200 3 P.M. VanRaden P.M. VanRaden Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD [email protected]Genetic Evaluations Genetic Evaluations for Fitness and for Fitness and Fertility in the US Fertility in the US and Other Nations and Other Nations
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Genetic Evaluations for Genetic Evaluations for Fitness and Fertility in the Fitness and Fertility in the
US and Other NationsUS and Other Nations
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Which Traits?Which Traits?
“A key priority in research and education should be to identify those traits that really affect cost of producing milk and concentrate selection on them” (McDaniel, 1976 National Workshop)
Still good advice today
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Genetic progressGenetic progress
G = accuracy genetic SD selection intensity generation interval
(Dickerson & Hazel, 1944)
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Heritability of N RecordsHeritability of N Records= N h**2 / [1 + (N – 1) Repeatability]= N h**2 / [1 + (N – 1) Repeatability]
(Lush, 1948)(Lush, 1948)
TraitRepeat-ability
Lactations
1 2 3 4 5
Protein .55 .30 .39 .43 .45 .47
SCS .35 .10 .15 .18 .20 .21
DPR .13 .04 .07 .10 .12 .13
PL .04 .07 .08 .085
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Average accuracyAverage accuracy= square root of reliability / 100= square root of reliability / 100
Cows born 1995
Bulls born 1994-98
Protein (kg) .71 .92SCS .60 .77PL .58 .78DPR .57 .75Service sire CE .55 .85Daughter CE .54 .77Feet & Legs .62 .84
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Coefficients of variation (CV)Coefficients of variation (CV)
DNK, FIN, SWE (Mark, 2001) Days to 1st AI, genetic cor avg = .67 Non-return rate, genetic cor avg = .44
Ayr from NOR, DNK, FIN, SWE (Svendsen, 2001) Fertility index, genetic cor avg = .73
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Value of Cow FertilityValue of Cow Fertility
Optimum days open Pregnancy rate affects mean and variance Reduced yield/day vs longer lactations
Fertility expenses per day open Heat detection ($20 / lact .005) = $.10 Semen ($15 / unit + $5 labor) *.025 = $.50 Pregnancy exam ($10 / exam)*.012 = $.12 Lactations too long or short = $.75
Relative value of DPR = 7% of total
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Value of Calving EaseValue of Calving Ease
Daughter CE value / difficult birth Veterinary, labor costs = $50 Calf death (20% prob) = $25 Cow deaths before 1st test (1% prob) = $15
Service sire CE also includes Yield losses / lactation = $40 Fertility and longevity losses = $30
Relative values of each are 2% of total
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National Selection Indexes:National Selection Indexes:Yield and Health TraitsYield and Health Traits
Country (Interbull Code)
USA USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE
% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5
Index Name NM$ New RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI
TraitProtein 36 33 36 35 34 35 43 57 36 42 21 21
Fat 21 22 9 10 13 8 14 11 12 12 10 4
Milk 5 0 -17 -14 -19 -20 -3 -4
% Protein 4 2 3
% Fat 1 2 2
Longevity 14 11 25 13 8 12 8 15 12 8 6 6
SCS / mastitis 9 9 5 13 11 3 7 10 15 12
Fertility 7 2 13 10 7 9 10
Other diseases 2 3
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National Selection Indexes:National Selection Indexes:Conformation and Management TraitsConformation and Management Traits
Country (Interbull Code)
USA USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE
% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5
Index Name NM$ New RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI
TraitUdder traits 7 7 6 8 17 13 9 12
Feet / legs 4 4 4 1 3 11 6 5 9
Size -4 -3 2 2 -18 4 -4 2
Dairy character 2
Rump 1 1
Final score 4 2
Calving ease 4 4 10 6 12
Growth / meat 4 6
Milking Speed <1 4 6
Temperament 5 2 3
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Response to NM$ SelectionResponse to NM$ Selection
Trait
NM$ 2000
NM$ 2003 Trait
NM$ 2000
NM$ 2003
Protein .81 .74 Udder .19 .22
Fat .68 .67 F & L .17 .16
Milk .68 .58 Size -.10 -.10
PL .51 .58 SCE -.13 -.23
SCS -.35 -.38 DCE -.11 -.21
DPR .00 .15
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Changes for November 2003Changes for November 2003
Earlier evaluation of DPR Records in progress used at 130
instead of 250 DIM 6% gain in REL of DPR for new bulls Developed by Melvin Kuhn
Use of DPR, SCE, DCE to predict PL 4% gain in REL of PL for recent bulls
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ConclusionsConclusions
Most fitness traits are less heritable but more variable than yield and type
In August 2003 NM$, cow fertility receives 7% and calving ease traits each receive 2% of total selection
Reasonable progress is expected
National fitness trait evaluations need to reach foreign customers