20 Matang Management

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF MATANG MANGROVE FOREST, MATANG MANGROVE FOREST,

PERAK, MALAYSIAPERAK, MALAYSIABYBY

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF PERAK, MALAYSIAFORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF PERAK, MALAYSIA

PRESENTATION OUTLINE:PRESENTATION OUTLINE:•• Forests in MalaysiaForests in Malaysia•• Mangrove Forest in The State of PerakMangrove Forest in The State of Perak•• The Management System of The Management System of MatangMatang

Mangrove ForestMangrove Forest•• SilvicultureSilviculture System System •• Protection and ConservationProtection and Conservation•• Roles and ContributionRoles and Contribution•• Issues and ChallengesIssues and Challenges•• ConclusionConclusion

To be the agency of excellence To be the agency of excellence in the sustainable management in the sustainable management

of tropical forestof tropical forest

To sustainably manage and To sustainably manage and develop the forestdevelop the forest

resources and optimize their resources and optimize their contributions tocontributions to

national socionational socio‐‐economic economic developmentdevelopment

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

•• Total land area of 329,750 sq. km.Total land area of 329,750 sq. km.•• Population (until year 2000) = 21,793,293 Population (until year 2000) = 21,793,293 •• Situated at 2Situated at 2oo3030”” N and 112N and 112oo3030”” E.E.•• Experienced Tropical climate and Annual Experienced Tropical climate and Annual

Southwest (April to October) and Northeast Southwest (April to October) and Northeast (October to February) monsoons.(October to February) monsoons.

•• 13 State & 3 Federal Territory13 State & 3 Federal Territory•• Head of Government Head of Government –– Yang Yang diPertuandiPertuan AgongAgong•• National Language National Language –– BahasaBahasa MalaysiaMalaysia

Malaysia:Malaysia:--

FORESTED AREAFORESTED AREA

•• Sarawak Sarawak -- 9.84 million ha.9.84 million ha.•• Sabah Sabah -- 4.25 million ha.4.25 million ha.•• P. Malaysia P. Malaysia -- 5.92 million ha.5.92 million ha.

Total forested area in Malaysia : 20.06 million ha.Total forested area in Malaysia : 20.06 million ha.

In P. Malaysia, a total of 4.84 million ha. has been In P. Malaysia, a total of 4.84 million ha. has been gazettedgazetted as Permanent Reserve Forest (PRF).as Permanent Reserve Forest (PRF).

•• Dry Inland Dry Inland -- 4.49 million ha.4.49 million ha.•• Peat Swamp Peat Swamp -- 0.18 million ha.0.18 million ha.•• Mangrove Mangrove -- 0.08 million ha.0.08 million ha.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

•• Exchange earningExchange earning•• Government Government

revenuerevenue•• IncomeIncome•• EmploymentEmployment•• Conservation of Conservation of

soils, water and soils, water and biological diversitybiological diversity

•• Recreation sitesRecreation sites•• Maintenance of the Maintenance of the

environmental stabilityenvironmental stability•• Protection of scenic Protection of scenic

landscapelandscape

In the year 2000, forestry sector In the year 2000, forestry sector contributed a total of RM 17.7 billion contributed a total of RM 17.7 billion (4.7% of the country(4.7% of the country’’s export earnings)s export earnings)

0 m

300 m

750 m

1,200 m

1,500 m

MangrovePeat SwampCoastal Hill

Lowland Dipterocarp

Hill Dipterocarp

Upper Hill Dipterocarp

Montane

Upper Montane

MangrovesMangrovesCoastal VegetationsCoastal Vegetations

Freshwater/Freshwater/PeatswampPeatswamp

Lowland Lowland DipterocarpDipterocarp

Hill Hill DipterocarpDipterocarp

Upper Hill Upper Hill DipterocarpDipterocarp

MontaneMontane

Montane ForestMontaneMontane ForestForest

Hill Hill DipterocarpDipterocarp ForestForest

Lowland Dipterocarp ForestLowland Lowland DipterocarpDipterocarp ForestForest

Peat Swamp ForestPeat Swamp Forest

Mangrove ForestMangrove Forest

“woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils”

MANGROVE ?MANGROVE ?

