20 th Century Conflicts. Warm up Question: Following Reconstruction what were some of the challenges facing the United States?

20th Century Conflicts

Warm upQuestion:

Following Reconstruction what were some of the challenges facing the

United States?

Answer:• Equality for blacks and whites• Rebuilding the war zones• Combining the Confederacy and the

Union• Establishing a role within

international politics• Remaining neutral around the globe

Complete the following tasks related to the

Spanish American War

Please read the article “War with Spain”

The Spanish-American War

April-December 1898• The US had a large interest in Cuba (Spanish

controlled). Jose Marti led a rebellion in Cuba. Spain responded by sending General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to round up Cubans and put them in concentration camps.

• American journalists wrote of the atrocities in Cuba to gain US support for the Cuban cause. Pres. McKinley tried to avoid the Cuba/Spanish conflict, but he was interested in Cuba so it was difficult. In addition, the Spanish minister to the US called McKinley weak. (de Lome letter)

How it started…• A few days later the U.S.S. Maine

exploded in the Havana Harbor, killing 260 American men.

Cause????? Spanish????• In April 1898, the US declared war on

the Spanish.

Key Battles• 1st battle-in the Philippines, General

George Dewey defeated the Spanish naval fleet and gained the support of the Filipinos (who also wanted freedom from Spanish control.) Spanish troops in the Philippines soon surrendered to the Americans.

Key Battles

• 2nd battle-in Cuba, weak American forces (African American regiments and the Rough Riders) defeated Spanish forces. Battle of San Juan Hill.

The End of the War…

• US and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris (1898) to end the Spanish-American War. The US got Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

• We also guided the Cubans into setting up their own government.

Complete the following worksheets related to the

Spanish American War

• Create a ten square comic strip or story board using the information in the article, “The World of 1898: The Spanish American War.”

• Be sure to include people, quotations, and events from the article.

Warm up:

Question:What did the Spanish American War

show about the United States?

Answer:That the U.S. was now a force to be

reckoned with and it had international interests.

Spanish satirical drawing published in 1896, criticizing the United States behavior regarding Cuba.

World War 11914-1918

Four MAIN Causes of WW1:

• Militarism- mass armies were being raised by countries, led to competition

• Alliances-competition among European nations, led to the buddy system

• Imperialism-fight for foreign lands, led to competition

• Nationalism-ethnic groups wanted to become independent countries, led to competition

How it started…• Assassination of Archduke Francis

Ferdinand: (heir to the Austria-Hungary empire) he was assassinated by a terrorist group from Serbia, who wanted Bosnia to become free of Austria-Hungary and become part of Serbia. (June, 1914) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. AH had the support of Germany and Serbia had Russia on its side.

• Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary and soon after on Germany too. In response, Germany declared war on Russia.

• Next, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Great Britain was also an ally with France and Russia. The great powers of Europe were now at war.

• PBS Allied Animation

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

2 Main Alliance Systems:• Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

(Also called the Triple Alliance) (Orange)

• Allied Powers- Serbia, France, Great Britain, Russia (later the US) (Also called the Triple Entente) (Green)

• Neutral (Grey)

The War…• Governments used propaganda to generate interest for

the war.  • The Western Front- Germany’s Schlieffen Plan vs.

France. Both sides used trench warfare and a stalemate occurred.

• The Eastern Front- This side had heavy loses. Russia vs. Germany/Austrian-Hungary. Italy turned its back on A-H. (The Outbreak of War)

• Trench Warfare-Soldiers built deep trenches that were protected by barbed wire.

• War in the Air- Initially used to spot enemies, airplanes soon became used for attacks. The Germans also used zeppelins.

• By 1917, the European war had spread to Africa and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central powers (Germany & A-H).

• The US tried to remain neutral, but Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare (sank the Lusitania) and the Zimmerman Note. By April 1917, the US entered the war and brought a boost, money, and supplies.

The Russian Revolution

• At the onset of WWI the Russian army was completely unprepared for war and the monarchy was in shambles.

• The Russia citizens soon took things into their own hands. First, they assassinated members of the ruling class, second, working class women in Petrograd went on strike over bread rationing in the city, and soon men and soldiers joined the women in these marches.

• In response to the chaos the Duma, (the Russia legislative body) ordered Czar Nicholas to step down, he did, and the 300 year-old Romanov dynasty ended.

