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1
2001 PROGRESS REPORT LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS: PENDLETON,
OREGON
Steve Petrie, Superintendent
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR
97801
An Oversight Committee was established in 1987 to guide research
and management of the Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) at Pendleton,
Oregon. The mission, membership, and duties of this committee are
listed on pp 3-4. Annual meetings were originally proposed, but a
three-year frequency subsequently adopted, with meetings held in
1988, 1991, 1994 and 1997 The attached progress report contains a
description of the LTEs, the Oversight Committee duties, current
membership, and a list of publications produced over the years. The
Pendleton Agricultural Research Center
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE: Pendleton Long-term Experiments 3
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2
Introduction 3 Present Committee Membership 3 Ex Officio Members
3 Purpose and Function 3 Committee Duties 4
Long-Term Agricultural Experiments at Pendleton 5 Introduction 5
Identification and Location of Long-term Experiments 7 Description
of Experiments 8 Grass Pasture (GP) 8 Continuous Cereal (CW) 8
Residue Management (CR) 8 Tillage-Fertility (TF) 9 Wheat/Pea (WP)
10 No-Till Wheat (SF) 10 Treatment History of Experiments Grass
Pasture (GP) 12 Continuous Cereal (CW) 13 Residue Management (CR)
14 Tillage-Fertility (TF) 15 Wheat/Pea (WP) 16 No-Till Wheat (SF)
17 1997 Progress Report 18 Personnel Changes (1994-1997) 18
Research Progress (1994-1997) 18 Management Changes in LTEs
(1994-1997) 20 Recommended Changes in LTE Management 22 General
Comments 24 List of Publications 25
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OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE: Pendleton Long-Term Experiments
INTRODUCTION Several long-term experiments are conducted by
Oregon State University and USDA-ARS at the Columbia Basin
Agricultural Research Center-Pendleton. The oldest date back to
1931 and are among the oldest replicated research trials in the
Western US. Long-term experiments provide useful information only
if they are managed to adopt current technology without losing
continuity with the past. Ill-conceived changes can cause
interactions that mask treatment effects, prevent valid comparison
of past and present response, or reduce plot size to non-manageable
dimensions. Supervision of experiments on OSU land has been the
responsibility of the superintendent of the Pendleton station, and
experiments on USDA land the responsibility of the Research
Leader-USDA. No one prior to 1987 was assigned to evaluate the
merit of long-term experiments or to recommend changes in design
and operation. An oversight committee was established in 1987 to
furnish guidance to the superintendent-OSU and research
leader-USDA.
PRESENT COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP
Stephen Machado Systems Agronomist, OSU, CBARC-Pendleton Steve
Petrie (Chair), Superintendent, CBARC-Pendleton Don Wysocki, Ext.
Soil Scientist, OSU, CBARC-Pendleton Dan Ball, Weed Scientist, OSU,
CBARC-Pendleton Steve Albrecht, Soil Microbiologist, USDA-ARS,
CPCRC-Pendleton Russ Karow, Head-Dept. of Crop & Soil Sci.,
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis Bill Schillinger, Agronomist, Dept.
of Crop & Soil Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman John
Hammel, Head-Dept. of Plant, Soil, & Ent. Sci., Univ. of Idaho,
Moscow
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Dale E. Wilkins, Research Leader, Columbia
Plateau Conserv. Res. Ctr., Pendleton Thayne Dutson, Director OSU
Agric. Expt. Stn., Corvallis Antoinette Betschart, Area Director,
PWA-USDA-ARS, Albany, CA
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION The mission of this committee is to
evaluate the value of the long-term experiments, recommend
modifications to improve usefulness, and provide guidelines for
soil, plant, and water measurements that will minimize detrimental
effects on future experiments. The committee is to include
appropriate staff from both Oregon Sate University and USDA-ARS
located at Pendleton. It will also include representatives from
Oregon Sate Univ.-Corvallis, Washington State Univ.-Pullman, the
Univ. of Idaho, and any other Universities in the Pacific Northwest
that may be deemed appropriate. It was recognized that the USDA-ARS
staff has conducted most of the chemistry research in the past, and
presumably will continue to do so in the future.
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COMMITTEE DUTIES 1. Define the mission and objectives of
long-term research sites, and outline present treatments and
methods of operation. 2. Determine the potential research value of
the plots and encourage regional use, if applicable. 3. Review
research plans annually and recommend changes or modifications in
management, including termination of experiments or treatments not
considered of sufficient benefit to warrant continuation. 4.
Evaluate requests to conduct experiments within research sites, or
to collect soil samples for greenhouse or growth chamber studies.
5. Maintain a chronology of research activity and issue an annual
report. 6. Develop guidelines for plant and soil sampling to
minimize detrimental effects and maintain the integrity of the
plots. 7. Apply for funding from NSF or other agency to operate
selected experiments as a national resource for regional studies,
if appropriate. 8. Prepare or direct the development of historical
summaries of results from these experiments, with a focus upon the
contributions that are not achievable through short-term
research.
The Long-term research experiments at Pendleton, Oregon
Year Initiated Symbol Experiment Name Treatment Variables
1931 GP Grass Pasture None
1931 CW Continuous Cereal Fertility
1931 CR Residue Management Nitrogen, Manure, Burning
1940 TF Tillage-Fertility Tillage, Fertility
1963 WP Wheat-Pea Tillage, Fertility 1991-99
1982 SF No-till Wheat Nitrogen
A no-till continuous cereal trial (NT) with fertility and seed
drill variables was established in
1997.
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LONG-TERM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS AT PENDLETON, OREGON
INTRODUCTION
Long-term research guides future agricultural development by
identifying the effects of crop rotation, variety development,
fertilizer use, aerial and surface contamination, and organic
amendments on soil productivity and other beneficial soil
properties. Deterioration of soils can be ameliorated or prevented
by judicious insight in biological, chemical or physical reactions
in soil. Comprehension and evaluation of many changes often
requires 10-20 years to identify and quantify. Soil microflora and
soil-borne plant pathogens require from 2-8 years in a new cropping
sequence or tillage system to reach a stable equilibrium. The
Pendleton Agricultural Research Center has several ongoing
long-term experimental sites. The earliest was started in 1931, the
latest in 1997. The Residue Management and Tillage-Fertility
experiments are among the oldest replicated research experiments in
the western U.S. All have a documented history of crop variety,
tillage, date of seeding, and grain yield. The studies are
representative of most of the cropping systems in the Pacific
Northwest intermountain cereal region that receives less than
18-inches of precipitation. All research activities on the
long-term experiments are presently monitored by an oversight
committee consisting of five members from Oregon and one each from
Washington and Idaho. The Pendleton Agricultural Research Center
was established in 1929 as a branch station of Oregon State
University. The center is located 9 miles northeast of Pendleton,
in the northeastern corner of Oregon. It is presently known as the
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, and is administered by
the OSU Agric. Expt. Stn. The Columbia Plateau Conservation
Research Center, administered by USDA-ARS, is immediately adjacent.