MANGROVE MANGROVE FOREST IN PERAKFOREST IN PERAK

““INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION””

AREA (ha)STATEFOREST

RESERVES

STATE-

LAND

TOTAL

Sabah 317,423 23,266 340,689SarawakPerakPerakJohorSelangorKedahPahangTerengganuP. PinangN. SembilanMelakaKelantanPerlis

93,200

TOTAL

1,8851,885126,40043,502 43,502 20,53319,5478,1184,2661,987

7732048074413

3,3484,650

01,85069249400

74413

566,856130,142

33,20041,61741,61717,18514,8978,1182,4161,295

2792048000

436,714

DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIA

DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST IN PERAK STATEFOREST IN PERAK STATE

• Matang Mangrove Forest 40,466 ha.

• Manjung, Pangkor & Lumut 3,036 ha.

________43,502 ha.

40,466 ha40,466 ha==

50%50%

Straits ofMalacca

BACKGROUND INFOBACKGROUND INFO• Lying between latitude 4oN – 5oN

and longitude 100o2’E – 45’E.• Situated within the

administrative district of Krian, Larut & Matang and Manjung in Perak.

• Crescent-shaped measuring about 13 km wide in the middle and about 52 km between extreme ends of the northern coast of the state of Perak in Peninsular Malaysia.

• Comprises of 19 independently gazetted forest reserves.

• 40,466 ha.

Pejabat Renj

Nombor Kompatmen

Sempadan Kompatmen

/PetunjukLegend

(Renj Pentadbiran Hutan)

Range Office%U

Compartment Number

Compartment Boundary

Sungai KerangKuala TrongKuala Sepetang (South)Kuala Sepetang (North)

Forest Administrative Range

80

Kuala SepetangKuala TrongSungai Kerang

Felling Series(Siri Tebangan)

%U

%U

%U

45

3

1 6

LOT 2 14 212

9

28

13

710

1116

1415

24 23

2221

25 172026 27

292819

39

18

40

30384241

18A

43

3736 31

32

44

3445 46

3335

484749

5150

53

6463

6062

5258595761

56 54

6867

6569

7055

7166

81

75

7277

7376

7874

828379

80

85

86

88 87 84

918990

9495

9293

96

P. P ASIR HITAMMALA Y RES ERV E 103

102

101

97

97

104

100

98105

99

106

107

108

Kuala Sepetang

Kuala Trong

Sungai Kerang

275000

275000

280000

280000

285000

285000

290000

290000

295000

295000

300000

300000

305000

305000

50

00

00 50

00

00

50

50

00 50

50

00

51

00

00 51

00

00

51

50

00 51

50

00

52

00

00 52

00

00

52

50

00 52

50

00

53

00

00 53

00

00

53

50

00 53

50

00

54

00

00 54

00

00

54

50

00 54

50

00

55

00

00 55

00

00

N

EW

S

3 0 3 6 Kilometers

MATANG MANGROVEWORKING CIRCLE

1:250000

Kuala Kuala SepetangSepetangForest RangeForest Range

21,069 ha21,069 ha

Kuala Kuala TrongTrongForest Forest RangeRange

10,958 ha10,958 ha

SgSg KerangKerangForest Forest RangeRange

8,439 ha8,439 ha

GAZETTEMENTGAZETTEMENT• Began in 1902.• Fully gazetted in 1906.• Gazettement driven by economic

purposes– Quality fuelwood in early 1900s– Demand by mining industry since 1920s– Demand for charcoal in 1930s

• 8 major forest types:– Accreting Avicennia Forest

• Newly formed forest areas and characterised by young stands of Avicennia spp. invading the mud flats of the estuaries and offshore.