• The provisional (temporary) government decided to carry on with the war to preserve Russia’s honor. This decision upset most of the population.

The Russian Revolution (cont’d.)

• Another growing problem in Russia were the soviets. These groups represented the more radical interests of the lower classes. One group, the Bolsheviks-came to play a crucial role.

• The Bolsheviks were under the leadership of V.I. Lenin became a party dedicated to violent revolution. Lenin encouraged the Bolsheviks to gain control of all soviet groups and together they could overthrow the provisional government.

• In a fairly calm overthrow the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government and placed the power in the hands of the soviets. The power was officially given to Lenin.

• The Bolsheviks who soon renamed themselves the Communists moved to restore order in Russia.

• On March 3, 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces. This officially took Russia out of WWI.

• Civil War in Russia- many Russians were opposed to the Communist regime in Russia. Fights broke out in Russia.

• Finally, the czar and his family were captured and killed and Lenin was in total control of Russia. By 1921, the Communists were a single party system that had gained total control of Russia. Now called Soviet Union!

End of the War• The Germans were defeated outside Paris, and German leaders declared that

the war was lost. The German leader, William II fell to public pressure and left the country. On November 11, 1918 the German government signed an armistice (an agreement to end the fighting.)

• Following the war revolutionary forces in Germany formed the German Communist Party. Rebellions also took place in Austria-Hungary. These revolts led to the collapse of the empire—independent countries soon followed; Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

• The Peace Settlements- In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris to make a final settlement of the Great War. The fight was led by US president Woodrow Wilson and his “Fourteen Points.” Wilson-wanted to est. The League of Nations, to prevent future wars. France & Great Britain- wanted to punish Germany/revenge.

• The Treaty of Versailles- consisted of 5 separate peace settlements with the defeated nations-Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The treaty was very harsh for Germany. They had to accept a war guilt clause, a new map of Europe was drawn, land switched hands, militaries were reduced, and an official peace keeping body was established.

The End Result

• WWI seems to have been caused by the 4 MAIN causes, plus the competitive nature that existed in Europe before the war.

• Once the war was over there were feelings of anger and resentment, especially for the losers.

New Map of Europe (1922)

Complete the following worksheets related to

World War 1

•Causes of World War 1•First World War Weapons•Two Revolutions in Russia & From Lenin to Stalin•WW I Games

Warm up:

Question:Briefly explain the four MAIN causes of

World War I.

Map of the participants in World War I: Allied Powers in green, Central Powers in yellow, and neutral countries in grey

Answer:

• Militarism- mass armies were being raised by countries, led to competition

• Alliances-competition among European nations, led to the buddy system

• Imperialism-fight for foreign lands, led to competition

• Nationalism-ethnic groups wanted to become independent countries, led to competition

F.D.R. The Great Depression

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• FDR was president of the United States from March 1933-1945. (Democrat)

• He is the only president to serve more than 2 terms.

• He was president during the Great Depression and for almost all of WW2.(he died in office during his 4th term)

FDR• He was born in 1882 in New York,

where he became governor in 1928.

• He and Eleanor, who were related (5th cousins, once removed), married in 1905.

• His alma mater is Harvard. He later studied law at Columbia.

• Paralyzed by Polio at age 39, Roosevelt used a wheelchair.

• It was important to hide this from the American people so they believed this president was strong.

• He died at his vacation home of a cerebral hemorrhage during his fourth term in 1945.

FDR• "Fear itself": FDR gave his

famous "fear itself" speech at his first inauguration on March 4, 1933. (Depression)

• "Four freedoms": His 1941 State of the Union address is known as the "Four Freedoms" speech. (WWII)

• "Date which will live in infamy": He gave his famous "date which will live in infamy" speech the day after the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor.

FDR

• FDR was the only president elected to more than two terms before he suddenly died in 1945.

• It's thought that he may have partly inspired Congress to pass the 22nd Amendment, which limited presidential terms in 1947.

FDR

• Economic programs: The “New Deal” programs were implemented during his first presidency in response to the Great Depression.

• The goals of these programs were to get Americans back to work and end the depression.

• Helping children: The president founded an organization, now known as the March of Dimes.

NEW DEAL

• Plan created by FDR to bring the economy out of the great Depression!

