20 th Century Developments
Jan 01, 2016
1902 1904, 1909, 1919
1933 1950s
Military Drill Therapeutic Drill
PT PE
The Model Course
Syllabuses Moving and Growing and Planning the Programme
Boer War 1899-1902
1st World War 1914-18
2nd World War 1939-45
Instructor Trainer Educator
From instructional to child-centred What – drill etc Who – learnt / taught When – dates Where – playground, purpose built etc Why – effects of war etc
Instructional to child-centred philosophy 1950s now - teachers became
accountable Poverty welfare state Class system opportunity for all Facilities – playground purpose built Teachers – class teachers graduate
PE Effects of war Class sizes National Curriculum Initiatives, eg Top Sport, Sports Colleges International sport
In groups, do a presentation on each syllabus:
Elementary Drill The Model Course Early Syllabuses – 1904 + 1909 The Syllabus – 1919 Syllabus PT – 1933 Moving + Growing / Planning the
programme
Improving general health of the body rather than towards muscular development.
The drills were done outside whenever possible to allow for fresh air and deep breathing.
The movements were done to command so the pupils learn the power of quick and correct response, and this involves concentration and quickness of thought, alertness of action, and effort of will.
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FITNESS FOR ARMYDISCIPLINEBUILD MEN OUT OF BOYS (LIKE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS)
1870 – TAUGHT BY NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS1890S – TAUGHT BY QUALIFIED CLASS TEACHERS
WHY?
1870-Board Schools (state schools) set up by Forster Ed. Act. No longer parish responsibility
Compulsory education for aged 5-10years, increased to 12 years 1899
Lack of space, esp. In towns
1870 – military drill 1890s – Swedish drill 1900 – games were
considered an alternative to Swedish drill
WHY? WHAT?
During Boer war the large army found it hard to defeat the small mobile Boers guerrilla fighters
Swedish drill blamed Claimed working
classes were unhealthy + unfit + not prepared properly to fight
War Office (not education dept) produced this
Fitness, weapons, discipline, military drill, exercies, breathing
Command-response, eg, ‘attention’, march etc
All group response, ranks Taught by NCOs Step backwards in
progression, gave subject lower status
Large numbers Social deprivation
School medical service 1908 wanted to improve health of the poor
1909 – teachers had to be trained
Exercise in open air, suitable clothing
Large classes, poor facilities
1904-109 –tables of exercise followed
1909 – 71 tables Formal, ranks, marching,
free standing exercises, group responses, some choice for teachers
WHY? WHAT?
Therapeutic effects – breathing, circulation, posture
Obedience, discipline, enjoyment
Alertness, decision making, mind over body
1909 – Swedish exercises + military drill, with some enjoyment
Dancing, simple games
Danish + rhythmic swinging exercises
WHY? WHAT?
WW1 – many lives lost
Flu – many lives lost Enjoyment + play for
under 7s Therapeutic for over
7s
Child centred, broad Free standing
exercises + positions Games for under 7s Games, dancing, free
movement, general exercises
More freedom for pupils + teachers, less formal
WHY?
1930s – Industrial Depression – many unemployed
2 syllabuses – under + over 11s
Fitness Therapeutic Physique Holistic – develop mind +
body Skills + posture Outdoor lessons for health
WHAT? HOW?
Athletics, gymnastics, games
Skills eg cartwheels, also use of apparatus
Group work – independence + variety
Built on play
Direct style Group work + tasks Special clothes/kit 5 x 20min lessons a
week recommended Facilities – gymnasia Still had tables for
planning
WHY?
Following the 2nd World War (1939-45) teachers were looking for new ‘educational’ ways of teaching.
During the war exciting frame apparatus had been used in assault courses for soldiers and schools adapted these.
Creativity + movement patterns With the post-war building
programme, all primary schools had hall with fixed apparatus and so children were able to produce skilled sequences on the floor and also complex apparatus patterns. Also had to provide playing fields.
School leaving age = 15 Replace the under 11 section of
1933 Syllabus
WHAT? HOW?
Physical, social, cognitive Variety Enjoyment + satisfaction Increased involvement
Agility exercises, gymnastics, dance, games, swimming, movement to music
Child centred + enjoyment
Progressive Teachers guided, not
directed Problem solving,
creativity, exploratory, discovery
Individual interpretation + ‘open’ tasks
apparatus