– Transitional New Forest• Usually between the accreting Avicennia forest and the

Rhizophora and Bruguiera forest. Comprises Rhizophoraand Bruguiera in varying proportions.

– Berus Forest• Usually occurs in sea front. Comprises almost a pure

stand of Bruguiera cylindrica with small populations of Rhizophora and other Bruguiera spp.

RESOURCERESOURCE

– Lenggadai Forest• An occasional forest which usually comprises a mixture

of Bruguiera parviflora with Rhizophora spp towards the mainland and Bruguiera cylindrica towards the sea front.

– Rhizophora Forest• The major forest type in Matang Mangroves (85% of the

total forested area). Comprises predominantly of R. apiculata and R. mucronata.

– Transitional Dryland Forest• Between the luxuriant stand of Rhizophora forest and

the true dryland forest. Contains a mixture of sparse stands of Rhizophora spp. and a large population of relic Bruguiera spp with a dense crop of Acrostichum ferns in the forest floor.

RESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASE

– Dryland Forest• Occurs in isolated patches in more elevated

interiors of the island and mainland reserves. 3 canopy layers with the emergents reaching a height of 30 m and a diameter of 50 cm.

– Nypa Forest• Confined to the upper stretches of river banks

of tidal rivers where there is a greater freshwater influence. Grows gregariously, interspersed with Avicennia and Sonneratianear estuaries, with Heritiera and Exoecariaspp. in the hinterland with little tidal influence.

RESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASE

Final Felling coupe

An aerial view of part of Pulau Gula, Pulau Kelumpang and Sungai Selinsing Forest Reserves.

LOW FLYING PICTURES OVER MATANG MANGROVES

An aerial view of an accreting shoreline and mudflats in Compartment 11, Pulau Kelumpang Forest Reserve.

Productive Rhizophora forest type

Avicennia forest tpyeMudflats

A protected strip of riverine vegetation comprising (from left to right), Rhizophora mucronata, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia caseolaris.

Another protected riverine vegetation comprising pure Sonneratia alba on an accreting mudflat. This tree species is now protected throughout the Matang Mangroves.

MANGROVEMANGROVESPECIESSPECIES

TRUETRUEMANGROVEMANGROVE

SPECIESSPECIES

ASSOCIATEASSOCIATEMANGROVEMANGROVE

SPECIESSPECIES

11 families, 28 11 families, 28 speciesspecies ~ Trees, ~ Trees,

herbs, climbers & herbs, climbers & shrubsshrubs

10 families, 13 10 families, 13 species ~ trees, species ~ trees, herbs, climbers, herbs, climbers, shrubs, palms & shrubs, palms &

rattans.rattans.

FLORA OF MATANG MANGROVES

Calamus erinaceus

MANGROVEMANGROVESPECIESSPECIES

TRUETRUEMANGROVEMANGROVE

SPECIESSPECIES

ASSOCIATEASSOCIATEMANGROVEMANGROVE

SPECIESSPECIES

FLORA OF MATANG MANGROVES

MANGROVESMANGROVESSPECIESSPECIES

MAMMALSMAMMALS

MARINE LIFEMARINE LIFE

12 families, 20 species12 families, 20 species~ Long~ Long--tailed Macaque, tailed Macaque, otter, rat, bat, squirrel otter, rat, bat, squirrel

etcetc..

BIRDSBIRDS

39 families, 114 39 families, 114 resident species & 40 resident species & 40

migratorymigratory spsp~ ~ Kingfisher, swift, crow Kingfisher, swift, crow

etc.etc.

61 families, > 160 61 families, > 160 speciesspecies ~ Crab, ~ Crab, BleekeBleeke’’ss

Grouper, shrimps & Grouper, shrimps & prawns etc.prawns etc.

INSECTS?INSECTS?

FAUNA OF MATANG MANGROVES

Migratory BirdsMigratory Birds


FLYWAYS OF FLYWAYS OF MIGRATORY MIGRATORY

BIRDS IN ASIA BIRDS IN ASIA PACIFIC PACIFIC REGIONREGION


THE MATANG THE MATANG MANGROVESMANGROVES

Why is it Why is it sustained?sustained?