• http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/videos#the-new-deal-how-does-it-affect-us-today

The Causes of the Great Depression

• Tariffs and War Debt-fewer US goods in global market

• A crisis in the farm sector• Availability of easy credit• An unequal distribution

of wealth• MAIN PROBLEM:

Failure of the Federal Reserve to influence the money supply.

The auction of a farmer’s property in Iowa in the

1930s.

The Great Depression• The stock market crashed in October 1929.• http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/videos#the-great-depression

• Throughout the 1920s a long boom took stock prices to peaks never before seen. From 1920 to 1929 stocks more than quadrupled in value. Many investors became convinced that stocks were a sure thing and borrowed heavily to invest more money in the market.

• But in 1929, the bubble burst and stocks started down an even more precipitous cliff. In 1932 and 1933, they hit bottom, down about 80% from their highs in the late 1920s. This had sharp effects on the economy.

• Demand for goods declined because people felt poor because of their losses in the stock market. New investment could not be financed through the sale of stock, because no one would buy the new stock. But perhaps the most important effect was chaos in the banking system as banks tried to collect on loans made to stock market investors whose holdings were now worth little or nothing at all. Worse, many banks had themselves invested depositors' money in the stock market.

• When word spread that banks' assets contained huge uncollectable loans and almost worthless stock certificates, depositors rushed to withdraw their savings. Unable to raise fresh funds from the Federal Reserve System, banks began failing by the hundreds in 1932 and 1933.

The Great Depression• But perhaps the most important effect

was chaos in the banking system as banks tried to collect on loans made to stock market investors whose holdings were now worth little or nothing at all. Worse, many banks had themselves invested depositors' money in the stock market.

• When word spread that banks' assets contained huge uncollectable loans and almost worthless stock certificates, depositors rushed to withdraw their savings. Unable to raise fresh funds from the Federal Reserve System, banks began failing by the hundreds in 1932 and 1933. A crowd gathered on Wall

Street after the crash

The Depression Devastates People’s

Lives• Depression existed largely

in the cities• Shantytowns were created• Bread lines and soup

kitchens became necessary• Mexicans, Latinos, and

African Americans were the hardest hit

• Many farmers lost their land• Farmers in the Dust Bowl

region braved horrible storms and many left to find work on the west coast

Effects on the American Family

• The Great Depression put a severe strain on the American family. • Men became depressed that they could not support their

families-300,000 hoboes wandered the streets.• Women did extra jobs & shopped “smarter” to help their families.• Kids suffered a great deal too. They had nutrition problems and

many schools were closed. • Many kids & teenagers were also forced to go to work.• Lack of medical care.• Lack of housing.• During the Great Depression the suicide rate rose 30%.• The Great Depression led to a series of crushed dreams for an

entire generation

Complete the following worksheets related to

FDR and the Great Depression

• Letter to President Roosevelt during the Depression. (5 facts)•President FDR reading and quiz

Warm up

Question:Name two reasons

why the Great Depression occurred.

Answer:

• Tariffs and War Debt-fewer US goods in global market

• A crisis in the farm sector• Availability of easy credit• An unequal distribution of wealth• MAIN PROBLEM: Failure of the

Federal Reserve to influence the money supply.

World War 2

1939-1945

Tojo: Japan

Mussolini: Italy

Hitler: Germany

Pearl Harbor

How it started…• Germany was very bitter from the results of WWI…these feelings

led to WWII.• Hitler had ideas of a pure Aryan race and he also believed that the

Nazis were capable of building a great civilization. German conquests would require new land and new servants. He began by planning and building his army.

• European countries, especially Great Britain, began to practice a policy known as appeasement towards Germany.

• Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler formed and alliance during this period. Germany also signed an alliance with Japan.

• By 1937, Hitler knew that Germany was a powerful nation, he started to take over other regions. He began with Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler promised to not make any more demands.

• Hitler then formed an alliance with Stalin (Soviet Union.) Shortly after on September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany—World War II had begun.

How it started…• While Hitler was taking

over Europe, Japan had its own goals in Asia.

• Japan’s goal was to teach the rest of Asia how to modernize, just like they had recently done. Japan tried to use its positive relationship with Hitler’s Germany to take over more territory and gain power. However, Japan became weary of Germany’s plans and began to expand on their own.

• The U.S. warned Japan to stop or sanctions would be issued. Japan refused because they needed the raw materials.

