.2 TRADE EUROPEAN 1400’s? .2 GLOBAL EXPLORATION

What factors disrupted EUROPEAN

TRADE by the mid-1400’s?

What countries led the way in

GLOBAL EXPLORATION during the

15th century? Why was this?

Who was PRINCE HENRY

THE NAVIGATOR and how did he

contribute to the movement of global

exploration?

What TECHNOLOGIES heavily

benefitted European exploration?

What was the original goal of the

Age of Discovery? Was this goal ever

fully achieved?

Who was BARTOLOMEU DIAS and

what contribution did he make to the

Age of Discovery?

Who was VOSCO DA GAMA and what

contribution did he make to the

Age of Discovery?

Who was CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

and what contribution did he make to

the Age of Discovery?

Who was FERDINAND MAGELLAN

and what contribution did he make to

the Age of Discovery?

What was a CARAVEL?

01 02

03 04

05 06

07 08

09 10

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

Most Portugal and Spain, largely because of their

location on the Iberian Peninsula (Western Eu-

rope) which both prevented European expansion

and allowed for greater access to the Atlantic

Ocean. Later, the English, Dutch, and French

would also join their efforts.

Trade for spices and other luxury goods from the Far

East (India and China) drained Europe’s economies

with a major imbalance of trade, forcing Europe to

seek out new economic opportunities. The fall of the

Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire caused Eu-

rope seek out new trade routes (wanting to avoid the

Ottomans).

ASTROLABE: Tool used to navigate and tell time using

the night sky (from Arabia); STERNPOST RUDDER:

Used to steer ships, allowing greater maneuverability

(from China); MAGNETIC COMPASS: allowing better

navigation (China); LATEEN SAIL: Allows sailing into

the wind (From the Classical Period).

A Portuguese prince who — inspired by stories of

exploration and pirates in his youth — set about

financing numerous expeditions into the Atlantic

Ocean. This allowed the Portuguese to take over

important island chains like the Madeiran Islands

and the Azores.

Portuguese explorer; First to reach and round the

Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

To get to India and China while avoiding the

Ottoman Empire. Europe wanted to obtain sup-

plies of spices (pepper, nutmeg, ginger, etc.) that

were only available in these regions. Exploration

hoped to find a newer — and faster or cheaper —

route to these places.

Italian explorer sailing on behalf of Spain; Served

as the first European to reach the New World in

modern times (by attempting to prove the world

was far smaller than previously known)

Portuguese explorer; First to finally sail past the

tip of Africa to reach the Indian subcontinent.

Began European trade efforts in India and helped

to establish Portuguese trading posts there.

A Portuguese ship employing the many new tech-

nologies of the Age of Discovery; significantly

sturdier and larger than previous medieval ships.

Used to begin the earliest period of the Age of

Exploration.

Spanish explorer; Credited as the first to

circumnavigate (sail completely around) the

globe, but died in the Philippines.

02 01

04 03

06 05

08 07

10 09

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

What was the

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)? Who was PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL?

What major colony did he found?

What was a CONQUISTADOR?

What were they trying to achieve? Who was HERNAN CORTES?

What did he accomplish?

Who was FRANCISCO PIZARRO?

What did he accomplish?

What factors allowed the Spanish to

topple the major cultures of the

AMERICAS?

What was the greatest contributor to a

DECLINE IN NATIVE POPULATIONS

after the Spanish conquests?

What was NEW SPAIN?

What was PERU?

What was a VICEROY?

Who was BARTOLOME DE LAS

CASAS? What impact did he have on

labor systems in the New World?

What was the

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM? What was

the REPARTIMENTO SYSTEM?

11 12

13 14

15 16

17 18

19 20

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

Portuguese explorer; Established the colony of

Brazil for Portugal in 1500.

Major agreement orchestrated by the Pope;

Divided the New World and its holdings between Por-

tugal (Eastern Portion) and Spain (Western Portion).

Seemed fair at the time, but heavily benefitted Spain as

new lands were discovered. Major region why most of

Latin America as colonized by the Spanish, but Brazil

was colonized by the Portuguese.

Major Spanish Conquistador; Led a small band of

men — roughly 500 soldiers — into Mexico. With

the help of locals, worked to topple the Aztec

Empire by 1521.

A Spanish “Conqueror” (a militaristic explorer),

typically drawn from the poorer regions of Spain

and set out to find wealth and glory (many

persued legends of vast wealth and treasures).

1.) Major technological differences (Steel armor,

gunpowder, etc.); 2.) Domestication and use of

the horse; 3.) Native information and alliances

with local groups (usually those that hated the A

ztecs/Incas); 4.) Religious problems (Spanish =

Gods?); 5.) Old World Diseases (Smallpox!)

Major Spanish Conquistador: Led a small band of

men (roughly 160) into Peru and the Andes re-

gion. After intimidating and capturing the Emper-

or, worked to topple the Inca Empire, ending it by

1537.