““THE THE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMSYSTEM””

MANAGEMENT HISTORYMANAGEMENT HISTORY• The need for management immediately

realised following the efforts of gazettement.• Gazettement of the Island reserves began in

1902. • First ‘management plan’ was introduced in

1904 to regulate and control the felling of island reserves.

• First comprehensive plan in 1950 (1950-1959) for the whole of Matang Mangroves and revised once every 10 years.

HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE FOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST MANAGEMENT

1902 : A.M. Burn Murdoch took first action for gazettement.

1904 : First working plan was drafted by A.E. Wells for the island reserves.

1906 : Gazettement completed.1908 : J.P. Mead formulated a working plan

for the mainland reserves.1915 : Revision by J.P. Mead.1924 : Revision by A.E. Sanger-Davies.1925 : Revision by J.G. Watson.

1930 – 1939 : Revision by C.L. Durant.1940 – 1949 : Revision by E.D. Robertson.1950 – 1959 : First comprehensive plan by D.S.P. Noakes1960 – 1969 : Revision by R.G. Dixon.1970 – 1979 : Revision by Mohd Darus B. Hj. Mahmud.1980 – 1989 : Revision by Haron B. Hj. Abu Hassan.1990 – 1999 : Revision by Gan Boon Keong.2000 – 2009 : Revision by Dato’ Azahar Muda &

Nik Mohd. Shah Nik Mustafa

HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE FOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVESMANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

• Production of fuelwood.• Production of poles.• Conservation and protection.• Recreation and eco-tourism.• Education & research and

development.

MANAGEMENT ZONINGMANAGEMENT ZONING• Based on management goals and

functional roles of all the forest areas.• A total of 4 management zones

identified:– Productive Zone (Productive Forest)– Restrictive Productive Zone (Restrictive

Productive Forest)– Unproductive Zone (Unproductive area)– Protective Zone (Protective Forest)

40,466 ha40,466 ha==

50%50%

2,892ha; 7%

7,360ha; 18%

29,794ha; 74%

420 ha ; 1%

MANAGEMENT ZONINGMANAGEMENT ZONING

Protective

Restrictive Productive

Productive

Unproductive


Productive Zone Productive Zone (Productive Forest)(Productive Forest)

““productive forest productive forest comprising comprising RhizophoraRhizophora

Forest, Forest, BruguieraBruguiera parvifloraparvifloraForest & mixed Forest & mixed BruguieraBruguiera

cylindricacylindrica ForestForest””

MANAGEMENT ZONINGMANAGEMENT ZONING•• Restrictive Productive Zone Restrictive Productive Zone

(Restrictive Productive (Restrictive Productive Forest)Forest)•• a new inclusion, which is a new inclusion, which is

necessary to take into necessary to take into consideration the importance consideration the importance placed on the conservation and placed on the conservation and maintenance of fragile and maintenance of fragile and sensitive ecosystem within the sensitive ecosystem within the mangrove forestmangrove forest

•• The forests under this category : The forests under this category : •• transitional new forest; transitional new forest; •• seaward seaward berusberus forest; and forest; and •• the the drylanddryland transitional foresttransitional forest


•• Unproductive Zone Unproductive Zone ((UnroductiveUnroductive Forest)Forest)–– Bund and Bund ReserveBund and Bund Reserve–– Area cutArea cut--off by the Bundoff by the Bund–– Fishing Village ReserveFishing Village Reserve–– StorklakeStorklake–– Disturbed ForestDisturbed Forest–– Forest ComplexForest Complex–– Poles Landing SitePoles Landing Site–– Tidal GateTidal Gate–– Buffer ReserveBuffer Reserve

MANAGEMENT ZONINGMANAGEMENT ZONING•• Protective Zone (Protective Protective Zone (Protective