The Course of the WarSides• The Grand Alliance: Great Britain, the US, and the USSR (also France)• The Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan

Hitler and the Nazis• Germany used the blitzkrieg, or “lighting war” to take over Poland. Hitler then

moved on to take over Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Germany was in control of central and Western Europe.

• Germany than began an air strike against Britain in August of 1940. Initially, the attacks were successful, but soon the English military was able to rebuild and retaliate against the Nazis.

• Hitler then took over Greece and Yugoslavia and by June of 1941 he had invaded the Soviet Union. However, Hitler had not planned for the harsh Soviet winter and his troops were defeated in December. The Germans also took over Northern Africa.

Japan• On Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor, the

Philippines, and the British colony of Malaya. They also attacked the Dutch East Indies and a number of other islands in the Pacific. By spring of 1942, most of Southeast Asia and much of the western Pacific had fallen to the Japanese. America became involved in the war against Japan, and four days later Hitler declared war on the US.

The Course of the War (contd.)

• In May of 1942 US forces stopped Japanese advancement and saved Australia from invasion. At the Battle of Midway Island the U.S. took control of the Pacific.

• Yalta Conference: FDR, Stalin, Churchill; created the United Nations, decided how to end the war

• By May 1943, the Axis powers were severally weakened, the last step was to move into Italy and invade. Mussolini was arrested and a new government was set up It wasn’t until a year later that Rome was captured in June 1944.

• D-Day: June 6, 1944, allied forces led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy (France) and moved into France and eventually into Germany where they met up with Soviet troops by April of 1945. This is considered by most to be the greatest naval invasion in history. (Turning point of WWII)

• At the same time the Soviets continued to reclaim German conquests and pound German troops in Eastern Europe. By January 1945, Hitler had moved into a bunker 55 feet below the city of Berlin to direct the final stages of the war. All the while he blamed the Jews for the war. On April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide (two days after Mussolini was shot and killed.) On May 7, 1945 German commanders surrendered and WWII in Europe was over. Today Hitler’s bunker sits below a parking lot.

The Course of the War (contd.)• However, the war in Asia continued. US

President Harry Truman (FDR had died in April) decided that instead of invading Japan the US should drop the two atomic bombs that it had available.

• The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 three days later the second was dropped on Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito forced the Japanese military to surrender. WWII in Asia was over.

• The war was over and the total death toll was somewhere around 50 million (17 mil in battle and 20 mil in civilian casualties.)

• Potsdam Conference: Stalin ,Truman (U.S.), Churchill/Attlee; argued about the newly created nations from WWII. What to do about elections in war-torn Europe? Free or Government run?

Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima

Map of Europe

20th Century Conflicts\WWII_War_Map1.ppsWatch how easily the Axis powers

took over Europe and the Mediterranean.

The Cold War (1947-1991)

• With the end of World War II a “Cold War” developed between the United States and the Soviet Union.

• France and Great Britain also aided the U.S.• The U.S. and S.U. divided up Europe and tried to

influence their newly forming/rebuilding governments.

• The U.S. encouraged a democratic system based on capitalism.

• The Soviet Union encouraged a socialist system based on communism.

WW2 Propaga

nda posters (U.S.)

Complete the following worksheets related to

World War 2

•Use the Causes or Main Ideas handout to visually represent the topics.•Groups of 3 people

Warm up

Question: How did WW 2 change the course of

history?

Answer:

• The world became nervous about global powers

• Dictators made people nervous• The U.N. was created• The U.S. and the S.U. arose as

superpowers• The Great Depression ended

Complete the following worksheets related to

World War 2

•Hiroshima & Nagasaki Reading with History Frame•WW2 Word search and Crossword

Warm up:

Question:How did using the atomic bombs on Japan change people’s views about

nuclear war?

Answer:Collectively the world

became very fearful of nuclear weapons.

We were much more nervous about

using the…especially since the

impact lasts so much longer than

the war itself.

The Tragedy of War

(During WW2)

Japanese Cruelties during WW2

Japan expanded its territory and treated its new conquests with an imperialistic hand. The Japanese set up governments in Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The natives were used (as slaves) for the military’s needs.

120,000 Japanese Americans were held in internment camps in the U.S. during the war.

