©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR RETURNS—AND ENDS 1979–1991 CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR RETURNS—AND ENDS 1979–1991 CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN.
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©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER 28THE COLD WAR
RETURNS—AND ENDS
1979–1991
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1979 U.S. Embassy in Tehran taken by Islamic militants
Sandinista rebels overthrow Somoza in NicaraguaThree Mile Island accident
1980 Ronald Reagan wins Presidency1981 Congress passes Reagan’s tax laws
Sandra Day O’Connor nominated to the Supreme CourtU.S. warplanes shoot down Libyan jetsAnwar Sadat assassinated
1982 Boland Amendments1983 HIV virus identified
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TIMELINE continued1985 Gorbachev becomes head of Soviet Communist part1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
America bombs Tripoli in 1987 October: Stock Market crash
Gay Rights March in Washington1988 American warship accidentally shoots down Iranian airliner
Pro-Iranian agents bomb Pan-Am flight 109George H. W. Bush elected President
1989 U.S. troops invade Panama1991 January: Gulf War begins after invasion of Kuwait by Iraq
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THE COLD WAR RETURNS —AND ENDS Overview
Anticommunism RevisedRepublican Rule at HomeCultural ConflictThe End of the Cold War
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ANTICOMMUNISM REVISED Iran and AfghanistanThe Conservative Victory of 1980Renewing the Cold War
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Trouble Spots in the Middle East, 1979-1993
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IranJanuary 1979: Revolution in Iran deposes
ShahRuhollah Khomeini creates a theocratic state based on
Islamic law and abhorrence of western valuesU.S. Embassy overtaken and American hostages takenMilitants demand return of the Shah to stand trialAbortive rescue attempt, Vance resignation, neglected
reelection campaign
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Afghanistan7 weeks after Iranian hostage situation, Russian
troops invade Afghanistan in order to support the pro-Soviet government against Islamic fighters
President Carter halts most trade with Soviets, withdraws from SALT II, and boycotts 1980 Olympics
“Carter Doctrine”: preserve the status quo in the Persian Gulf region
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The Conservative Victory of 1980Ronald Reagan elected President
Conservative, former movie starCampaigns on ideas of military might,
unlimited consumption, economic growth, and anti-government
Republicans win the Senate
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Renewing the Cold WarUN Ambassador Kirkpatrick’s theory of
authoritarian versus totalitarian nationsReagan rejects détente and denounces the “evil
empire”Pentagon budget grows 40% from 1980 to 1984
Lebanon: 241 U.S. Marines lost to suicide bomber
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NicaraguaSandanistas overthrow Somoza in 1979CIA-created “Contras” wage war on new
government in Managua40,000 Nicaraguans, mainly civilians, dieCongress passes the Boland Amendments
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REPUBLICAN RULE AT HOME
“Reaganomics” and the Assault on Welfare
An Embattled EnvironmentA Society Divided
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“Reaganomics” and the Assault on Welfare
Congress passes Reagan’s tax lawsCutting federal income tax by 25% over 3 yearsTop individual rate drops from 70% to 28%Corporate, capital gains, inheritance taxes cut
Military spending increasesWelfare programs loose fundingFederal government responsibilities taken up by the statesInflation is cut by money policies of the Federal Reserve
Board
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An Embattled EnvironmentReagan administration policies favor big
business and private enterprisesFederal lands opened for commercial useGorsuch (EPA), Burford (BLM), Crowell (FS)
rewrite regulations favoring private enterprisesJames Watt: extremist conservative with
extremist ideas and little regard for the environment. Resigns in 1983
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A Society Divided 1980: CEO’s salary 40 times that of worker 1989: CEO’s salary 93 times that of worker Net worth of 400 richest Americans tripled Wealthiest 1% of Americans possessed more assets than
bottom 90%” “Casino Economy” of mergers, consolidations, insider
trading, buyouts Middle class: factory shutdowns, layoffs Unions: lose members of manufacturing base and to anti-
union sentiment
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Distribution of Wealth and Income
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CULTURAL CONFLICTThe Rise of the Religious RightDissenters Push BackThe New Immigration
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The Rise of the Religious RightBy 1980, Christian fundamentalists make up 20%
of population. Republican, conservative views, support ReaganOppose women’s right to choose, gay rightsSupport school prayerAnti-feminist viewsPromote sexual abstinenceSupport “war on drugs”
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Dissenters Push BackEnvironmental activistsPeace activists, anti-nuclearRacial justice activists
Anti-apartheid in South AfricaRev. Jesse Jackson and Rainbow CoalitionGay rights advocates
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The New Immigration6 million legal immigrants in 1980s40% from Asia: China, Philippines,
Korea50% from Latin America and
Caribbean: MexicoWork: farms, domestic servants,
janitors, gardeners
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THE END OF THE COLD WARFrom Cold War to DétenteThe Iran-Contra ScandalA Global Policeman?
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From Cold War to DétenteGorbachev warns of becoming of a desolate
Soviet economy with missiles
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Afghanistan becomes the Russian’s “Vietnam”
Reagan and Gorbachev in Reykjavik, Iceland
1987: Nuclear Force Treaty signed
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The Iran-Contra ScandalReagan approved illegal sale of U.S. arms to Iran
in return for the freeing of hostages in LebanonOliver North and the National Security Council
divert profits from Iran’s money to the ContrasThe Boland Amendments restrict aid, directly or
indirectly, to the ContrasCongressional investigation, Justice Department
independent prosecutor.
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
A Global Policeman?George H. W. Bush elected President in 1988Home: Appointment of Clarence Thomas to the
U.S. Supreme Court
Foreign: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Berlin WallInvasion of Panama and arrest of Noriega for drug
traffickingGulf War
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