2-Tiered Ethics Ethics Training for Leaders and Supervisors Level 2 Level 1.

2-Tiered Ethics2-Tiered Ethics

Ethics Training for Leaders and Supervisors

Level 2

Level 1

2-Tiered Ethics2-Tiered Ethics

Level 2

2-Tiered Ethics2-Tiered Ethics

• Fifteen years of research indicates that success in building ethical cultures in organizations depends in large part upon the commitment of their leaders.

• “In a 2004 The Internal Auditor article, Colleen Waring discussed this trend, noting that organizations whose leaders were committed to high ethical standards correlate positively with cost reduction/enhanced performance and stronger ethical culture.

• The 2006 Wellspring Consulting Fall quarterly newsletter noted how employees are more engaged and want to work in organizations that don’t compromise their personal values. These findings suggest that leaders who build ethical cultures can increase the retention rates of valued employees by decreasing rates of observed misconduct, increasing rates of reported misconduct and reducing pressure to compromise standards.

• Michael Griffin and Tracy Davis Bradley argued in a 2010 Bloomberg Business Week article that leaders who measure and manage threats to an organization’s ethical culture not only reduce internal threats presented by misconduct, but also boost productivity and performance.

Level 1 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Wrong

Level 1

“Ethics is concerned with the kinds of values and morals an individual or society finds desirable or appropriate. Furthermore, ethics is concerned with the virtuousness of individuals and their motives.

“To make a change in other people carries with it an enormous ethical burden and responsibility. Because leaders usually have more power and control than followers, they also have more responsibility to be sensitive to how their leadership affects followers’ lives.”

- Peter J. Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice

Level 1 Ethics:

Ethics DefinitionLevel 1

Level 1 EthicsDefinitions

 Deals with what is good and bad; with

moral duty and obligation   

The principles of conduct governing an individual or a group

With Level 1 Ethics we are primarily concerned with the decision made

Level 1 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Wrong

Level 1

Governor’s Executive Governor’s Executive Order on EthicsOrder on Ethics

•Gift Receiving Gift Receiving

•NepotismNepotism

•LobbyingLobbying

•PenaltiesPenalties

Codes of ConductCodes of Conduct

Professionalism Professionalism Standards in a Standards in a Performance PlanPerformance Plan

2-Tiered Ethics2-Tiered Ethics

Values represent Values represent basic convictions that basic convictions that

a specific mode of a specific mode of conduct or end-state conduct or end-state

of existence is of existence is personally or socially personally or socially

preferable to an preferable to an opposite or converse opposite or converse mode of conduct or mode of conduct or

end-state of end-state of existence. Values existence. Values

express an express an individual’s ideas as individual’s ideas as

to what is right, good, to what is right, good, or desirable.or desirable.

-Robbins and Judge-Robbins and Judge

Level 1 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Wrong

Level 1

Ethical Leaders Will1.Recognize Ethical Issues2.Reflect on Ethical Issues3.Integrate the Collective Good into Appropriate Decisions4.Make a Substantial Contribution5.Exhibit Sacrifices or Courage for the Common Good

Unethical Leaders Will:1.Use Their position for Personal Benefit2.Use Their Position for Other Group Benefit3.Use Their Position for Ego-Boosting Rather Than Accomplishing the Common Good.

Neutral Ethical Leaders Will1.Ignores Ethical Issues Beyond Rule-Breaking2.Are Oblivious to Ethical Dilemmas 3.Not Actively Encourage an Ethical Climate

Van Wart, Monty. Leadership in Public Organizations. 2008

2-Tiered Ethics: Leadership2-Tiered Ethics: Leadership

Northouse, Peter. Leadership, Fifth Ed. 2010

Level 1 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Wrong

Level 1

Personal – Personal – What are your values What are your values and ethical standards? How do you and ethical standards? How do you treat others, etc.?treat others, etc.?

Organizational – Organizational – You have You have ethical responsibilities to your ethical responsibilities to your agency. agency.

Public – Public – As a public employee you As a public employee you have a unique responsibility to the have a unique responsibility to the public trust and our political public trust and our political systemsystem

Maintain credibility of constitutional government

Agree to accountability

Agree to act competently and effectively

Agree to use public funds with care and efficiency

Agree to protect the trustworthiness and legitimacy of their institution

Level 1 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Wrong

Level 1

What Tools Does a Leader Have to Help Build

an Ethical Organization? 

¨ Be an Example of Ethical Behavior Be an Example of Ethical Behavior

¨ Encourage Ethical Behavior Vocally¨ Encourage Ethical Behavior Vocally

¨ Hire Ethical Individuals¨ Hire Ethical Individuals

¨ Reward Ethical Behavior/Punish Unethical ¨ Reward Ethical Behavior/Punish Unethical BehaviorBehavior

¨ Codes of Ethics ¨ Codes of Ethics

¨ Provide Ethics Training¨ Provide Ethics Training

"In looking for people to hire, you

look for three qualities: integrity,

intelligence, and energy. And if they don't have

the first, the other two will kill you."

-Warren Buffet 

Level 2 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Right

Level 2

What is Level 2 Ethics? Because of their positions, managers, supervisors, and leaders are more often faced with situations that are messy, complicated, anxiety-laden, and politically loaded dilemmas.

Level 2 Ethics is about being aware of those situations that are “trickier” than normal right and wrong. Managers need tools to tackle situations when doing the right thing requires doing something else wrong, or leaving another right thing undone. How do you decide what to do when two important values conflict?

With Level 2 Ethics we should be less concerned with the decision made and more concerned about the process; how the decision was made.

Level 2 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Right

Level 2

P. E. R. M. S. A Model for Ethical Decision Making

P.E.R.M.S. A model for ethical decision making

PP- - Policy: What’ s the policy, Policy: What’ s the policy, rule, or law?rule, or law?

EE- - Exception: Am I making an Exception: Am I making an exception for myself?exception for myself?

RR- - Result: what will the likely Result: what will the likely result of my action be?result of my action be?

MM- - Motive: what’s my motive Motive: what’s my motive behind the action or behind the action or decision?decision?

SS- - Service: Does this action Service: Does this action promote the public service?promote the public service?

Level 2 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Right

Level 2

Public

Organizational

Personal

Decision Point

Level 2 Ethics:

Choices Between Right and Right

Level 2

Benefits of 2-Tiered Ethics  

1. Attention to ethics improves all of society

2. Organizations that have ethical climates foster trust

3. Ethical organizations can focus more on achieving the mission and vision of the organization

 4. Ethical organizations attract the right kind of

employees 5. Ethical managers and employees are less distracted and are more

confident in doing their jobs effectively 6. Organizations with ethical climates are better to work at and promote

better job satisfaction 7. Ethical organizations have the right image with the public and are more effective because of it 8. Ethical leaders have more credibility with staff 

2-Tiered Ethics2-Tiered Ethics

Ethics Training for Leaders and Supervisors

Level 2

Level 1