The Holocaust• In 1942, a large percentage of Europe was either annexed or occupied

by the Nazis. Through German resettlement plans the SS were ordered to remove Slavic people and replace them with Germans.

Slavic=Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Ukrainian

• German citizens moved into these areas and began to create an Aryan race/perfect society. Those who were uprooted became slaves or were sent to concentration camps.

• From 1942-1944 millions of uprooted citizens were sent to Germany to help restart the work force/serve as slave labor.

• Racial struggle was a key element of Hitler’s plan. His main ideas were the following: Aryans were the creators of cultural development. The Jews were parasites and they were trying to destroy the Aryans. Thus, the Final Solution was created. This was the genocide of the Jewish people.

The Final Solution• Reinhard Heydrich, was in charge of the Final Solution. He

created special strike forces (the Einsatzgruppen) that helped carry out the Nazis’ plan. They rounded up Jews and put them into ghettos, they held mass killings/burials (many times the Jews were forced to dig their own graves.)

The Final Solution

• The Nazis decided that these procedures were taking too long so they began to build special death camps.

Carrying out the Final Solution

• Beginning in 1942 Jews in all occupied German countries or sympathizing countries were packed onto freight trains and shipped to the camps. The largest was the Polish camp, Auschwitz. Once there, about 30% were put to work, the rest were either sent to the gas chambers or used for medical experiments. Throughout the remainder of the war Jews were shipped from all parts of Europe to the death camps.

Camp BadgesYellow: Jews -- two overlaid to form a Star of David, with the word "Jude" (Jew) inscribedRed: political dissidents, including communistsGreen: common criminalsPurple: Jehovah's WitnessesBlue: immigrantsBrown: Roma and Sinti (Gypsies)Black: Lesbians and "anti-socials"Pink: Gay men

Camp Func Location Est. Prisoners Liberated Murdered

AuschwitzEx and Labor

Poland 5/26/1940 400,000 January 1945 (USSR) 4,000,000

Belzec Ex Poland 3/17/1942 

June 1943 600,000

Chelmno EX Poland 12/7/1941 

January 1945 320,000

Majdanek Ex Poland July 1941 July 22, 1944 (USSR) 360,000

Sobibor Ex Poland 3/1942 Summer 1944 (USSR) 250,000

MauthausenLabor Camp

Austria 8/8/1938 

May 5, 1945 (USA) 120,000

Largest Camps

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

It is hard to tell exactly how many camps existed, but some estimates range as high as 15,000 camps. In total, an estimated 7,991,460 people lost their lives in the camps.

The JourneyMany died in route…Prisoners faced harsh conditions during

the journey to the camps. Most arrived in crowded train cars. The picture below is often referred to as “Hells Gate.” It was the entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Belzec Witness SS Lt. Kurt Gerstein, who worked in the SS medical service, was ordered to deliver a shipment of Zyklon B to Bełżec. He was so shocked by what he saw that he immediately buried the canisters of poison gas, and confessed his experiences to the Swedish diplomat Göran von Otter in a train from Warsaw to Berlin, where they met on August 20. He describes how he arrived at Bełżec on August 19 (another source gives the date as August 18[6] where he witnessed the unloading of 45 train cars stuffed with 6,700 Jews, many of whom were already dead, but the rest were marched naked to the gas chambers, where:

Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. Captain Wirth comes up. I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue," says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead...Dentists hammered out gold teeth, bridges and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See for yourself the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself! "

Sights of the Camps

Men’s Barracks

• 6-8 people per Roost• Buckets for toilets• Little or no heat

Toilets

One item-multiple uses: Dish, bowl, water basin,

pillow, toilet

Shoes

• Wooden• Ill Fitting• Blisters/Sores• Infections

• One day’s collection• Prior to gassing• 25,000 pair

Hair

Hair was collected because it was used to make blankets…they were considered very high quality.

Gas ChambersBlock 11 at Auschwitz I,

600 Soviet POWs & 250 Poles

9/1941

Gas Chamber @ Dachau

Cremation Ovens

Prisoners showed the Allies the ovens after liberation.