Research facilities are shared jointly by the staff of both
agencies. The research center is located in the Columbia Plateau
physiographic province between the Cascade and Rocky mountains. The
climate is semi-arid, but partially influenced by maritime winds
from the Pacific ocean. Winters are cool and wet, and summers are
hot and dry. Precipitation occurs primarily in the winter, in
direct contrast to climatic patterns in the midwestern and eastern
U.S. Nearly 70% of the total precipitation falls between September
1 and April 1. The area is characterized by gently to strongly
sloping landscapes developed in loess overlying basalt. Loess
deposits are relatively young, and range in depth from 0.1 to >5
m. Slopes range from 0 to 50%, with the majority in the 7-25%
range. Soils are well drained except those close to drainageways.
Virgin vegetation was a shrub-grassland or sagebrush-grassland
steppe, with Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and Sandberg
bluegrass (Agropyron spicatum) as the dominant species. Drier
landscapes had lesser amounts of sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata)
and wetter areas low-growing shrubs (Symphiocarpos albus). Downy
brome (Bromus tectorum L.) was an early invader after land was
broken for cultivation.
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The research center is located on a gently sloping landscape,
with slopes ranging from 0 to 5%. Average temperature is 50° F, but
ranges from 31 in January to 70 in July. Annual precipitation
averages 16.5 inches. Winter precipitation falls mainly as rain
with limited duration of snow cover in most years. The elevation is
1495 feet above sea level. Soils are coarse silty mixed mesic Typic
Haploxerolls(Walla Walla silt loam). The upper 12 inches of soil
has a CEC of 18 cmol kg-1, a bulk density of 1.2- 1.3 , and a pH
ranging from 5.3 to 7.0 depending on past treatment. The top 12
inches of soil contains about 18% clay and 70% silt. The area was
first broken for cultivation in the mid 1880’s, and was farmed for
about 50 years when the station was established. The long-term
experiments (LTEs) and their location on the research center shown
in Table 1. All wheat grown in these experiments is soft white
wheat unless otherwise noted. Displaying the Tillage-Fertility
Experiment @ the 1995 Field Day
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Table 1 . Identification and location of long-term research
experiments at Pendleton
Year Initiated Symbol Experiment Name Treatment Variables
1931 GP Grass Pasture None
1931 CW Continuous Cereal Fertility
1931 CR Residue Management Nitrogen, Manure, Burning
1940 TF Tillage-Fertility Tillage, Fertility
1963 WP Wheat-Pea Tillage, Fertility 1991-99
1982 SF No-till Wheat Nitrogen
T F
C R
W P
G P
C W
S FA
B
NO R TH
A. USDA-ARS facilities. B. OSU facilities.
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DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS
Grass Pasture (GP): This site contains no experimental
variables, but has been maintained since 1931. Treat-ment history
and plot layout is shown in (Table 2). It is 150 feet wide by 360
feet long, and is dissected in the southern half by a drainageway.
Slope ranges from 0 to 3%, with a southwest aspect for the northern
half. Soil depth is about 4.0 feet. This site approximates a
near-virgin grassland and serves as a base-line for evaluating
changes in the other systems. It is periodically reseeded with
introduced-grass selections, occasionally fertilized, and
infrequently irrigated. The dominant grass species is tall fescue
(Festuca arundinacea Scheeber) with lesser amounts of bulbous
bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.), green foxtail (Setina viridis (L.) P.
Beauv.) and yellow foxtail (S. pumila (Poiret) Roemer &
Schultes). This site received limited grazing from 1931 to 1985. It
has not been grazed since, but vegetation is clipped once or twice
during summer growth. Above-ground productivity has been measured
since 1996. Continuous Cereal (CW): This experiment was established
in 1931. The original experiment consisted of three adjacent sites,
two 284 by 304 feet cropped annually to winter wheat(Triticum
aestivum L.), and one 132 by 304 feet cropped annually to spring
wheat. The original design consisted of eight plots, each 38 by 132
feet, at each site. Treatment history and plot layout is shown in
(Table 3). The eight plots received no fertilizer from 1931 to
1943, different rates of N (0 to 150 lb N acre-1 yr-1) from 1943 to
1951, no fertilizer from 1952 to 1959, and 80 ± 10 lb N acre-1
after 1960. The site was modified in 1977. The southern 66 by 304
feet of the winter wheat section was abandoned to make room for an
equipment yard. The spring wheat site was abandoned, and spring
wheat then grown on the north 132 by 304 feet of the winter wheat
experiment. The spring wheat site was divided in half in 1982, with
the south 66 by 304 feet thereafter cropped to spring barley. The
present experiment now consists of three 66 by 304 feet sections
cropped to winter wheat, spring barley, and spring wheat, each
grown every year in the same location. This experiment currently
serves as a cereal monoculture baseline for comparing other crop
rotations, all under conventional tillage. Each crop site is
moldboard plowed just prior to planting of that crop, and receives
both chemical and mechanical weed control. Slope ranges from 0 to
1%, and soil depth from 4.5 to 6.0 feet. For yield determination,
each site is divided into four 66 by 76 foot sections corresponding
to the initial plots (1+2, 3+4, 5+6, and 7+8). Since 1995, a
12-by-284 foot strip in all crops receives no N and the remaining
54-by-284 feet in each receives 80-N. This permits an evaluation of
N response in annual cropping. The experiment has periodically
received P and S fertilization since 1982. Residue Management
(CR):
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9
This is the most comprehensive of the long-term experiments. It
was established in 1931 and has had only two major revisions (1967,
1979). The rotation is winter wheat/fallow and the tillage is
conventional (moldboard plow). Treatment history and plot layout is
shown in (Table 4). The experimental design is an ordered block
consisting of nine treatments (10 originally) and two replications.
