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LOGIC ANCIENT MIDDLE EARLYMODERN MODERN

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If we know that all philosophers are wise, this is the premise we

need in order to conclude that Socrates is

wise

Socrates is a philosopher

An example would be, “Plato is both tall and

not tall.”

Contradiction

An example would be, “either Plato is tall or

Plato is not tall.”

Tautology

No one is granted bail if they are held for

murder.John is not held for

murder.Therefore John will be

granted bail

Invalid

Tom is Tall or Tom is ShortTom is Short or Tom is Wise

Tom is Happy or Tom is WiseTom is not Wise

Therefore Tom is Short and Happy

Valid

This philosopher is most likely to say, “The chair

you sit upon is a reflection of a perfect

concept of chair, which is more real.”

Plato

This philosopher used paradoxes to refute the concept that things can

be divided.

Zeno

This philosophical school said that emotions lead to

unethical behaviour.

Stoicism

This Taoist epistemological

philosopher may have been a butterfly

Zuangzi

He would challenge your assertion that, “I

know for certain that the earth orbits the sun

because I was told so by my teacher” and

probably be killed for it.

Socrates

This much disputed argument says that we can infer the existence

of God from the idea of God.

The Ontological Argument

This philosopher justified his ethics with reference to divine laws

and natural laws.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

This philosopher rejected questions of

metaphysics in favour of the practical matters of

government.

Niccolo Machiavelli

This philosopher came up with the idea of a

social contract to avoid the pain of natural state

of mankind

Hobbes

He was responsible for challenging the Ptolemaic

view of the universe.

Copernicus

This philosopher believed in a basic

oneness to all things and rejected feelings as an

adequate form of understanding.

Spinoza

According to Leibniz, these pre-programmed elements are the basic

elements of the universe.

Monads

Both Hume and Locke advocated this theory of knowing through senses.

Empiricism

This philosopher believed that government can only

intervene to support natural rights. He devised this from

his idea of the “noble savage”

Rousseau

Hegel believed this to be the result of the conflict between a thesis and an

antithesis.

Synthesis

This philosopher rejected materialism for

a number of reasons, one of which is that a

lack of value is a value itself

Whitehead

John Dewey espoused this theory that insists that the best way to know the truth of

something is to test it in practice.

Pragmatics

This philosopher believed that the only way to be free is to

eliminate social class.

Karl Marx

This philosopher used the myth of Sisyphus as a

metaphor for the human absurdity of trying to

make sense of a senseless world

Camus

According to Levi Strauss, the mind and body, as well

as opposing elements in mythology are examples of

this.

Dualistic Elements