Krematorium IV at Birkenau

Krematorium III(largest, destroyed by the Nazis to hide crimes)

Mass Graves

• Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

Nordhausen concentration camp

Cremation Pit

• 1944 Crematoriums– Could not keep

pace

• Bodies burned in pits– 20,000 per day,

according to the Nazis this was faster and more effective

Sights of the Camps• Experiments on Prisoners• Most Alive• Twins (Dr. Mengle)

Guard Tower: Surrounded the barracks and fields

Electric fence

Warning Sign

Little Woods

• Place of waiting, Immediate Killing• Shortly after picture, these people were killed• SS Photographer

Sights of the Camps

Liberation Allied soldiers enter the camps

Survivors

Final Figures of the Holocaust

• Figures: Between 5 and 6 millions Jews were killed, around 90% of Jews in Germany, the Baltic countries, and Poland were killed, and nearly 2 out of every 3 European Jews were killed.

• The Nazis also killed another 9-10 million non-Jewish, including 40% of Europe’s gypsy population. In addition, a great majority of the Slavic elite were sent to death, another 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians, and 4 million Soviet prisoners killed.

• Women and children were among the first to be killed because they could not work. However, many countries did their best to get them (mostly children) to safety before the Nazis could find them. (1945: about 13 million orphans)

Memorials

Warm up:

Question:What was the purpose/goal of the

Holocaust?

Answer:To eliminate all races, ethnicities, and

religions that didn’t fit into Hitler’s plan for the Third Reich and the

creation of the Aryan race.

The Cold War (1945-1991)

• With the end of World War II a “Cold War” developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. Started in Sept. 1945.

• These two nations divided up Europe and tried to influence their newly forming/rebuilding governments.

• The U.S. encouraged a democratic system based on capitalism.

• The Soviet Union encouraged a socialist system based on communism.

• For nearly 50 years tension between the two Nuclear Superpowers terrified the world.

The Cold War

• The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War.

• There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1991, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts around the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

Nuclear Tensions

• The USA had shown its atomic power when it exploded the A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War 2.

• The USSR was also developing atomic weapons/bombs.

• The USA and the USSR were in competition with each other to have the best, most powerful weapons in the world – this was called the Arms Race.

After World War 2…

• Many countries became communist after World War 2 including:

- Czechoslovakia (1948)- Poland (1947)- Hungary (1947)- China (1949)- Cuba (1959)- North Korea (1945)

Germany - Divided• Germany, which had been

ruled by the Hitler and the Nazis until their defeat in 1945 was split in two.

• The western side became West Germany and the eastern side became East Germany.

• East Germany became another communist country. West Germany was democratic.

The Domino Effect• The USSR had a lot of influence over many of

the new communist countries (especially those in Europe).

• The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful.

• The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)

The Cold War

• Key Events…– The Space Race– Nuclear anxiety– Cuban Missile Crisis– Fear of Communism– Iron Curtain– Korean war– Vietnam

The Korean War 1950-1953

The Berlin Wall 1961

The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

The Vietnam War 1954-1975

We Didn’t Start the FirePop Culture became impacted by the Cold War

Winds of Change, Scorpionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4RjJKxsamQ

Russians by Stinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHylQRVN2Qs

Leningrad by Billy Joel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgD_-dRZPgsPolaris by Megadeth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hVqpjZ8qWM

The Cold War Museum

Warm up

Question: Why was the Cold War called the Cold War?

Answer

It was called a Cold War because no actual fighting took place. It was just a collection of threats (using nuclear weapons) against one another (the

U.S. and the USSR.)

The Korean War

1950-1953

Where is Korea (N & S)?

Korea was occupied by Japan until the end of WWII

After WWII Korea was divided into two separate political spheres

Communist North – Soviet Union & China (now a communist country)

Democratic South – USA & free world

How it started…

June 25, 1950

Communist troops invaded South Korea across the 38th Parallel

South Korean troops were driven back to Pusan and General MacArthur (in Japan) sent in American troops

American Military down from WWII strength 5.7 million to 500 thousand

MacArthur devised a

brilliant plan to cut off and

surround North Korean forces but at a great

risk.

United States and Coalition forces

pushed North Korean troops back to the Yalu River but at a

great cost. In the first 12 weeks of war over 20,000 U.S. deaths.

38th Parallel

MacArthur was later fired by President Truman for

insubordination

In early December 1950, Chinese troops

with Soviet backing joined

the war and Coalition forces were once again

pushed back across 38th

parallel

38th Parallel

Only with great effort and many lives were Communist forces pushed back across the 38th parallel where they remain today.