The experiment contains duplicate sets of experiments that are
offset by one year so that data can be obtained annually. Plot size
is 38 by 132 feet. Replicates differ in soil depth, slope, and soil
N content. Replicate I is shallower than II (3.5 vs. 6.0 feet),
more level (0-2 vs. 2-4% slope), and had higher N content in the
top 12 inches of soil in 1931 (0.123 vs. 0.113% N). A single
medium-tall variety (Rex M-1) was grown from 1931 to 1966. Modern
semi-dwarf varieties have been grown since (Nugaines 1967-1973;
Hyslop 1974-1978; Stephens 1979-1991; Malcolm 1992-1995, Stephens
1996-present). Winter wheat is seeded in mid-October and harvested
in mid-July. Fall stubble burns are implemented in late September.
Spring stubble burns are implemented and organic amendments applied
in the spring of the fallow year (late March - early April from
1931-1994; late April-early May since then. Late-winter or
early-spring herbicides are used to control vegetative growth in
wheat stubble until plots are plowed. Plots are plowed 8 inches
deep within 3 days after spring burning. Soil is then smoothed with
a field cultivator/harrow. Weeds are controlled by tillage during
the fallow phase and with herbicides during the crop phase.
Nitrogen fertilizer is applied 5-15 days prior to seeding of wheat.
Lister furrows (first initiated in 1989) are now routinely
installed each fall between plots to channel runoff water out of
the experiment rather than being left to run onto adjacent plots.
The burn plots have in recent years begun to show slower
infiltration and greater surface runoff than that in plots where
residue is incorporated. Furrows are dug in both the wheat and
stubble phases. Furrows are taken out in late March and seeded to
spring wheat to prevent moisture and nitrate buildup between plots.
Delayed spring tillage for fallow was implemented in 1994 in
contrast to previous plowing in late March. Wheat stubble now
receives a herbicide in either late-fall or early-spring to control
downy brome and volunteer wheat. This permits delaying spring
plowing until late April or early May where soil is not as wet.
This change avoids spring tillage when soils are wet and eliminates
2 to 4 tillage operations. The C and N content of the upper 24
inches of soil has been determined about every 10 years (1931,
1941, 1951, 1964, 1976, 1986, and 1995). Straw yield, grain and
straw N content, and the nutrient content of organic amendments
have been determined since 1977. Straw yield and nutrient uptake
from 1931 to 1976 has been estimated by utilizing variety-trial
data coupled with periodic measurements in this experiment.
Tillage-Fertility (TF): These plots were established in 1940 and
have had major revisions in 1952, 1962, and 1988. The rotation is
winter wheat/fallow. This experiment has only one set of plots,
thus yield is obtained only in odd years. Treatment history and
plot layout is shown in Table 5.
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The experimental design is a randomized block split-plot, with
three replications. Main plots consist of three primary tillage
systems (moldboard plow, offset disk, and subsurface sweep) and
subplots of six fertility levels (currently, N rates from 0 to 160
lb N acre-1 in 40 lb increments, with one duplication). Individual
plot size is 18 by 132 feet. Primary tillage is performed in April.
Secondary tillage and other cultural operations are the same for
all treatments. All plots are smoothed 4-6 inches deep with a field
cultivator and harrow following primary tillage. They are then
rodweeded four to five times between April and October to control
weeds and maintain seed zone moisture. Nitrogen fertilizer is
applied about October 1 and winter wheat seeded about October 10.
Nitrogen was broadcast as ammonium nitrate (21-0-0-24S) from 1963
to 1987, and thereafter as urea-ammonium nitrate (32-0-0) shanked 6
inches deep with 10-inch band spacing. The experiment relies on
both mechanical and chemical weed control, but the stubble mulch
treatments have occasionally received extra chemical treatment when
grassy weeds have been a problem. The replicates in this experiment
differ in soil depth by virtue of landscape position. Replicate 1
(6.9 + 0.3 feet deep) is located on a north-facing 3% back slope,
Replicate 2 (4.4 + 0.8 feet) on east-west facing foot slopes of 0
to 2%, and Replicate 3 (3.7 + 0.3 feet deep) on an east-facing 2%
back slope. Medium-tall soft white winter wheat was grown from 1940
to 1962, and semi-dwarf soft white winter wheat since. Straw yield
and grain and straw N content have been determined since 1977.
Wheat/Pea (WP): This experiment was established in 1963, with
modifications in 1972, 1976, and 1989. It is located on
nearly-level land, with 0-1% slope. Soil depth is generally 6 feet.
Crop rotation is winter wheat/pea. Treatment history and plot
layout is shown in Table 6. The experimental design is a randomized
block with four replications. Each replication contains eight plots
(four treatments duplicated within each replication). Duplicate
treatments allow yearly data collection for both wheat and peas.
Individual plot size is 24 by 120 feet. Tillage intensity ranges
from maximal- to minimal-inversion of crop residue. The current
tillage treatments are (1) fall chisel, (2) fall plow, (3) spring
plow, and (4) no-till (Table 6). Vine residues are now left on the
plot rather than removed. Vine yield and nutrient content is
determined. Uniform distribution of peas residues following harvest
is a problem in most years. Semi-dwarf soft white winter wheat is
seeded after October 10 whenever soil moisture is sufficient for
germination and early crop growth using a double disk drill with
7-inch row spacing. Peas are seeded in late March or early April,
and harvested in June or July. The type of peas grown was changed
from fresh-green processing to dry-edible seed in 1989. From 1963
to 1988, wheat received 40-80 lb N acre-1 as ammonium nitrate
(34-0-0) broadcast prior to seeding. In 1989-1990, each wheat plot
received 20 lb N acre-1 as 16-20-0-14S. In 1991-1992, one half of
each plot received 80 lb N acre-1 and the other half received no
additional N. Nitrogen application reversed in 1993-1994, with the
half receiving 80-N for the previous wheat crop receiving no
additional N two years later. This rotation of N fertilization will
continue. This change was instituted to better evaluate N needs of
wheat in a wheat/legume rotation. Peas
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receive 20 lb N acre-1 as either ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S)
or ammonium phosphate-sulfate (16-20-0-14S) broadcast every pea
crop. The east half of the experiment received 1800 lb lime acre-1
in 1976. A 24 x 24 foot area on the western edge of certain plots
was fumigated with methyl bromide in the early 1980s. No-Till Wheat
(NT): This experiment was established in 1982 and modified in 1983,
1988, and 1997. It is located on level land with 0-1% slope. Soil
depth is 4.6 + (±?) 0.3 feet. This site was cropped to wheat/fallow
in earlier years, generally with some form of conventional tillage.