Forest):Forest): The fragile and The fragile and environmentalyenvironmentaly important important accreting accreting AvicenniaAvicennia forest and forest and drylanddryland forest, as well as the forest, as well as the functionalyfunctionaly important functional important functional forests:forests:–– Virgin Jungle Forest;Virgin Jungle Forest;–– Old Growth Forest;Old Growth Forest;–– Educational Forest;Educational Forest;–– Research Forest;Research Forest;–– EcoEco--tourism Forest;tourism Forest;–– StorklakeStorklake Buffer Reserve;Buffer Reserve;–– Archaeological Buffer ReserveArchaeological Buffer Reserve

ROTATIONROTATION• Previous rotation periods ranged from 20-40

years.• Current system adopts a rotation period of 30

years.• Influenced by:

– site productivity, – ecological consideration, – dominant forest type, – competency and availability of contractors, – market preference, – silviculture advancement, – expected forest yield; and – mean diameter of final crop trees.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Year 2Year 2

Year 15Year 15Year 20Year 20

Year 30Year 30

YIELD REGULATIONYIELD REGULATION

• The objective of yield regulation – to ensure a constant supply of greenwood as raw material for the local charcoal manufacturing industry.

• Regulation through the application of area and volume method.

• Under this method, potential areas are classified into 3 productivity classes:– Excellent forest – 190 tonnes/ha and more and less

than 10% consisting Bruguiera cylindrica or B. parviflora.

– Good forest – 141 – 189 tonnes/ha; less than 30% of the stand consisting B. cylindrica & B. parviflora.

– Poor forest – 140 tonnes/ha and below; more than 30% of the stand comprising B. cylindrica & B. parviflora.


• Advantages:– Only economically productive areas are allocated to

charcoal contractors and thus minimising the need for replacement of areas.

– Allowed for simplicity of control.– Provided element of security to contractors.– Assured the contractors that area provided to them

shall yield a minimum volume of greenwood consisting of a high percentage of economic species.


YIELD ESTIMATIONYIELD ESTIMATION

• Carried out periodically.• Through circular plot method or spot

method.• 4% inventory intensity.• 179 tonnes/ha (2000-2009)

Plan Period Yield

1980-1989 177 tonnes/ha

1990-1999 175 tonnes/ha

2000-2009 179 tonnes/ha


““SILVICULTURESILVICULTURE””

SILVICULTURESILVICULTURE

• Objective – to produce a fully stocked forest of the desired species for the next rotation.

• Based on ecological approach whereby the silvicultural operations are refined or modified to suit the individual forest types within the prescribed silviculturesystem of each management zone.

Timber Production ZoneTimber Production ZoneYear Operations

-1 Detailed ground survey and recalculation of sub-coupes and boundary demarcation.

0 All trees are felled, similar to a clear felling operation. A 3 - 10 meter buffer zone of all trees along the river bank are retained to prevent or reduce erosion as well as for seed propagation. Before leaving the felled area, the charcoal contractors have to girdle all non-commercial species.

1 Estimation of areas that need planting. Eradication of invading ferns by manual means.

2 A survey to determine and map out the extent and location of sub-coupes requiring planting and refilling. Sub-coupes with less than 90% natural regeneration will be subjected to enrichment planting of R. apiculata(1.2m by 1.2m) and R. mucronata (1.8m by 1.8m).

3 First survival enumeration. Refilling imposed if survival of planted seedlings is less than 75%.

Timber Production ZoneTimber Production Zone

Year Operations

4 Second survival enumeration.

5 Third and last survival enumeration. Sub-coupes which have less than 75% regeneration either through artificial or natural means will be planted with potted seedlings.

6-14 No activity recommended.

15-19 First thinning using 1.2 m stick length.


Year Operations

20-24 Second thinning using a 1.8 m stick length. Procedure similar to thinning 1.

25-29 No activity recommended.

30 Final felling.


Year Operations

Refilling with potted seedlings of Rhizophora apiculata

SILVICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN MATANG SILVICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN MATANG MANGROVESMANGROVES

A former crab infested site rehabilitated by the use A former crab infested site rehabilitated by the use of potted seedlings in 1988.of potted seedlings in 1988.

