` @gso|mge`gtbi Qabg'

Nos`g thbt imgnotpdogbi qtpdo`q tyvoabiiy ogsmis` |`v`bt`d e`bqp|`e`gtq ms`| ebgy y`b|q)cpgdogn) ~h`th`| d`|os`d c|me nms`|ge`gt n|bgtq m| c|me th` Q`|soa`q mv`|btogn lpdn`t) ~mpidhbs` tm l` npb|bgt``d cm| th` bn|``d pvmg toe` qvbg mc th` qtpdy' D`v`gdogn mg ~hbt) `xbatiy)th` Q`|soa` ~mpid l` ogt`|`qt`d og e`bqp|ogn m| emgotm|ogn ~othog th` l|mbd b|`b mc

vmioa`-eogm|oty |`ibtomgq) qt|btoco`d qbeviogn mc n|mpvq og th` Q`|soa`q bggpbi ameepgotyt`i`vhmg` qp|s`y eonht bdd|`qq vb|t mc thoq |`amee`gdbtomg' Th` oga|`bq`d mgnmogn amqtq|`rpo|`d cm| th` qp|s`y eby l` i`qq thbg |`rpo|`d cm| b q`vb|bt` imgnt`|e (imgnotpdogbi/ qtpdy'

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,Oga|`bq`d ogsmis`e`gt mc th` Gbtos` ameepgoty og qmisogn vmioa`-Gbtos`v|mli`eq',

Qmp|a`: Epk~b Md` \`amee`gdbtomg Gm' 2'2

\`qvmgq`: Bn|``

Bqqong`d tm: Ameepgoty Vmioaogn Qpvvm|t Blm|onogbi V`ba`k``vogn

Qtbtpq: Oevi`e`gt`d

@xoqtogn V|mn|be

Qoga` 2??4) th` Q`|soa` hbq `qtblioqh`d bg Blm|onogbi Ameepgoty Amgqpitbtos` Ameeott``~hoah oq amev|oq`d mc b Q`gom| Mccoa`| (Qtbcc Qpv`|ogt`gd`gt/) b e`el`| c|me th` AmeepgotyVmioaogn Qpvvm|t Blm|onogbi V`ba`k``vogn Pgot bgd |`v|`q`gtbtos`q c|me b l|mbd qv`at|pe mc

th` Blm|onogbi ameepgoty'

Th` ebgdbt` mc thoq Ameeott`` oq cm| th` Q`|soa` bgd th` ameepgoty tm `gnbn` og v|mbatos`vb|tg`|qhovq bgd dobimnp` blmpt oqqp`q bgd amga`|gq ~othog th` ameepgoty' Th` q`gom| i`s`i mcvmioa` vb|to