Treatment history and plot layout is shown in Table 7. The
experimental design consists of 10 treatments and four
replications. Plot size is 8 by 100 feet. The original treatments
consisted of two sets of five N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lb N
acre-1 banded below seed, and 100 lb N acre-1 surface broadcast)
and a residue-burning variable (burn, no burn). It was cropped
annually from 1983 to 1988 in a winter wheat/spring wheat rotation.
The crop rotation was changed in 1989 to winter wheat/fallow in
1989. The burn variable was discontinued, and a date of seeding
(September, October) variable superimposed in its place. The
broadcast N treatment was terminated in 1993 and N rates adjusted
to align with those in other long-term experiments (0, 40, 80, 120,
160 lb N/acre). The date of seeding variable was discontinued in
1997, and the experiment revised such that odd-number treatments
were cropped in odd-numbered years and even-numbered treatments in
even-number years. This retains the N rates, and allows for crop
yield to be determined yearly for a wheat/fallow system. An
identical set of no-till plots was added immediately north of the
present experiment in 1997 to compare crop and soil parameters
during early stages of no-till adoption with that for a long-term
no-till system and a moldboard plow system. Odd-numbered treatments
were cropped to spring wheat in 1997 to start the system revision.
Winter wheat will be grown in future years. The experiment is
strictly no-till, with no tillage other than for seeding and
stubble flailing. Herbicides are used to control weeds in both
fallow and crop. This experiment was implemented to evaluate N
fertilizer effects on crop yield and soil quality under no-till
cropping.
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Table 2 Treatment history of the grass pasture (GP)
experiment.
Period Treatment 1931-1985 Limited grazing, no clipping
1986-present No grazing, periodic clipping
WeatherStation
WaterTrough
OldChicken Yard
Barn
Drainage
150 feet
360
feet
Harvest area for productivity
AphidTrap
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Table 3. Treatment history of the continuous cereal (CW)
experiment.
Period Site Crop Grown Variables N Application lb/acre
1931-1942 A,B,C Winter Wheat None None 1943-1951 A,B,C Winter
Wheat N Rate 0-120 1952-1959 A,B,C Winter Wheat None None 1960-1976
A,B,C Winter Wheat None None
1977-1981 A,B C Spring Wheat Winter Wheat None None
1982-1995
A B C
Spring Wheat Spring Barley Winter Wheat
None
80
1996-present
A B C
Spring Wheat Spring Barley Winter Wheat
N Rate
0,80
Extra 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
76' 76' 76' 76'
Winter Wheat
Winter Wheat 1931-present(future no-till study)
N fertilized
Unfertilized
Unfertilized
Unfertilized
N fertilized
N fertilized
66'
66'
72'
60'
A
B
C
Spring Barley
Spring Wheat
Equipment Yard
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Table 4. Treatment history of the residue management (CR)
experiment.
1931-66 1967-78 1979 to Present Trt No.
Organic-N Addition
RTa
Nb
RT
N
RT
N
1 --- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 --- FD 0 NB 40 SB 40 3 --- SD 0 NB 80
SB 80 4 --- NB 30 NB 40 NB 40 5 --- NB 30 NB 80 NB 80 6 --- FB 0 FB
0 FB 0 7 --- SB 0 SB 0 SB 0 8 Manurec NB 0 NB 0 NB 0 9 Pea Vinesd
NB 0 NB 0 NB 0 10 --- NB 0 NB 0 NB 0
a Residue treatment: FD = fall disk, SD = spring disk, NB = no
burn, FB = fall burn,
SB = spring burn. b Nitrogen rate (lb acre-1 crop-1); applied
early October of crop year. c Manure = (10 tons acre-1 crop-1 wet
wt; 47.5% dry matter; 1557 lb. C and 130 lb.
N acre-1 crop-1; applied in April or May of fallow year (1-3
days prior to plowing). d Pea Vines = (1 ton acre-1 crop-1 field
weight; 88.4% dry matter; 740 lb. C and 34 lb.
N acre-1 crop-1; applied 1-3 days prior to plowing.
TRT
NO
REP II REP I
150
0SE
RIE
S
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
140
0SE
RIE
S
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15
Table 5. Treatment history of the tillage-fertility (TF)
experiment.
Primary Treatment (Tillage) Tillage Depth Average Residue Cover
Symbol Type (inches) at Seeding (%)
MP Moldboard Plow 9 7 DI Offset Disk 6 34
SW Subsurface Sweep 6 43
Sub-Treatment (Fertility)
Nitrogen Rate (lb acre-1crop-1)
No. S history 1941-52 1953-62 1963-88 1989-present
1
No
0
0
40
0 2 Yes 10 30 40 40 3 No 0 0 80 80 4 Yes 10 30 80 80 5 Yes 10 30
120 120 6 Yes 10 30 160 160
Nitrogen applied 7-14 days prior to seeding as ammonium sulfate
from 1941-1962, ammonium nitrate from 1963-1988, and urea-ammonium
nitrate since 1989. Nitrogen broadcast from 1941-1988, and banded 6
inches deep with 10 inch row spacing since 1989.
N R
ATE
TRT#
REP III REP II REP I
PLOWSW EEPDISK
DISK PLOW DISK SW EEP DISK SW EEP PLOW
5 4 6 2 3 1 1 2 5 6 3 4 2 1 5 6 3 4 3 4 2 5 6 1 6 1 2 5 3 4 2 1
4 5 3 6 3 5
120
N
80
N
160
N
40
N
80
N
0
N
0
N
40
N
120
N
160
N
80
N
80
N
40
N
0
N
120
N
160
N
80
N
80
N
80
N
80
N
40
N
120
N
160
N
0
N
160
N
0
N
40
N
120
N
80
N
80
N
40
N
0
N
80
N
120
N
80
N
160
N
80
N
120
N1 4 6 2 4 5 3 1 2 6 4 1 2 3 6 5
0 N
80 N
160
N
40 N
80 N
120
N
80 N
0 N
40 N
160
N
80 N
0 N
40 N
80 N
160
N
120
N
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16
Table 6. Treatment history of the wheat/pea (WP) experiment.