A previously clear felled area which has been successfully plantA previously clear felled area which has been successfully planted with ed with RhizophoraRhizophora apiculataapiculata propagulespropagules slightly more than one year old. slightly more than one year old.

The same site 12 years latter in 2000. Note the heavy The same site 12 years latter in 2000. Note the heavy twigs as a result of planting spacing based on1.8 m x 1.8 twigs as a result of planting spacing based on1.8 m x 1.8 m as oppose to the normal spacing of 1.2 m x .2 m.m as oppose to the normal spacing of 1.2 m x .2 m.

FOREST HARVESTING IN MATANG MANGROVES

A 15-year old stand ready for Thinning I.

Similar stand after Thinning I. The man is seen loading the thinned poles into a wooden barge or tongkang.

A thinning operation conducted entirely with only a hand axe.

Thinning using axe

A 30-year old Rhizophora stand ready for final felling.

A final felling operation in progress, with the use of a chainsaw.

Typical scene of a clear felling operation in a final felling coupe

A stack of round timbers, always cut to standard length of 1.6 m and the wooden mallet used to debark it.

CHARCOAL KILNS AND ACTIVITIES IN MATANG MANGROVES

Manual debarking of round logs by using a sharp metal wedge before being loaded into the charcoal kiln.

A newly constructed charcoal kiln. Ready for its first loading and the charge is neatly arranged just beside the kiln.

A small burn in progress which will usually last for 6 to 8 days, after which the aperture is sealed and the charge is left to cool before the carbonized charcoals are removed.


““PROTECTION & PROTECTION & CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION””

– Allocation of Felling Coupes• Guidelines which stipulated that annual sub-

coupes should preferably not more than 50 ha to minimise the impact of clear felling on the environment and wildlife.

– Provision of Buffer Zones• To protect marine life and contain coastal or

bank erosion, the retention of a continuous strip of trees along the bank/shoreline was implemented.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

– Buffer allocated:• Small stream – 3 m• Large rivers – 5 – 10 m• Forest fronting the sea – 50 m• Forest at eroding coastline – 200 m

– The additional width along river and coastline would also provide a pleasant landscape for all mangrove users.

– The buffer along rivers also provide ample seed source for the annual planting programme.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONWILDLIFE CONSERVATION• Management of Matang Mangroves

incorporated considerations for the conservation and protection of the environment.

• Of the total 29,794 ha of production forest, only approx. 800.4 ha (2.7%) are clear felled each year (or 66.7 ha per month).

• The coupe is being spread out throughout Matang Mangroves.

• Clear felled areas are regenerated naturally or artificially.

• Consequently, the Matang Mangroves still support a viable population of wild faunas.– Mammals– Birds– Reptiles

WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONWILDLIFE CONSERVATION

Mixed Agriculture Reserves

Oil palm plantation

Fruit Bats hanging out during the daytime in a nearby inland forest.

Long-tailed Macaque (Macacafascicularis).


Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator). A common sight in Matang Mangroves

Collared Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris). A permanent resident of the mangrove forest.

Dollarbird (Eurystomusorientalis). A resident of inland forest, occasionally flying into mangrove forest.

A Great White Egret (Egrettaalba) standing in the thickets of a a palm grove.

The larger bird is a Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) and the smaller bird is a Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus). Both are shorebirds, common along the mudflats in Matang Mangroves.

Lesser Adjuntant Stork (Leptoptilos javanicus). A large bird and a rare resident of Matang Mangroves.

Crested Serpent-Eagle (Spilornischeela). A rare visitor to the Matang Mangroves

A mangrove crab resting on a stilt root of a Rhizophora tree.

A mangrove snail clinging on a stilt root of a Rhizophora tree.