North-South Korean border is the most heavily defended in the world (38th Parallel)

Mr. Wells’ parents. One week he was at Purdue University and the next

week he was on his way to Korea

Dwight D. Eisenhower, another WWII hero was elected President.

A truce was signed in July 1953 to end the Korean War.

Summary:

3 million South Korean homeless

600,000 homes destroyed

95,000 Coalition forces killed

36,686 U.S. Killed

103,284 U.S. Wounded

Estimated 1.5 Million Korean/Chinese killed

Korean War Accomplishments:•1st jet air-to-air combat

•1st use of helicopter to evacuate wounded

•MASH units created to treat battle field wounds

•Integrated military units

•1st United Nations fighting force

•22 Country Coalition

Complete the following worksheets related to the

Korean War

•The Korean War (Activities A & B)•“You’re Fired” Play

Warm up

Question:Why did the U.S. get involved in the

Korean War?

Answer

The U.S. wanted to stop the spread

of communism in the world

(domino theory.) So they came to

the aid of Democratic

South Korea.

The Vietnam War

1954-1975

Where is Vietnam?

How it started…The conflict in Southeast Asia was fought over the reunification of Communist North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam. The two countries had been set up in 1954. Prior to that, all of Vietnam was part of the French colony of Indochina. In 1946, the Vietnamese fought the French for independence. The U.S. gave the French financial support but they were ultimately defeated in 1954. Once France had withdrawn its troops a meeting was held in Geneva to decide what to do with Vietnam. The country was divided along the 17th parallel into two partitions; this was not supposed to be permanent. Ho Chi Minh took power in the north while Emperor Bao Dai, for a while, ruled the south.

Ho Chi Minh

Emperor Bao Dai

Reasons for U.S. Involvement

Originally, President Harry S. Truman had supplied aid to the French in order to help them reclaim Vietnam. Truman feared that if one country fell to communism, soon the other countries neighboring would fall also in a domino theory. His successors, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, all felt the same way and continued applying support. All of this took place during the Cold War…as part of the U.S. goal to stop communism. (Containment Policy)

How it started… (cont’d)The Communist government in the north opposed the non-Communist government of South Vietnam and believed the country should still be united. The North Vietnamese started to support anti-government groups in the south.

The Communist-trained South Vietnamese were known as the Vietcong. By the mid 1960’s, North Vietnam initiated a large scale infiltration into South Vietnam and the fighting became a full fledged war.

This map gives an idea of the extent of the tunnel system at Cu Chi--the orange lines

represent major tunnels. Supply lines for the Vietcong.

• The North Vietnamese were backed by the Soviets and China who supplied military aid but not manpower.

• The U.S. backed the South Vietnamese by inserting a half a million troops and aid that would last for essentially the next 6 years.

• American troops pulled out in 1973 after both sides agreed to a cease-fire, but fighting soon broke out and South Vietnam surrendered in 1975 which unified the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Communist). The Vietnamese felt a victory over a long-time extended war against foreign powers. (France and the U.S.).

How it started… (cont’d)

A Nation Divided

(During the war) Back in the states, the U.S. was experiencing a new anti-war movement. Increased U.S. involvement created more debt and proposed new taxes. The public did not view Vietnam as a threat to the security of America and questioned our involvement. Not only was the U.S. criticized for the number of troops lost in Vietnam, it was also accused of supporting a corrupt and undemocratic South Vietnamese government. Even the citizens who supported the Vietnam conflict grew impatient and disturbed about the U.S. inability to successfully resolve a victory. Under increasing public pressure, the United States finished pulling troops out of Vietnam in 1973 except for the soldiers missing in action and prisoners of war who were left behind.

The Draft!

The Aftermath of the War

• About 58,200 Americans were killed during the war and roughly 304,000 were wounded out of the 2.59 million who served the war.

• The average age of the wounded and dead was 23.11 years.

• After the war, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and The Philippines stayed free of communism.

• During the war, the national debt was increased by $146 billion.

• Nearly two-thirds of the men serving the war were volunteers.

• 90% of the Vietnam War veterans say they are glad they served in the war.

• 74% say they would serve again.• 11,465 were less than the age of 20.