Treatment Primary Tillage No. Identification Wheat Stubble Pea
Vines 1 Max Tillage Chisel Disk/chisel (fall) 2 Fall Till Plow
(fall) Plow (fall) 3 Spring Till Plow (spring) Plow (fall) 4 Min
Till No-till No-till
REP
-1REP
-2REP
-3REP
-4
A : W h e a t in o d d y e a rs P ea s in e v e n y e a rs
B : P e a s in o d d y ea rs W h e a t in ev e n y e a rs
2A3A1A4A2B3B4B1B1B4B2B3B3A1A2A4A1B2B4B3B1A3A4A2A4B1B2B3B1A3A4A2A
U N
L I M
E D
L I M
E D
96'
60' 60'
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17
Table 7. Treatment history for the No-Till (SF) experiment
1982-1988 1990-1992 1994-1996 1997-
Treatment no.
N Ratea Stubble Burned
N Rate Seeding Date
N Rate
Seeding Date
N rate
Crop statusb
lb/ac lb/ac month lb/ac month odd yr even yr
1 0 No 0 Sep 0 Sep 0 C F 2 0 Yes 0 Oct 0 Oct 0 F C 3 50 No 50
Sep 40 Sep 40 C F 4 50 Yes 50 Oct 40 Oct 40 F C 5 100 No 100 Sep 80
Sep 80 C F 6 100 Yes 100 Oct 80 Oct 80 F C 7 150 No 150 Sep 160 Sep
160 C F 8 150 Yes 150 Oct 160 Oct 160 F C 9 100bc No 100bc Sep 120
Sep 120 C F 10 100bc Yes 100bc Oct 120 Oct 120 F C
a bc = broadcast; all other N applications banded 2-inches below
seed at seeding. b C = Crop, F = Fallow
CropCycle
CropCycle
Trt #
Trt #
Plot #
Plot #
REP I REP II REP III REP IV
SF97-B
SF97-A
CT97
CT98R E P I R EP II R E P III R E P IV
5 9 6 3 1 7 2 8 10 4 6 4 7 10 5 1 8 3 2 9 7 2 5 9 10 8 3 6 4 1 3
6 5 8 1 9 2 7 10 4
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
Fallo
wFa
llow
Fallo
w
Fallo
wW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
at
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
X
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
X
5 9 6 3 1 7 2 8 10 4 6 4 7 10 5 1 8 3 2 9 7 2 5 9 10 8 3 6 4 1 3
6 5 8 1 9 2 7 10 4
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
Fallo
wFa
llow
Fallo
w
Fallo
wW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
at
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Fallo
wW
heat
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atFa
llow
Whe
atW
heat
Fallo
wW
heat
Fallo
wFa
llow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
X
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
X
1 9 9 1 1 9 9 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
XXX
X N
O P
LOT
XXX
XXX
NO
PLO
T XX
X
1 9 9 1 1 9 9 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
XXX
NO P
LOT
XXX
XXX
NO P
LOT
XXX
XXX
NO P
LOT
XXX
1997 Wheat
Fallow 1997
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18
2001 PROGRESS REPORT LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS: PENDLETON,
OREGON
Steve Petrie, Superintendent
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR
97801
PERSONNEL CHANGES (1997-2000) William A. Payne was hired by
Oregon State University in 1996 to fill the vacant Systems
Agronomist position. Bill arrived in December, 1996 from ICRISAT in
Niger, Africa and took an active role in the conduct and evaluation
of the long-term experiments. Bill Payne assumed responsibility for
LTEs on state land and Steve Albrecht was responsible for LTEs on
federal land. Bill left OSU in 1999 to take a position in Texas.
Paul Rasmussen retired in 1999. Thomas Lumpkin, Head of the Dept.
of Crop and Soil Sciences at Washington State University has
requested that William F. (Bill) Schillinger be assigned as the
Washington State University representative to the Oversight
Committee. Russ Karow is acting Head of the Department of Crop and
Soil Sciences at Oregon State University replacing Sheldon Ladd.
Steve Petrie was hired as Superintendent of the Columbia Basin
Agricultural Research Center in July 2000.
RESEARCH PROGRESS (1997-2000) Stubble burning effects: Several
scientists cooperatively studied both short- and long-term effects
of wheat stubble burning on crop yield and soil quality. Ball and
Rasmussen continued evaluation of stubble burning on weed seed
survival and downy brome competition in wheat (Ball et al., 1999).
Carbon Sequestration The long term plots have provided a unique
opportunity for scientists to study the impact of various practices
on C sequestration in agricultural production systems. This work
has been presented at local, regional, national and international
conferences as well as research reports, refereed publications and
books. Rasmussen and Albrecht (1997), Rasmussen et al., (1998),
Albrecht et al., (1999a, 1999b), Bezdicek et al., (1999) and
Rickman et al., (1999) all reported on various aspects of C
sequestration.
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19
Long-term changes in soil introduced by agricultural practices:
A complete set of soil samples from all long-term experiments was
collected in 1995-1996. This is the first time that a common set of
soil samples were collected at the same time from all plots.
Sampling depths were 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, and then 12-inch increments
until contacting bedrock or indurated layers. Samples will be
analyzed for organic C, inorganic C, total N, pH, bulk density, and
available nutrients such as P, S, Ca, Mg, and Zn. Biological
measurements will also be made after important ones are identified.
Sufficient soil will be archived to compare with future sampling.
This sampling will be conducted every ten years with selected
treatments sampled every 5 years. Nitrogen mineralization and
efficiency: Nitrogen mineralization studies are continuing
(Rasmussen et al., 1998). Various N mineralization methods are
being tested to determine their suitability for projecting N
fertilizer requirements. Rasmussen et al., (1997) looked at N
utilization in the long term plots and many other studies also
addressed N management (Hofman and Vermosen, 1997 and Rasmussen and
Douglas, 1998) Tillage and residue management The long term plots
have been the subject of many studies of the influence of tillage
on soil physical and chemical properties. Rasmussen et al, (1997)
examined the effect of tillage on wheat yield while Rasmussen et
al. (1998) studied soil C and N changes in various tillage systems.
Bezdicek et al. (1999) also studied the effect of tillage on soil
C. Payne et al. (1999a, 1999b, 1999c) reported on tillage and
rainfall effects on various aspects of wheat/pea rotations. Water
use efficiency
Increasing water use efficiency is a key component of successful
dryland cropping systems. Rasmussen et al. (1998a, 1998b) reviewed
the 30-year trends in rainfall and discussed the implications for
cropping in the Columbia Basin. Work on peas was conducted by Payne
et al. (1999a, 1999b, 2000). Soil quality The impact of various
management practices on several individual components of soil
quality have been by several scientists including Chen et al.,
(1998), Payne (1998), Rasmussen et al., (1998), Wuest et al.,
(1999a, 1999b, 1999c), Wilkins et al., (1999), and Williams et al.,
(1999).