NEW SPAIN: Major Spanish colony centered in

Mexico (former lands of the Aztecs, as well as the

Southwestern US); PERU: Major Spanish colony

centered in South America and the Andes region;

VICEROY: Spanish governor of a New World

colony, installed directly by the king.

Old World Diseases, especially SMALLPOX.

Responsible for killing as high as 90-95% of the

New World’s native populations.

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM: System by which Span-

ish nationals gained the right to utilize native la-

bor, allowing them to enslave and exploit natives

already living on their lands. REPARTIMENTO

slightly improved the situation, limiting working

hours and giving wages (but didn’t work)

Jesuit missionary/priest remembered as the

“Protector of the Indians” for his efforts to stop the

terrible treatment of native populations. His ef-

forts led to a de-emphasis of the use of native

peoples (and, accidentally, the rise of African

slavery in the New World).

12 11

14 13

16 15

18 17

20 19

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

Describe the RACIAL HIERARCHY that

developed in the Spanish (and Portu-

guese) colonies of the New World.

What is meant by

“THE ENCOUNTER”?

What prompted ENGLAND

to explore the New World? Describe the ENGLISH attempts at

colonization in the New World.

Describe the FRENCH attempts at

colonization in the New World. Describe the DUTCH attempts at

colonization in the New World.

What was the

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

Describe some of the many products

that went TO THE NEW WORLD and

TO THE OLD WORLD as a result of the

Columbian Exchange.

What were some of the BENEFITS of

the Columbian Exchange? What were some of the PROBLEMS

created by the Columbian Exchange?

21 22

23 24

25 26

27 28

29 30

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

Term used to describe the meeting of the Old and

New Worlds for the first time. Happened overall

in 1492 with Columbus, but happened at different

places at different times.

Spanish/Portuguese-born PENINSULARES domi-

nated government and culture, while CREOLES

(children of Peninsulares) dominated the second

class. MESTIZOS (European/Native) and then

MULATTOES (European/African) were beneath

them, with Native and then African slaves below.

Very successful: England established major colo-

nies on the East Coast of the modern US (13 Colo-

nies) as well as major holdings in Canada, usually

attempting to plant and harvest CASH CROPS.

Some major conflicts with native groups. First ma-

jor colony at JAMESTOWN (1607).

Mostly rivalry with Spain; Spain and England had

been competitors for some time (leading to the

eventual defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588).

Only somewhat successful (at least in the New World).

Dutch attempts at colonization were mostly to try and

build up their economy after breaking away from

Spain. Established small colonies around NYC (“New

Amsterdam”) but later lost this to the English. Did much

better in Africa and the “Dutch East Indies” (AKA the

“Spice Islands” or Indonesia).

Very successful: France established major colo-

nies in Canada and the central US. First major col-

ony was QUEBEC (1608). Generally maintained a

strong relationship with Native Americans, espe-

cially the Algonquin and Huron peoples (though

were hated by the Iroquois).

FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW: Cattle, sheep,

pigs, horses, bananas, sugar, coffee, rice, grains,

many diseases...

FROM THE NEW TO THE OLD: Potatoes, Beans,

Pumpkins, Squash, Chocolate, Tobacco, etc.

The mixing of various Old and New World

organisms (animals, crops, diseases, etc.) as a

result of the contact between Europe and the

Americas.

Old World diseases devastates New World popu-

lations; Old World plants and animals often

caused native species to die out (usually to be

replaced); Cash crops in the New World demand-

ed greater slave labor

Seriously improved nutrition in Europe; Led to the

development of Cash Crops in new regions, al-

lowing for the growth of economies (some Old

World crops grew very well in the New World’s

tropical regions); Gave horses to Native American

tribes, especially on the Great Plains

22 21

24 23

26 25

28 27

30 29

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

What is a TRADING POST? What is

meant by a TRADING POST EMPIRE?

How did the European attempts to gain

influence in INDIA AND CHINA differ

from their attempts at controlling the

New World?

What countries enjoyed successful

TRADING POST EMPIRES in the

Indian Ocean?

What are CASH CROPS?

What are some examples?

What was the

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION?

What is MERCANTILISM?

What is INFLATION, and why was it a

major factor in developing the COM-

MERCIAL REVOLUTION?

How did the COMMERCIAL

REVOLUTION impact Europe’s Middle

and Noble classes?

What is a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY?

What is a CHARTERED COMPANY? How were GOVERNMENTS impacted

by the COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION?

31 32

33 34

35 36

37 38

39 40

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

While Europeans completely conquered regions

of the New World, Asia (India, China, etc.)

already had powerful empires living there. In-

stead, the Europeans established trading posts

(and eventually trading post empires) to try and

control and exploit local trade routes.

TRADING POST: Sites established by Europeans

for the sake of exchanging goods with local peo-

ples. TP EMPIRE: Areas of European influence

(but not outright conquest) established to try and

control and exploit local economies in Asia by

using well-established and well-defended posts.