A mud skipper


““ROLES & ROLES & CONTIBUTIONSCONTIBUTIONS””

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

SOCIOSOCIO--ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

•• Human SettlementsHuman Settlements–– Supports 34 villages.Supports 34 villages.–– 28 fishing villages & 6 traditional villages 28 fishing villages & 6 traditional villages

(non(non--fishery activities)fishery activities)–– 5,300 households5,300 households–– 31,800 people31,800 people

FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN MATANG MANGROVES

The Kuala Sepetang fishing village.

SOCIOSOCIO--ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION•• Forestry Activities:Forestry Activities:

–– Harvesting of the mangrove for poles and greenwood Harvesting of the mangrove for poles and greenwood for the production of charcoalfor the production of charcoal

–– 830 ha allocated annually for clear830 ha allocated annually for clear--felled to supply fuel felled to supply fuel and greenwood for the charcoal industryand greenwood for the charcoal industry

•• 348 charcoal kilns 348 charcoal kilns -- 86 contractors86 contractors•• Annual production : Annual production : ±± 45,255 45,255 tonnetonne•• Value : RM 27,153,000 (@ RM 600 per Value : RM 27,153,000 (@ RM 600 per tonnetonne))

–– 1,630 ha allocated annually for systematically thinned 1,630 ha allocated annually for systematically thinned for poles production for poles production

•• 71 pole contractors71 pole contractors•• Annual Production : Annual Production : ±± 648,100 pieces648,100 pieces•• Value : RM 2,575,301 Value : RM 2,575,301

–– Total Value of forest produce expected from Total Value of forest produce expected from MatangMatangManggrovesManggroves annually annually ±± RM 30 millionRM 30 million

SOCIOSOCIO--ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION•• Harvesting for poles & greenwoodHarvesting for poles & greenwood

–– Generating Generating ±± RM 1.3 mill. annually to the State RevenueRM 1.3 mill. annually to the State Revenue•• PremiumPremium

–– Charcoal : RM 340 per haCharcoal : RM 340 per ha–– Firewood : RM 1 per Firewood : RM 1 per tonnetonne greedwoodgreedwood–– Poles : RM 13 per haPoles : RM 13 per ha

•• RoyaltyRoyalty–– Charcoal : RM 17.15 per Charcoal : RM 17.15 per tonnetonne or RM 180 per or RM 180 per klinklin

burnburn–– Firewood : RM 2 Firewood : RM 2 tonnetonne–– Poles : between RM 2 Poles : between RM 2 –– RM 4.5 per 30 running RM 4.5 per 30 running

metersmeters•• CessCess: 10% of the Royalty: 10% of the Royalty•• Other Fees : Other Fees : Processing Fee, & SubProcessing Fee, & Sub--licence etc.licence etc.

•• How Munch Do We Collected in 2006?How Munch Do We Collected in 2006?


RM 1,637,797RM 1,637,797

Premium :Premium :

RM 301,766RM 301,766

Other Fees :Other Fees :

RM 80,563RM 80,563

Royalty :Royalty :

RM 1,172,476RM 1,172,476

CessCess ::

RM 82,992RM 82,992

A field staff of the forestry department is seen here putting hammer marks on the larger end of the poles to indicate that royalty has been paid, before the barge is allowed to leave the thinning coupe.

A typical scene of the interior of a battery of charcoal kilns.

A locally modified plastic drum, which is used as a condenser to trap the vapour coming out from the vents of the kilns.

The raw distillate being the product from the condensation of the vapour is essentially a byproduct from the process of charcoal making. This condensate is essentially pyroligneous acid or commonly known as wood vinegar.


•• Fisheries (crabs, prawns and fishes) Fisheries (crabs, prawns and fishes) generating RM200.5 million annually.generating RM200.5 million annually.

•• Cockle culture and cage culture of fishes Cockle culture and cage culture of fishes generating RM37.45 million annually.generating RM37.45 million annually.

Harvesting cockles (Anadara granosa) from the cultured beds of Matang Mangroves using traditional gear.