MANAGEMENT CHANGES in LTEs (1997-2000)
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20
Residue Management (CR): No management changes since 1997.
Tillage-Fertility (TF): No major changes since 1989. Wheat-Pea
(WP): The peas are now seeded using a direct seed no-till system
with fertilizer applied at seeding in a one-pass operation.
Continuous Wheat (CW): Nitrogen fertilization was discontinued on a
25 by 304 foot section on the south side to provide an assessment
of N response. The remaining area continues to be fertilized with
80 lbs N/acre as URAN shanked 6 inches deep on 10-inch spacing just
prior to seeding. A broadcast application of 20 lbs N/acre as
16-20-0-14S was made in 1997 to the entire area meet P and S needs.
Since then N, P, and S have been applied using 10-34-0 and
Thio-sul. A new trial was initiated in 1997 utilizing no-till
continuous cereal with essentially the same management as the
conventional seeding area. No-Till Wheat (NT): The experiment was
revised in 1997 to eliminate the date of seeding variable, and the
experiment divided into an even-year/odd-year cropping arrangement.
Even-numbered treatments will now have a crop in even-numbered
years, and odd-numbered treatments in odd-numbered years. The
change retained the wheat/fallow rotation and the N rate variable.
Odd-numbered treatments were seeded to spring wheat in 1997 to get
the experiment started. Grass Pasture (GP): The Grass Pasture
currently consists of introduced grasses, with tall fescue the
dominant species. It is currently mowed twice yearly and
productivity samples are taken in June and November. Broadleaf
weeds have been treated with a herbicide as needed. There is some
encroachment of bulbous blue grass and foxtail, especially in the
south end of the pasture. Only the northern half is considered
representative of a undisturbed pasture, and productivity sites are
located there. The area was burned in October 2000 as part of a
renovation management plan.
RECOMMENDED CHANGES IN LTE MANAGEMENT
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21
Soil Acidity/P & S Sufficiency: Soil ph values continue to
fall in the LTEs in response to use of N and P fertilizers.
However, there is little data to determine if soil pH is low enough
to limit wheat yields so no lime has been applied. This point
should be discussed at the LTE Oversight Committee meeting. A
similar situation exists for P and S. Again, the soil test levels
are falling and we need to discuss whether P and S should be
applied as a uniform treatment or as variable. Soil erosion
assessment: John Williams has been measuring runoff from the CR
plots for three years. To date, except for scattered penetrometer
measurements, there are essentially no information to determine if
various management treatments have affected soil crusting or soil
permeability. This is a major deficiency, and should be remedied if
measurements do not cause excessive damage to plots. Infiltration
studies such as double-ring infiltrometer are possible on the east
side of each plot if soil disturbance is kept to a minimum.
Management of the Grass Pasture: The Grass Pasture is becoming more
important as a baseline from which to assess the effect of changes
in agricultural management of crops and soils. It is still
classified as a pasture, but should it be managed as a grassland
system? It has not been pastured by cattle since 1985, with no
plans to introduce livestock grazing again. We have adopted the
practice of selectively clipping vegetative growth once or twice a
year, spraying out broad-leaved weeds with herbicides, and
maintaining the introduced grass species that currently dominates
growth (tall fescue). Should we revert to native species of
grasses? Failure to graze eliminates early-season pressure on
undesirable species such as foxtail and bulbous bluegrass. So we
may never be able to achieve a true “native grassland” condition.
But suggestions for improving management are welcomed and sought.
Record keeping/data entry: There needs to be sustained effort to
consolidate, document. and organize LTE information, and place it
in both computer and physical files. There is presently no
established procedure for researchers to insure inclusion of their
activities in record files. Information is maintained in separate
books. Roger Goller has much of the information in a 3-ring
notebook file, and archive records in a file cabinet. There is also
a need to place a complete set of documents in a location other
than the ARS building. The OSU vault in the old office building is
a suitable location. Yields for most of the LTEs are now on
computer files. Weather records are also available. Someone needs
to assume responsibility to update yield files yearly.
Computerization of records: Entry of all LTE information into a
computer file accessible to everyone is a primary need. Files must
contain Individual yearly notes of changes, abnormalities,
deviations, and personal observations. We are progressing slowly in
this area at present. Delineation of responsibility:
-
22
Areas of responsibility need to be defined. Paul Rasmussen made
most of the routine management changes after consultation with Dick
Smiley and Karl Rhinhart. Paul was reluctant to bother committee
members with minor changes in management, and only contact members
when a major project request occurs or when someone asks for
permission to do major soil sampling on the plots. There is no set
procedure outlining who appoints members to the Oversight Committee
when a vacancy occurs. We need to discuss what constitutes routine
management decision compared to a major management change.
Publication of results: Paul wanted to summarize 65-years of
activity on the Pendleton Long-term experiments and publish them in
some type of publication. It would be somewhat technical, but
readable by general audiences. Length would be perhaps 60 pages. It
would include photos, charts, and perhaps pictures. Color would add
to its visibility. It would address the value of long-term
experimentation in agriculture, and provide some measure of what is
costs to maintain such experiments. International cooperation would
be stressed as an integral part of such studies. Paul would welcome
any suggestions on where such an article might be published. An OSU
Special Report is a possibility, as is an ARS bulletin or an
article in Advances in Agronomy. Other possibilities include
funding by private agencies or companies or public endowment
organizations.
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23
List of Publications from the Long-Term Experiments
1957 Oveson, M.M. and W. E. Hall. 1957. Longtime tillage
experiments on eastern Oregon wheat land. Tech. Bull. 39. Agric.
Expt. Stn. Oregon State College & USDA-ARS. 47 pp.
1966 Oveson, M.M. 1966. Conservation of soil nitrogen in a
wheat-summer fallow farming practice. Agron. J. 58:444-447.
1967 Oveson, M.M. and R.S. Besse. 1967. The Pendleton experiment
station - its development, program, and accomplishments, 1928-1966.
Spec. Rept. 233. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn., Corvallis, OR.