Agricultural products meant for trade (and profit),

not food. The most common cash crops were

sugar, cotton, and tobacco. (NOTE: All were

heavily labor-intensive, and required massive

numbers of workers... Or more often: Slaves)

Portugal was most successful, establishing a ma-

jor network of trade in India (ports like Gao, Ma-

lacca, Sri Lanka, etc.), but these were later lost to

England and France. The Dutch were very suc-

cessful in Indonesia (The “Spice Islands” or “East

Indies”) as well as Southern Africa.

Economic theory whereby colonies were founded

and maintained for the benefit of the mother

country. In a mercantile economy, governments

have the ability to regulate their own economy

with the intent of dominating rivals.

GOAL: Economic self-sufficiency.

A period of great economic expansion in Europe

(15th-17th century), marked by dramatic increas-

es in trade, commercial activity, overall wealth

and economic strength. Also sees the increasing

value of money over land, beginnings of

capitalism.

Europe’s Middle Classes (or BOURGEOISIE) in-

creased in status as they began to acquire more

money. The Nobility, often depending on family

wealth, saw a decline in their own value, largely

because of the decreasing value of their money

(due to inflation).

Inflation is an economic condition characterized

by too much money within an economic system

(thereby decreasing its value as well as the value

of goods). This occurred as Spain returned with

massive amounts of silver, inflating the system

and destabilizing Europe’s economy.

Governments became increasingly centralized and

powerful as the Commercial Revolution drove down the

power of the noble classes and greatly expanded the

tax base available. As a result, feudal systems declined,

professional armies grew, and rivalries between Euro-

pean powers also expanded.

J-SC: A business organized to sell shares of stock — or

portions of their company — to private investors, there-

by gaining increased revenue for the company and

potentially gaining money for investors. CC: A compa-

ny established through a “charter” from a king, created

to possess a monopoly of trading rights in a given area.

32 31

34 33

36 35

38 37

40 39

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

Compare the KINGDOM OF

SONGHAI to previous kingdoms like

GHANA AND MALI.

What goods tended to be traded

between SONGHAI and the MIDDLE

EAST via TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE?

What was the EMPIRE OF BENIN?

What was the KINGDOM OF KONGO?

Describe the SLAVE SYSTEM as it

existed in West Africa before European

interference.

Why did Europeans resort so heavily to

the use of AFRICAN SLAVES?

What was TRIANGULAR TRADE?

What was the MIDDLE PASSAGE?

How did the TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE

TRADE affect Africa?

Describe the culture experienced by

most AFRICAN SLAVES in the New

World.

41 42

43 44

45 46

47 48

49 50

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

UN

IT 4

.2

UNIT

4.2

Songhai traded gold and slaves while the Middle

Eastern powers traded salt, textiles, and metal

weapons. Once Trans-Atlantic trade began to take

off, trade with European powers proved to be a

better deal for the Africans.

Songhai shared much of the same territory as

Ghana and Mali, but existed as the largest empire

of the three (in West Africa). Like the previous

two, it also benefitted heavily from gold mining

and trans-Saharan trade, which continued to es-

tablish Islam as the major religion in the region.

Major state in Central Africa built around the

lower portion of the Congo River. Strongly agri-

cultural, traded in ivory, cloth, iron, and copper

goods. Christianized in the late 15-century by the

Portuguese, who later destabilize the region for

their own economic benefit.

Small but powerful state in Central/Western Afri-

ca. Known for its well-developed cities and pro-

fessional army (equipped with gunpowder weap-

ons). Later crippled by the onset of the Trans-

Atlantic slave trade.

Native slave labor was dying off fast, primarily

because of the impact of European diseases. Eu-

ropean cash crops (especially sugar, tobacco,

and cotton) demanded many hours of difficult la-

bor, and thus large numbers of slaves.

Generally seen as being more “humane” than

more modern (western) forms of slavery; Most

slaves were either criminals, debtors, or prisoners

of war. Slaves were given numerous abilities to

advance and/or free themselves, and were gener-

ally treated with some degree of humanity.

The portion of the Trans-Atlantic “Triangular Trade”

that brought slaves from Africa to the New World. Was

generally a cruel and treacherous voyage; Of the 15

million Africans taken from their home, only 10 million

actually made it to the New World. Conditions were

often crowded and unsanitary.

System of trade between Europe, the NW colo-

nies, and Africa; Finished goods would be made

in Europe and traded to Africa for Slaves, slaves

would be shipped from Africa to the New World

where they would be used to harvest more re-

sources; Resources would be sent to Europe...

Slaves were often physically, mentally, and sexually

abused by their masters; Families were frequently di-

vided so as to prevent a sense of community or the pos-

sibility of revolt. African language, customs, and reli-

gion suffered as a result of isolation, often forming syn-

cretic (culturally-diffused) cultures like Voudon

(voodoo) which mixed local and African customs.

It devastated Africa’s populations, stripping

young men (and to a lesser extent, women) from

major regions. European weapons destabilized

the region, prompting war and further conflict.

Europe’s influence in the region increased rapid-

ly, eventually allowing them to conquer.

42 41

44 43

46 45

48 47

50 49

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER

ANSW

ER