Complete the following activities and worksheet related to the Vietnam

War•Vietnam Video•Forrest Gump in Vietnam•Personal stories from Vietnam; complete related worksheets

Kent State Protest shooting, May 4, 1970

Warm up

Question: Should the U.S. have been involved with the conflict in Vietnam,

why or why not?

AnswerOpinion!

Yes-to stop the spread of communism and protect a population that couldn’t protect themselves.

No-it wasn’t our place to be the police of the world. Did South Vietnam ask

for our help?

Ngo Dinh Diem after being shot and killed in the

1963 coup. He was the first president

of S. Vietnam.

Conflicts in the Middle East

1990-Present

The Gulf War1990-1991

The Gulf War1990-1991

How it started…Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein invaded the country of Kuwait and took control of the small Middle Eastern country. The United Nations decided they needed to act quickly to defend neighboring countries and stop this invasion so troops were sent.

Map of the Middle East

The Gulf War1990-1991

• U.S., Britain, France, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Italy went to war against Iraq on January 16, 1991, in response to Iraq's August 1, 1990, invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

• President Bush sent 430,000 troops to Saudi Arabia to lead the U.N.-sponsored coalition and protect that country from an attack by Iraq.

• Iraq withdrew from Kuwait on February 28, 1991—though not before setting fire to more than 500 Kuwaiti oil wells.

The Aftermath of the War…

Total United States casualties for the Persian Gulf War were 148 killed in action and 458 wounded. Estimates of Iraqi casualties range from 30,000 to 100,000 killed, and from 100,000 to 300,000 wounded. The United Nations put strict sanctions on Iraq that they would eventually break leading to an another U.S. led attack on Iraq in 2003. We are still fighting this war today!

War in Afghanistan2001-Present

War in Afghanistan2001-Present

How it started…

The War in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001, as the U.S., England, and the Afghan government launched an attack in response to the September 11 attacks with the stated goal of dismantling Al-Qaeda (or Al-Qaida) and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations.

War in Afghanistan2001-Present

Why Afghanistan?The attack on the US during September

2001 was led by a terrorist group called Al-Qaeda. This group, which is led by Osama bin Laden, was training in Afghanistan under the protection of the government(the Taliban).

War in Afghanistan2001-Present

The initial plan was for the CIA and Special Forces to direct the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance in overthrowing the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. The goal was to capture Osama Bin Laden and other high-ranking Al-Qaeda members, destroy Al-Qaeda, and then remove and replace the Taliban with a friendly government.

Map of Afghanistan

War in Afghanistan2001-Present

• Our military has continued to fight this battle against the Taliban supporters even though they are no longer in control of the country.

• Many of the problems that we face are the mountains that the Taliban have trenched themselves in.

• Interesting fact is that in the 1970’s and 80’s we supplied Afghanistan with weapons to take on the Soviet Union (Cold War), now these same weapons are being used against us!

Results…• Almost 3,000 coalition forces have been

killed• Over 16,000 wounded • Over 40,000 Taliban killed or captured• Osama bin Laden’s whereabouts were

unknown for the last 2 years. Until he was killed by the U.S. in May 2011.

Inside the G.B.

Osama Bin Laden• Osama bin Laden was born in Riyhad, Saudi Arabia.• Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the

United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.

• The U.S. wanted him because he was the $$$ and charm behind the Taliban.

• Shortly after the September 11th attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.

• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=62E12F92-49D5-4169-8DDF-E8D6F632BFD2&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

• Kent_Cramer, Masters1

Iraq War2003-Present

Iraq War2003-Present

The Iraq War was military campaign that began on March 20, 2003,with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational forces led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom.

Prior to the invasion, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that the possibility of Iraq employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threatened their security and that of their allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Counsel called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors.

Declaring WAR!!! Again

Saddam refused to let in the investigators and the U.S. and Britain forces began the second invasion of Iraq. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkOCIfNQXP0

Shock and Awe

This was the initial military strategy used by the U.S. on Iraq. The goal was to devastated their military and allow their people to be freed.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neDgVb9YHcA

Results of the War• Saddam Hussein was captured and put to death

on December 30th 2006. • Spent & Approved War-Spending- About $900

billion of US taxpayers' funds spent or approved for spending through November 2010.

• U.S. Spending per second - $5,000 • 4,500 American deaths with 33,000 casualties

Complete the following tasks related to the conflicts in the Middle East

• Student Readingsand questions