1977
Rasmussen, P.E., R.E. Ramig, L.G. Ekin, and C.R. Rohde. 1977.
Tissue analyses guidelines for diagnosing sulfur deficiency in
white wheat. Plant and Soil 46:153-163.
1978 Allmaras, R.R., K. Ward, P.E. Rasmussen, and C.R. Rohde.
1978. Soil acidification from long-term use of ammonium-type
nitrogen fertilizers. pp. 55-58. In Spec. Rept. SM 78-4, Oregon
State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR.
Douglas, C. L., Jr., R. R. Allmaras, and P. E. Rasmussen. 1978.
Silica movement in a Walla Walla soil. p. 134. Agron. Abstr., Am.
Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P. E., R. R. Allmaras, C.
R. Rohde, and N. C. Roager, Jr. 1978. Effects of crop residue
management in a wheat-fallow rotation on carbon and nitrogen in
soil. p. 160. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
Rasmussen, P.E., C.R. Rohde, and N.C. Roager, Jr. 1978. Long-term
effects of crop residue management on organic matter levels in soil
(1931-1976). pp. 52-54. In Spec. Rept. SM 78-4, Oregon State Univ.
Agric. Exp. Stn., Corvallis, OR.
1979 Engle, C.F. and P.E. Rasmussen. 1979. Grain stubble burning
depletes the soil. pp. 34-39. In Pendleton-Walla Walla Fertilizer
Dealers Conf., Walla, WA.
1980 Rasmussen, P.E., R.R. Allmaras, C.R. Rohde, and N.C.
Roager, Jr. 1980. Crop residue influences on soil carbon and
nitrogen in a wheat-fallow system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
44:596-600.
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24
Rasmussen, P. E. and R. W. Rickman. 1980. Temperature elevation
and duration within the canopy of burning wheat stubble. p. 191.
Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
1983 Rasmussen, P. E. and C. R. Rohde. 1983. Long-term changes
in soil C, N, and pH produced by NH4 -N fertilization. p. 178.
Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
1984 Douglas, C.L. Jr., R.R. Allmaras, and N.C. Roager, Jr.
1984. Silicic acid and oxidizable carbon movement in a Walla Walla
silt loam as related to long-term management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
48:156-162.
1986 Pikul, J.L. Jr., and R.R. Allmaras. 1986. Physical and
chemical properties of a Haploxeroll after fifty years of residue
management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:214-219. Rasmussen, P.E. and
P.O. Kresge. 1986. Plant response to sulfur in the Western United
States. pp. 357-374. In Sulfur in Agriculture (M. A. Tabatabai,
Ed.). ASA Monograph, No. 27, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
(Monograph chapter) Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Rickman, and C.L.
Douglas, Jr. 1986. Air and soil temperature changes during spring
burning of standing wheat stubble. Agron J. 78:261-263. Rasmussen,
P. E., and C. R. Rohde. 1986. Long-term tillage and nitrogen
effects on organic C and N in semiarid soils. p 251. Agron. Abstr.,
Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. and C.R. Rohde. 1986.
Nitrogen fertilization, stubble burning, and benomyl effects on
Cercosporella foot rot in winter wheat. p 143-146. In Proc. 37th
Northwest Fertilizer Conf., Boise, ID.
1988 Castellano, S.D., and R.P. Dick. 1988. Distribution of
sulfur fractions in soil as influenced by management of organic
residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1403-1405. Collins, H. P., P. E.
Rasmussen, and C. L. Douglas. 1988. Characterization of microbial
activity after 58 years of wheat-fallow cropping. p. 213. Agron
Abstr. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Dick, R.P., P.E. Rasmussen,
and E.A. Kerle. 1988. Influence of long-term management on soil
enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a
wheat-fallow system. Biol. Fert. Soils 6:159-164. Dick, R. P., P.
E. Rasmussen, and E. A. Kerle. 1988. Kinetic parameters of enzyme
activities as influenced by organic residue and N fertilizer
management. p. 180. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison,
WI.
-
25
Rasmussen, P.E. 1988. Long-term research on soil organic matter.
p. 3-4. Small Farm News. (May-June issue) Coop. Ext. Sv., Univ. of
California, Davis, CA. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1988.
Stubble burning effects on winter wheat yield and nitrogen
utilization. Agron. J. 80:940-942. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde.
1988. Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on
organic nitrogen and carbon in a semi-arid soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
J. 52:1114-1117. Smith, J. L., P. E. Rasmussen, and H. P. Collins.
1988. Nitrogen transformations as affected by 50 years of residue
management treatments. p. 224. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron.,
Madison, WI. Zuzel, J. F., J. L. Pikul, Jr., and P. E. Rasmussen.
1988. Tillage and fertilizer effects on water infiltration. EOS
Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 69:1219-1220.
1989 Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1989. Soil acidification
from ammonium-nitrogen fertilization in moldboard plow and
stubble-mulch wheat-fallow tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
53:119-122. Rasmussen, P.E., H.P. Collins, and R.W. Smiley. 1989.
Long-term management effects on soil productivity and crop yield in
semi-arid regions of Eastern Oregon, Stn. Bull. 675, Oregon State
Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. and USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. 57 pp.
Rasmussen, P.E., C.R. Rhode, and R.W. Smiley. 1989. Improving grain
yield: 60-years of progress. p. 11-13. In Spec. Rept. 840. Oregon
State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR.
Rasmussen, P. E., R. W. Smiley, and H. P. Collins. 1989. Long-term
(1931-present) fertilizer, residue management, and tillage studies
at Pendleton, Oregon. p. 250. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron.,
Madison, WI. Wilkins, D.E., P.E. Rasmussen, and H.P. Collins. 1989.
Straw to grain ratios of Stephens winter wheat. p. 80-86. In Spec.
Rept. 840. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS,
Corvallis, OR.
1990 Rasmussen, P. E. and C. L. Douglas, Jr. 1990. Straw residue
and nitrogen fertilizer effects on no-till wheat. p. 278. Agron.
Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. 1990.
Long-term yield-protein relations in dryland winter wheat. pp.
86-90. Proc. 41st Ann. Northwest Fert. Conf. Farwest Fert. &
Agrichem. Assoc., Spokane, WA.
-
26
Rasmussen, P.E. 1990. Long-term sulfur management in northern
wheat growing areas. pp. 112-118. Proc. MEY Wheat Management Conf.,
Denver, CO. Phosphate-Potash Inst., Atlanta, GA. Zuzel, J.F., J.L.