A floating fish farm comprising a few operators, each with clustered units of floating net cages, along the Sungai Sangga Besar. The main species cultured are sea perch, mangrove snapper and groupers. The cultured period for these fishes varies from 9 to 12 months depending on market demand.

Visitors at the floating fish farm.

A fisherman setting a crab trap (bintoh ketam) at the periphery of the river close to the bank . The forested strip happens to be a buffer retained during the final felling operation. An example of sustainable management, striking a balance between fishery and forestry.


•• Employment:Employment:–– Created employment for local communities with Created employment for local communities with

forestry & fishery activitiesforestry & fishery activities–– Forest related industry : Forest related industry : ±± 1,260 individuals 1,260 individuals –– 4,909 fishermen operating within, near and off the 4,909 fishermen operating within, near and off the

water of water of MatangMatang Mangroves (1999) Mangroves (1999) i.ei.e about 65% of about 65% of the total 7,510 fishermen registered to operate the total 7,510 fishermen registered to operate licensed fishing boat in waters of Peraklicensed fishing boat in waters of Perak

–– Other indirect employment created by the fishing Other indirect employment created by the fishing industry includes fish and prawn processing, boatindustry includes fish and prawn processing, boat--building, boat repairs and transportationbuilding, boat repairs and transportation


““ECOTOURISMECOTOURISM””

Ecotourism Programme

NATURAL MANGROVE

FORESTVJR

BIRD SANCTUARY

AT KUALA GULA

CHARCOAL KILN

ARCHEOLOGICAL RESERVE3

21

4 5

CADANGAN LALUAN DESTINASI

EKO PELANCONGAN

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESERVES

NATURE EDUCATION CENTRE

V.J.R

BIRD SANCTUARY

FLOATING FISH CAGE & COCKLE FARMS

CHARCOAL KILNS

Nature Education Centre

Board Walk in the Nature Education Centre

Chalets at Matang Mangrove Nature Education Centre

A surau (prayer room) at Matang Mangrove Nature Education Centre

A new camping concept, pitched tent on raised wooden platform in the Nature Education Centre.

VISITOR STATISTICS (RECORDED AT THE MATANG MANGROVE NATURE CENTRE)

CATEGORY 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Local 1,178 553 963 1,890 2,118 2,172 10,462

Foreign 464 140 100 369 956 1,532 1,160

Student 2,359 2,635 3,188 3,898 5,638 6,175 17,767

Total 4,001 3,328 4,251 6,157 8,712 9,919 29,389

Bird Sanctuary – Pulau Kalumpang

Archaeological Site

The Virgin Jungle Reserve in Matang Mangroves, located in Compartment 18A, Pulau Kecil Forest Reserve.

A wide angle view of a portion of the stand comprising almost entirely of Rhizophora in the Virgin Jungle Reserve of Compartment 18A, Pulau Kecil Forest Reserve.

ISSUES & CHALLENGES

• Highly Popular Land for Coastal Development Programme

• Progressive Destruction of Natural Habitats

• Uncontrolled Waste Discharge Into the Sea

• Rapid Inland Activities, Inshore and Foreshore Construction


““CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION””

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• Matang Mangroves with a century of management

achievements and experiences provide a positive approach towards sustainability.

• Since its reservation, it has lost only 250 hectares that were excised for settlement expansion and infrastructure facilities but never for agricultural or aqua-cultural activities. These areas represented only 0.6% of the current total area of 40,466 hectares. .

• On the other hand a total of 1,498 hectares were added through accretion.

• Management and conservation concept of forest to meet the economic, social, ecological, aesthetic and environmental goals are viable through integrated management of both timber and non-timber resources.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• Matang also offers an opportunity to highlight

the efforts of Malaysia towards the sustainable management of all forest types and resources in Peninsular Malaysia, with Mangrove Forest being one of them.

20 Matang Management

Documents

malaysia mangrove forest

total forested area

mangrove mangrove

total of rm

state of perakmangrove

permanent reserve forest

federal territory13

conservation roles