Pikul, Jr., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1990. Tillage and fertilizer
effects on water infiltration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
54:205-208.
1991 Allmaras, R.R., D.A. Laird, C.L. Douglas, Jr., P.E.
Rasmussen, and P.J. Copeland. 1991. Long-term tillage, residue
management, and nitrogen fertilizer influences on soluble silica in
a Haploxeroll. p. 323. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI
Mitchell, C.C., R.L. Westerman, J.R. Brown, and T.R. Peck. 1991.
Overview of long-term agronomic research. Agron. J. 83:24-29.
Rasmussen, P.E. 1991. Nitrogen movement and recovery in dryland
winter wheat. pp. 74-78. Proc. 42nd Ann. Northwest Fert. Conf.
Farwest Fert. & Agrichem. Assoc., Spokane, WA. Rasmussen, P.E.
1991. Managing soil carbon. p. 40. In M.G. Johnson and J.S. Kern
(ed.) Sequestering carbon in soils: A workshop to explore the
potential for mitigating global climate change. EPA/600/3-91/031
USEPA Environ. Res. Lab, Corvallis, OR. Rasmussen, P.E. and H.P.
Collins. 1991. Long-term impacts of tillage, fertilizer, and crop
residue on soil organic matter in temperate semi-arid regions, Adv.
Agron. 45:93-134. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1991. Tillage,
soil depth, and precipitation effects on wheat response to
nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:121-124. Rasmussen, P.E., R.R.
Allmaras, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1991. Nitrogen fertilizer effects
on soil acidity and N mineralization. p. 298. Agron. Abstr., Am.
Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
1992 Collins, H.P., P.E. Rasmussen, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1992.
Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil carbon and
microbial dynamics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:783-788
1993 Douglas, C.L., Jr., P.E. Rasmussen, and H.P. Collins. 1993.
Effect of residue on nitrogen mineralization across agronomic
zones. p. 313. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Pikul,
J.L. Jr., R.E. Ramig, and D.E. Wilkins. 1993. Soil properties and
crop yield among four tillage systems in a wheat-pea rotation. Soil
Tillage Res. 26:151-162.
-
27
Rasmussen, P.E. 1993. Surface residue and nitrogen fertilization
effects on no-till wheat. pp. 555-558. In N.J. Barrow (ed.) Plant
Nutrition - From Genetic Engineering to Field Practice. Kluwer
Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and B. Duff.
1993. Biological and economic sustainability of wheat/fallow
agriculture. pp. 13-22. In Spec. Rept. 909. Oregon State Univ.
Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Rasmussen, P.E.,
C.L. Douglas, Jr., and H.P. Collins. 1993. Long-term management
effects on soil nitrogen mineralization. p. 283. Agron. Abstr., Am.
Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Smiley, R.W. 1993. Physiologic leaf spot
of wheat. pp. 28-38. In: Spec. Rept. 909. Oregon State Univ. Agric.
Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Smiley, R.W., W. Uddin, P.K.
Zwer, D.J. Wysocki, D.A. Ball, T.G. Chastain, and P.E. Rasmussen.
1993. Influence of crop management practices on physiologic leaf
spot of winter wheat. Plant Dis. 77:803-810. Wilkins, D.E., and
P.E. Rasmussen. 1993. Long-term residue management effects on
tillage draft. Paper no. 93-1111. Am. Soc. Agric. Engr., St Joseph.
MI.
1994 Fauci, M.F., and R.P. Dick. 1994. Plant response to organic
amendments and decreasing inorganic nitrogen rates in soils from a
long-term experiment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:134-138. Fauci,
M.F., and R.P. Dick. 1994. Soil microbial dynamics: short- and
long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J. 58:801-806. Pikul, J.L. Jr., and J.F. Zuzel. 1994. Soil
crusting and water infiltration affected by long-term tillage and
residue management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1524-1530. Parton,
W.J., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1994. Long-term effects of residue
management in wheat/fallow: II. Century model simulations. Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:530-536. Rasmussen, P.E. 1994. Nitrogen
placement and stubble burning effects on downy brome competition in
winter wheat. p. 349. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
Rasmussen, P.E. and W.J. Parton. 1994. Long-term effects of residue
management in wheat/fallow. I. Inputs, yield, and soil organic
matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:523-530. Rasmussen, P.E., and R.W.
Smiley. 1994. Long-term experiments at the Pendleton Agricultural
Research Center. pp. 14-20. In: Spec. Rept. 933. Oregon State Univ.
Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis.
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28
Rickman, R.W., D. Bae, C.L. Douglas, Jr., P.E. Rasmussen, and
R.E. Ramig. 1994. Soil water content response to overwinter tillage
for 20 years of a wheat-pea rotation. p. 353. Agron. Abstr., Am.
Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Smiley, R.W., H.P. Collins, P.E.
Rasmussen, W. Uddin, K.E.L. Rhinhart, and R.H. Goller. 1994. Wheat
diseases and yield in long-term agronomic experiments at the
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center (Pendleton). pp. 21-30.
In Spec. Rept. 933. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. &
USDA-ARS, Corvallis.
1995 Albrecht, S.L., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Soil quality and
soil organic matter. pp 101-104. In Spec. Rept. 946. Oregon Agric.
Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Albrecht, S.L., and P.E.
Rasmussen. 1995. Microbial respiration and nitrate immobilization
in soils following additions of wheat straw or burned wheat
residue. pp 229. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
Albrecht, S.L., P.E. Rasmussen, K.W. Skirvin, and R.H. Goller.
1995. Is burning an effective management practice for the Pacific
Northwest cereal region? pp 105-109. In Spec. Rept. 946. Oregon
Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Ball, D.A., R.W.
Smiley, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Experiments in wheat/fallow
agroecosystems and implications for pest management. No. 444. In
Abstracts XIII Intl. Plant Protect. Congr. European J. Plant
Pathol. Dick, R.P. and R.A. Christ. 1995. Effects of long-term
residue management and nitrogen fertilization on availability and
profile distribution of nitrogen. Soil Sci. 159:402-408. Duff, B.,
P.E. Rasmussen, and R.W. Smiley. 1995. Wheat/fallow systems in the
semi-arid regions of Pacific NW America. pp. 85-111. In V. Barnett
et al. (ed.) Agricultural Sustainability: Economic, Environmental
and Statistical Considerations. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Pumphrey, F.V., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. The Pendleton
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